This second chapter on transnational approaches to grand corruption looks at other ways to pressure corrupt governments when internal controls like the judiciary or auditors don’t work. It looks at individual or “smart” sanctions for human rights violations or grand corruption in the US, EU, UK, Canada and elsewhere. It then considers cases based on extraterritorial jurisdiction, private standards and certifications, and conditions placed by international development banks and agencies as sources of pressure and redress.

This chapter, which serves as a conclusion, aims to tighten the strands linking the wide spectrum of international and domestic legal instruments discussed in the book. The chapter notes that the relationship between economic crime and atrocity crime may open opportunities to achieve accountability where the economic crime route is open while other routes are effectively blocked. After providing an account of the efforts to secure Charles Taylor’s assets in the context of his trial before the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the chapter proceeds to offer ideas for the way forward via the economic crime and other routes.