Cones in the foveola of adult primate retina are narrower and more
elongated than cones on the foveal rim, which in turn, are narrower and
more elongated than those located more eccentric. This gradient of cone
morphology is directly correlated with cone density and acuity. Here we
investigate the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling
mediates the morphological differentiation of foveal cones—in
particular, the mechanism regulating the elongation of foveal cones. We
used immunoreactivity to FGF receptor (R) 4, and quantitative analysis to
study cone elongation on the horizontal meridian of macaque retinae, aged
between foetal day (Fd) 95 and 2.5 years postnatal (P 2.5y). We also used
in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate the
expression patterns of FGF2 and FGFR1–4 at the developing fovea, and
three other sample locations on the horizontal meridian. Labeled RNA was
detected using the fluorescent marker “Fast Red” (Roche) and
levels of expression in cone inner segments and in the ganglion cell layer
(GCL) were compared using confocal microscopy, optical densitometry, and
tested for statistical significance. Our results show that morphological
differentiation of cones begins near the optic disc around Fd 95,
progressing toward the developing fovea up until birth, approximately.
Levels of FGF2 and FGFR4 mRNAs expression are low in foveal cones,
compared with cones closer to the optic disc, during this period. There is
no similar gradient of FGF2 mRNA expression in the ganglion cell layer of
the same sections. Maturation of foveal cones is delayed until the
postnatal period. The results suggest that a wave of cone differentiation
spreads from the disc region toward the developing fovea during the second
half of gestation in the macaque. A gradient of expression of FGFR4 and
FGF2 associated with the wave of differentiation suggests that FGF
signalling mediates cone narrowing and elongation.