This chapter explores the hybrid monitoring model of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. It discusses the Court’s jurisdiction, the mechanisms for monitoring compliance with its decisions, and the challenges faced in ensuring effective implementation of human rights rulings. The chapter examines the procedures for hybrid monitoring, the role of the Court and other stakeholders in the monitoring process, and the impact of hybrid monitoring on the protection of human rights. It also highlights the importance of innovative and flexible approaches to monitoring compliance with international human rights decisions.

A pragmatic approach to international human rights law involves discussing its premises, principles like human dignity, liberty, equality, and solidarity, and structural principles such as democracy, pluralism, and the rule of law. The chapter also examines the conditions, matters, and actors involved in the discussion. It explores how these principles are applied in practice and the challenges faced in their implementation. The chapter emphasizes the importance of a pragmatic approach that considers the practical realities of applying human rights principles in different contexts. It also discusses the role of various actors, including states, international organizations, and civil society, in promoting and protecting human rights.

This chapter explores the principle of full reparation for human rights violations under international human rights law. It discusses the obligation of states to provide reparation, the forms of reparation, and the challenges in implementing this principle. The chapter examines the legal standards for full reparation, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of nonrepetition. It also highlights the role of international bodies in monitoring and enforcing reparation obligations, the importance of victim participation in reparation processes, and the challenges in providing adequate and effective reparation for human rights violations.

Chapter Eight focuses on the carbon offset scheme in China, with a particular emphasis on forestry carbon sequestration, which is a critical element of the nature-based solution to meet carbon neutrality requirements. This chapter examines the substantive and procedural requirements that support the functionality of the domestic carbon offset scheme. However, the existing regulatory framework for the offset scheme does not fully support the proliferation of forestry offset projects. The chapter identifies the challenges that affect the development of forestry carbon sequestration projects. To address these challenges, improvements are needed in the parameters of the methodologies and admission standards for new projects. Additionally, the legal ambiguity concerning the ownership of forestry carbon sinks needs clarification.