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6 results

  • Investigating electromagnetic scattering characteristics based on a nonlinear sea surface

  • Xunchao Liu, Hongli Miao, Jiajie Chen
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 November 2023, pp. 1-9
    • Article
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  • Establishing a precise electromagnetic scattering model of surfaces is of great significance for comprehending the underlying mechanics of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. To describe surface electromagnetic scattering more comprehensively, this paper established a nonlinear integral equation model with the Creamer model and bispectrum (IEM-C). Based on the IEM-C model, the effect of parameters, such as radar wave incidence angle, wind speed and direction of sea surfaces, and different polarization modes on the backscattering coefficients of C-band radar waves, was systematically evaluated. The results show that the IEM-C model can characterize both the vertical nonlinear features due to wave interactions and the horizontal nonlinear features due to the wind direction. The sensitivity of the sea surface backscattering coefficient in the IEM-C model to nonlinear effects varies with different incident angles. At the incident angle of 30°, the IEM-C model exhibits the most significant nonlinear effects. The nonlinear effects of the IEM-C model vary under different wind speeds. By comparing with the measured data, it is proved that the IEM-C model is closer to the real sea surface scattering situation than the IEM model.

  • Chapter 9 - Sources of immunity to error through misidentification

  • Edited by Simon Prosser, University of St Andrews, Scotland, François Recanati
  • Book:
    Immunity to Error through Misidentification
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    05 April 2012, pp 158-179

  • Summary

    This chapter considers, relying in part upon comparative semantic evidence from English and Romanian, two contrasting dimensions of the sense in which the authors' thoughts, including the contents of imagination and memory, and objects of fear, may be distinctively first-personal, or de se, to use the terminology introduced in Lewis, and exhibit the phenomenon of immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) in the sense of Shoemaker. There are de se triggers in Romanian, but they do not behave as uniformly as unpronounced (PRO) subject does in English. This difference suggests that context showing IEM or being intrinsically de se is to be explained by appealing to different linguistic considerations. The linguistic parameters of the de se are variable, and that elements of thought as reported in language may be de se, and so subject to IEM, where they are taken from other points of view than that of the experiencer.

  • Chapter 7 - Action and immunity to error through misidentification

  • Edited by Simon Prosser, University of St Andrews, Scotland, François Recanati
  • Book:
    Immunity to Error through Misidentification
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    05 April 2012, pp 124-143

  • Summary

    The use we make of 'I' is not explained by the way in which it refers to an object. In this the first person contrasts sharply with other referring terms. There are deep connections between the way in which the reference of a term is fixed and the immunity to error though misidentification (IEM) of judgments containing that term. The first person operates on a quite different basis than a descriptive name. If the first person has a reference, it is specified by a simple rule, the token-reflexive rule: Any token of 'I' refers to whoever produced it. The aspect of the pattern of use of 'I' cannot be validated simply by appealing to the token-reflexive rule. In general, what happens ultimately is that we regard the pattern of use of 'I' as not standing in need of validation by an account of the nature of the self.

  • Chapter 12 - Bodily immunity to error

  • Edited by Simon Prosser, University of St Andrews, Scotland, François Recanati
  • Book:
    Immunity to Error through Misidentification
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    05 April 2012, pp 224-246

  • Summary

    The Simple Explanation just consists in the observation that a judgment will be immune to error through misidentification (IEM) when it is not based on an identification. The Simple Explanation does not itself rule out any candidate theory of de se thought. This chapter discusses IEM relative to the first person more than any other kind of error through misidentification. For convenience, the author uses fp-immunity as an abbreviation (and fp-immune as an abbreviation for the corresponding adjective). James Higginbotham and François Recanati mostly speak of 'thoughts' as exhibiting or failing to exhibit IEM. It is clear that both beliefs and judgments can exhibit IEM. The most plausible explanation of fp-immunity, the Simple Explanation, imposes no tight constraints on an account of the de se. Constraints on such an account need to be gathered from somewhere else.

  • Chapter 13 - Reflections on François Recanati's ‘Immunity to error through misidentification: what it is and where it comes from’

  • Edited by Simon Prosser, University of St Andrews, Scotland, François Recanati
  • Book:
    Immunity to Error through Misidentification
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    05 April 2012, pp 247-280

  • Summary

    This chapter examines a claim made about the kind of immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) relative to the first person that attaches to action self-ascriptions. The argument for transparent IEM (TIEM) for action self-ascriptions seems to rest on the assumption that information from bodily awareness is neutral between action and bodily movement. The feedback from bodily awareness was supposed to be insufficient for the subject to determine whether someone moved her body, or whether her body moved. The chapter also examines whether there are resources to construct better cross-wiring cases to challenge the claim that agents' awareness is TIEM than those that appeal to bodily awareness. It explores what direct arguments are there for or against the necessity of first-personal contents to agents' awareness. A helpful way to get at the character of an agent's awareness may be to consider a case in which it is missing.

  • Chapter 11 - I and I: immunity to error through misidentification of the subject

  • Edited by Simon Prosser, University of St Andrews, Scotland, François Recanati
  • Book:
    Immunity to Error through Misidentification
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    05 April 2012, pp 202-223

  • Summary

    This chapter first reviews Wittgenstein's distinction between use of 'I' "as subject" and use of 'I' "as object" in the Blue book. Then, it explains what Immanuel Kant meant by "consciousness of oneself as subject". The chapter argues that Kant's notion offers resources for understanding a heretofore unexplored aspect of the use of 'I' as subject. The chapter offers empirical-psychological support for the distinctions, and for the dependence relation suggested between the different kinds of self-consciousness grounding the uses of 'I' as subject. It draws on a clinical example borrowed from Oliver Sacks in his book The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat to illustrate the relation between the two quite different uses of 'I' as subject and the two corresponding kinds of immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) relative to the first-person pronoun analyzed in the first two parts of the chapter.