This study aimed to investigate vetch genotypes’ responses to moderate and severe drought stress and identify stress tolerance markers in arid conditions. Ten vetch genotypes (Vicia dassycarpa Ten., V. pannonica Crantz., V. michauxii Spereng., V. sativa-Ardebil, V. sativa-Dashtyar, V. sativa-Fereydonshahr, V. sativa-Mashhad, V. sativa-Semirom, V. sativa-Shahrekord and V. villosa Roth.) were cultivated under three water-deficit conditions: control, moderate and severe drought stress. These conditions represented maximum allowable depletion levels of 30, 50 and 85% of soil available water, applied after the six-leaf stage in the 2019–20 and 2020–21 growing seasons. The findings highlight the vetch's response to drought stress is influenced by stress severity and genotype. The result indicated a wide range of genetic diversity in agro-physiological traits among the studied vicia germplasm. Vicia dassycarpa Ten. shows highest straw yield and shorter days to flowering and maturity. Vicia michauxii Spreng. demonstrates high grain yield and advantageous traits like increased water content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and membrane stability index. It has lower soluble carbohydrate, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and proline content. Additionally, V. michauxii Spreng. exhibits superior agronomic traits such as more seeds per pod, per plant and higher 1000 seeds weight, serving as reliable markers for drought tolerance. The results emphasize V. dassycarpa Ten. for fodder and V. michauxii Spreng. for grain production in water-limited regions. Further research on gene expression related to drought tolerance traits should enhance our understanding of vetch.

Zinc deficiency is a common nutritional problem in calcareous agricultural soils, resulting in reduced crop yield and performance. The effects of zinc sulphate (0 and 40 kg/ha) on seed yield, its components and seed element contents of 21 wheat cultivars were investigated. Zinc sulphate application increased plant height, leaf area index (LAI), flag leaf area, biomass, spike length, number of seeds per spike, seed weight and harvest index (HI). The increase in HI indicates the greater effect of zinc on seed production compared to plant biomass. In most of the cultivars, zinc sulphate application decreased the content of phosphorus and nitrogen in seeds and increased the content of iron and potassium. The cultivars showed significant differences in all the traits measured, indicating the existence of genetic diversity in the cultivars studied. In the second year, which was hotter and drier than the first year, zinc sulphate application reduced the damage caused by drought and heat stress and improved seed yield and quality. The regression fit showed that newer cultivars had lower yields in unfertilized conditions compared to old cultivars and showed their superiority in zinc fertilized conditions. It seems that the newer varieties require more fertilizer because they have been bred on fertile soils.

The current study aimed to investigate biofortification of maize grown under different irrigation intervals, i.e. 15, 20 and 25 days (hereinafter referred to as IR15, IR20 and IR25, respectively), using foliar application treatments (silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Si + Zn, Si + AgNPs, Zn + AgNPs and Si + Zn + AgNPs) in two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021. A split-plot design with four replications was used, where irrigation intervals and foliar treatments were assigned in main plots and subplots, respectively. IR15 received a total of 7925 m3/ha irrigation water divided over seven irrigations, while IR20 received 5690 m3/ha divided over five irrigations and IR25 received 4564 m3/ha divided over four irrigations. The highest yield and grain quality were observed in plants irrigated at 15-day intervals. Spraying the canopy with Si, Zn and AgNPs, either individually or in combination, reduced the negative impact of water stress caused by longer irrigation intervals on plant growth, yield, yield components and grain protein content. In IR15 + AgNPs + Zn, most of the studied parameters, except for proline content, showed a high positive impact, especially on 100-kernel weight (KW). In contrast, IR25 + Si + AgNPs + Zn showed the highest positive effects on proline and protein contents but a negative impact on the harvest index. Collectively, IR15 + Si + AgNPs + Zn resulted in the highest values of all studied parameters, followed by IR15 + Si + AgNPs and IR15 + Si + Zn. In conclusion, our results suggest that an irrigation interval of 15 days combined with application of Si, Zn and AgNPs has the potential to improve yield and quality of maize under water deficit stress.

Short duration cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar may be more profitable for the growers, as it will have shortened critical growth window for drought, heat and insect pests. Therefore, in the present research work, two cotton advance lines IUB-71 and IUB-73 along with an approved cotton cultivar IUB-13 were tested under four different sowing dates i.e. S1 (25th April), S2 (10th May), S3 (25th May) and S4 (10th June) in 2017 and 2018 under field condition. Field layout was RCBD factorial with four sowing dates as one factor and three cotton genotypes as another factor with three replications. Data were recorded for plant height, total number of nodes, bolls per plant, seed cotton yield (SCY), above ground fresh biomass (AGFB) and harvest index (HI). An overall decreasing trend with increasing sowing dates was observed in all the traits except HI that relatively increased in all the three genotypes. Within each sowing date, a higher value for each trait was observed for genotype IUB-73 except for AGFB might be due to higher reproductive allocation. It is concluded that IUB-73 due to superior SCY and HI specifically under late planting is best fit for short cotton seasons with reduced critical window for cotton management.

Nested association mapping (NAM) captures the best features of both linkage and association mapping and enables the high power and high resolution of quantitative trait locus mapping through joint linkage-association analysis. In the current study, NAM population was developed by hybridizing JS 335, a popular variety of central India with 20 diverse soybean genotypes. The parents used in the study have various traits of economic importance such as drought and water-logging tolerance, bacterial pustule and yellow mosaic virus resistance, wider adaptability, resistance to mechanical damage and higher yield potential. High variability in the F2 populations of 20 crosses for grain yield and days to maturity indicated scope for development of high-yielding varieties. Genetic variability studies, correlation, regression, principal component analysis (PCA) and genetic diversity analyses were carried out in 900 NAM-recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from 11 crosses. Correlation and regression analysis indicated a significant positive effect of biomass, pods/plant, harvest index, branches/plant, nodes/plant and plant height on grain yield. Genetic diversity analysis grouped 900 NAM-RILs into 10 clusters. PCA revealed first two principal components to explain 63.78% of total variation mostly contributed by grain yield, biomass and number of pods. The inbred lines developed in this study will serve as an elite soybean genetic resource in understanding the genetic architecture underlying different traits of economic significance.

Field experiments were conducted to determine the interaction of grazing and herbicide treatments on cheat control and biomass, wheat biomass, wheat grain yield, and wheat yield components. Ethyl-metribuzin at 1120 g ai ha−1 and metribuzin at 420 g ai ha−1 reduced cheat biomass 91 to 99 and 97 to 98%, respectively. Grazing had no effect on herbicide efficacy. Grazing increased cheat biomass in the check by 24% at only one location but did not affect total wheat plus cheat biomass. With one exception, controlled cheat was replaced by wheat on a 1:1 biomass basis when herbicides caused no crop injury. All herbicide treatments increased grain yield, but grazing did not alter yield. At two locations, increased heads m−2 and spikelets/head accounted for most of the grain yield increases, but at one location seeds/spikelet and weight/seed were also increased. Harvest index was unaffected.

Data from three field experiments were used to determine the effects of grazing cheat-infested winter wheat during tillering on cheat and wheat growth, mature biomass, and wheat grain yield components. When terminated, grazing had reduced wheat leaf area 52% and cheat leaf area by 28%. Pooled over experiments, grazing decreased mature wheat height 7 cm and wheat yield 17%. Grazing increased dockage due primarily to cheat 9%. Grazing effects on wheat yield components, biomass, and cheat panicle density varied. Grazing did not affect cheat tillering or wheat harvest index.

Research was conducted to determine the optimum population and row spacing for corn production and for suppressing velvetleaf growth and seed production. Corn was grown in a factorial arrangement of three populations targeted at 64,000 (1 ×), 96,000 (1.5 ×), or 128,000 (2 ×) plants ha−1 and two row spacings of 38 or 76 cm. Influences on corn were determined in weed-free plots, and influences on velvetleaf were determined for target plants established at 1.5–m intervals along the center of corn interrows. Four velvetleaf plantings were made at weekly intervals beginning at corn planting. Corn row spacing had little influence on corn or velvetleaf. Corn yield exhibited a parabolic response to population with a maximum of approximately 90,000 plants ha−1 in one year, no response to population in another year, and a linear decline with increasing population in a dry year. Velvetleaf seed production was reduced 69 to 94% by the 1.5 × population and 99% by the 2 × population compared to the standard 1 × population when velvetleaf emerged with corn. Velvetleaf seed production was eliminated when velvetleaf emerged at or later than corn leaf stages 3, 5, and 6 for corn populations of 2 ×, 1.5 ×, and 1 ×, respectively. Reduced velvetleaf seed production was correlated with lower positioning of plants in the corn canopy and reduced light availability. Results suggest that higher corn populations could aid integrated weed management strategies by reducing seed production and limiting the build-up of weed populations.

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of varying densities of hairy nightshade and varying durations of interference on the biomass and seed yield of dry beans. As few as two hairy nightshade plants per meter of row reduced bean seed yield by an average of 13% over the 2 yr of the study. Increasing the density of hairy nightshade to 100 plants per meter resulted in bean yield losses of 77%. Hairy nightshade interference during the first 3 weeks after crop emergence was sufficient to reduce bean yields. Up to 9 weeks of hairy nightshade-free maintenance after crop emergence was required to prevent bean yield losses. Hairy nightshade was a prolific seed producer. At low infestation densities, over 45 000 seeds per plant were produced. Hairy nightshade seed production peaked at over 300 000 seeds m–1 at about 30 plants per m of row. Depending on the length of the growing season, 6 to 9 weeks of weed-free conditions after crop emergence were required to prevent hairy nightshade from producing viable seeds before the first killing frost in the fall. Results are discussed in terms of timing and longevity of control required to reduce hairy nightshade interference in dry beans.

The physiological process underlying grain yield (GY) loss in maize as a result of weed competition is not understood clearly. We designed an experiment to test the hypotheses that early season stress caused by the presence of neighboring weeds will increase plant-to-plant variability (PPV) of individual plant dry matter (PDM) within the population. This increase in PPV will reduce GY through a reduction in harvest index (HI). Field experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010. A glyphosate-resistant maize hybrid was cropped at a density of 7 plants m−2. As a model weed, winter wheat was seeded at the same time as maize and controlled with glyphosate at the 3rd or 10th to 12th leaf-tip stage of maize. Weed competition early in the development of maize decreased PDM and GY. This reduction in PDM, which occurred early in the development of maize, was attributed initially to a delay in rate of leaf appearance. Reductions in PDM were accompanied by an increase in PPV of PDM. This increase in PPV, however, did not reduce HI and did not contribute to the GY reductions created by weed competition, as hypothesized. As weed control was delayed, a reduction in fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) accounted for a further reduction in PDM and notably, a reduction in DMA from 17th leaf-tip stage through to maturity. The rapid loss of PDM and the subsequent inability to accumulate dry matter during maturation accounted for a rapid decline in kernel number (KN) and kernel weight (KW).

Control of early-emerging weeds is essential to protect the yield potential of maize. An understanding of the physiological changes that occur as a result of weed interference is required to address variability in yield loss across sites and years. Field trials were conducted at the University of Guelph (UG), the Ohio State University (OSU), and Colorado State University (CSU) during 2009 and 2010. There were six treatments (season-long weedy and weed-free, and weed control at the 1st-, 3rd-, 5th-, and 10th-leaf-tip stages of maize development) and 20 individual plants per plot were harvested at maturity. We hypothesized that, as weed control was delayed, weed interference in the early stages of maize development would increase plant-to-plant variability in plant dry-matter accumulation, which would result in a reduction of grain yield at maturity. The onset of the critical period for weed control (CPWC) occurred on average between the third and fifth leaf tip stages of development (i.e., V1 to V3, respectively). Rate of yield loss following the onset of the CPWC ranged from 0.05 MG ha−1 d−1 at UG 2009 to 0.22 MG ha−1 d−1 at CSU 2010 (i.e., 0.5 and 1.6% d−1, respectively). On average, reductions in kernel number per plant accounted for approximately 65% of the decline in grain yield as weed control was delayed. Biomass partitioning to the grain was stable through early weed removal treatments, increased and peaked at the 10th-leaf-tip time of control, and decreased in the season-long weedy treatment. Plant-to-plant variability in dry matter at maturity and incidence of bareness increased as weed control was delayed. As weed control was delayed, the contribution of plant-to-plant variability at maturity to the overall yield loss was small, relative to the decline of mean plant dry matter.

Previous studies have suggested that the reduction in the root/shoot ratio that accompanies the shade avoidance response may reduce the tolerance of individuals to subsequent nutrient or moisture limitations. In this work, we examined the impact of the shade avoidance response on maize seedling growth and development and the response of these plants to a subsequent abiotic stress. Seedlings were grown in a field fertigation system under two light quality environments, ambient and a low red to far-red ratio, which were designed to simulate weed-free and weedy conditions, respectively. This system also enabled the controlled restriction of water and nutrients, which reduced the relative growth rate of the crop and created a secondary stress. Results of this study indicate that, while the shade avoidance response did reduce the root/shoot ratio in maize, this effect did not reduce plant tolerance to subsequent abiotic stress. Rather, the apparent additivity or synergism of shade avoidance and the secondary stressor on yield loss depended on whether the net effect of these two stressors was sufficiently large to shift the population toward the point where reproductive allometry was broken.

Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop worldwide. Changes in cropping system that necessitate late planting, scope for expansion in rice fallows and the global warming are pushing chickpeas to relatively warmer growing environment. Such changes demand identification of varieties resilient to warmer temperature. Therefore, the reference collection of chickpea germplasm, defined based on molecular characterization of global composite collection, was screened for high temperature tolerance at two locations in India (Patancheru and Kanpur) by delayed sowing and synchronizing the reproductive phase of the crop with the occurrence of higher temperatures ( ≥ 35°C). A heat tolerance index (HTI) was calculated using a multiple regression approach where grain yield under heat stress is considered as a function of yield potential and time to 50% flowering. There were large and significant variations for HTI, phenology, yield and yield components at both the locations. There were highly significant genotypic effects and equally significant G × E interactions for all the traits studied. A cluster analysis of the HTI of the two locations yielded five cluster groups as stable tolerant (n = 18), tolerant only at Patancheru (n = 34), tolerant only at Kanpur (n = 23), moderately tolerant (n = 120) and stable sensitive (n = 82). The pod number per plant and the harvest index explained ≥ 60% of the variation in seed yield and ≥ 49% of HTI at Kanpur and ≥ 80% of the seed yield and ≥ 35% of HTI at Patancheru, indicating that partitioning as a consequence of poor pod set is the most affected trait under heat stress. A large number of heat-tolerant genotypes also happened to be drought tolerant.

In a search for high-quality jute (Corchorus olitorius) fibre using phenotypic marker(s), a single plant from CRIJAF accession OIJ 154 was isolated on the basis of its unique red-tinted pale green stem, which becomes crimson red at maturity, and was given a code name, PPO4. Progenies from this selection bred true with respect to morphological characters. It has a slightly lower height at maturity, but has comparable yield and a higher harvest index when compared to the most popular high-yielding variety JRO 524. In spite of having lower chlorophyll per unit weight of leaf tissue, the photosynthetic rate per unit chlorophyll, the relative growth rate of PPO4 was higher than JRO 524. A composite analysis of quality parameters indicated that the genotype is of higher grade (between TD2 and TD3) with very fine (1.5 tex) fibre of high tensile strength (19.7 g/tex). The lignin content (ca 14%) of the fibre was also less than that of JRO524 (ca 17%) under standard assay conditions. This plant type, with distinct morphological markers, could be utilized in breeding programmes for the genetic improvement of jute.