We show that for every countable group, any sequence of approximate homomorphisms with values in permutations can be realized as the restriction of a sofic approximation of an orbit equivalence relation. Moreover, this orbit equivalence relation is uniquely determined by the invariant random subgroup of the approximate homomorphisms. We record applications of this result to recover various known stability and conjugacy characterizations for almost homomorphisms of amenable groups.

In democracies, policy ambitions hinge upon governments’ ability to collect tax revenue from their citizens. Ongoing funding cuts at the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) undermine the US government’s ability to fulfill this function. Yet, despite its central importance, funding for IRS enforcement activities has received scant scholarly attention, limiting our understanding of the factors that underlie public attitudes on this issue. In this article, we report the results of preregistered experiments that test whether citizens’ attitudes regarding the IRS can be shaped by framing efforts. Specifically, we test both information-based and value-consistent frames that invoke partisans’ core ideological concerns. Results show that these frames significantly increase public support for the IRS, as well as citizens’ willingness to learn more and become politically active. Thus, to ensure state capacity, information about the consequences of IRS underfunding and appeals to partisans’ ideological concerns can be implemented to increase support for tax collection.

Les inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine (ISRS) sont à ce jour les antidépresseurs les plus prescrits dans le traitement de l’épisode dépressif caractérisé. Cependant de plus en plus d’études s’interrogent sur leurs risques de saignements dus à une inhibition de l’agrégation plaquettaire ainsi qu’à une augmentation de la sécrétion d’acide gastrique. Ces effets dépendent du degré d’inhibition de la recapture de la sérotonine de la molécule. Le risque hémorragique semble essentiellement situé au niveau gastro-intestinal haut, avec peu de micro saignements cérébraux en population générale. La co-prescription d’acide acétyl salicylique et/ou d’anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens majore le risque, alors que celui-ci semble atténué par la prescription d’inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons. Via l’inhibition du cytochrome P450, le risque est majoré lorsque l’antidépresseur est associé au Warfarin ou au Clopidogrel, plus particulièrement pour la Fluoxétine et la Fluoxamine, et de manière moins importante pour la Sertraline et le Citalopram. Il est également discuté l’arrêt du traitement ou, en fonction de l’évaluation clinique, du switch par une autre classe d’antidépresseurs 15 jours avant une chirurgie chez les patients à hauts risques de saignements. Ces données doivent être prises en considération dans l’évaluation de la balance/bénéfice risque lors de la prescription d’un traitement antidépresseur.

This article looks at whether political ideology matters for enforcement of the nation’s tax laws. An analysis of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) budget and personnel suggests that the party affiliation of the President makes no difference to the overall level of IRS resources. However, there are significant increases in the number of IRS employees devoted to criminal investigation and revenue collection under Democratic administrations. Audits of tax returns filed by corporations, individuals and estates are also significantly more likely under Democratic administrations. The body of evidence points in the direction that while Congress has a greater influence in determining the overall level of resources available to the IRS, the President has a more pronounced influence on the allocation of those resources.

Although a considerable amount of evidence has shown that psychological stress alters peripheral and brain cytokines, the physiological significance of cytokine alteration in psychological stress remains to be elucidated. The aims of this review are to analyze the influence of acute and chronic psychological stresses on the cytokine network in animals and in humans, and to explore the pathophysiological implication of the cytokine changes in psychological stress. Acute psychological stress may increase proinflammatory cytokines both in animals and in humans, and increase T-helper-1 cell cytokines in humans. Investigations into the effect of chronic psychological stress on cytokine production in animals gives mixed results. However, in humans, academic exam stress or care-giver's stress appears to induce a shift in the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance toward a Th2 response and increase proinflammatory cytokines. Psychological stress-induced cytokines stimulate the activity of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and could induce serotonin depletion-related disorders such as depression in susceptible individuals. Psychological stress-induced production of cytokines may increase the risk for human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines may also play a regulatory role in glucocorticoid resistance and may be involved in wound healing and skin barrier function alterations. Finally, psychological stress-induced production of cytokines may play a role in neurodegenerative changes in the brain.