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4 results

  • Chapter 1 - Normal Human Kidney Development and Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract

  • from Section 1 - Normal and Abnormal Human Kidney Development
  • Edited by Helen Liapis, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nephrology Center, Munich, Adjunct Professor and Washington University St Louis, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Retired Professor
  • Book:
    Pediatric Nephropathology & Childhood Kidney Tumors
    Published online:
    10 August 2023
    Print publication:
    09 March 2023, pp 1-16

  • Summary

    We present the sequence of events leading to the permanent human kidney. Nephrogenesis begins around 22 days after fertilisation and completes around the 34–36th week of gestation. There are three pairs of kidneys in human development: the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros, arising sequentially from intermediate mesoderm on the dorsal body wall. The first two pairs involute and are resorbed during fetal life, but they are essential precursors to the metanephros and normal adult kidneys do not develop if they are disrupted. Human metanephric kidney development begins around day 28 post conception when the ureteric bud arises as an outpouching of the distal mesonephric duct/Wolffian duct. Glomeruli form from 8–9 weeks and nephrogenesis continues in the outer rim of the cortex until 34 weeks. Perturbation of early pathways can lead to a range of phenotypes including renal agenesis, dysplasia and duplex kidneys, as well as malpositioning defects such as pelvic or horseshoe kidneys if they fail to ascend to their normal 12th thoracic to 3rd lumbar vertebral site during development.

  • Functional endoscopic sinus surgery outcome in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with hypoplastic maxillary sinus

  • M Al-Qudah, A Zubidi
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 136 / Issue 5 / May 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 January 2022, pp. 414-418
    Print publication:
    May 2022
  • Objective

    To review the clinical characteristics, prevalence and outcomes of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with a hypoplastic maxillary sinus who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

    Methods

    A retrospective review was performed for the 814 consecutive, elective functional endoscopic sinus surgery procedures performed at an academic centre from 2010 to 2020, to identify patients with a hypoplastic maxillary sinus.

    Result

    A total of 56 hypoplastic maxillary sinus cases were detected. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia presented unilaterally in 20 cases and bilaterally in 18 cases. Of the maxillary sinus hypoplasia cases, 38 were type I, 17 were type II and 1 was type III. The average Lund–McKay score was 8.6. No major post-operative complications were reported. Four patients had minor complications and one had persistent post-nasal drip.

    Conclusion

    Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a safe and effective procedure for improving the clinical condition of patients with a hypoplastic maxillary sinus; however, careful pre-operative radiological evaluation, identification of intra-operative endoscopic landmarks and use of additional techniques may be essential to achieve satisfactory results and avoid possible serious complications.