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2 results

  • Orbitofrontal morphology in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia

  • G. Chakirova, K.A. Welch, TWJ Moorhead, A.C. Stanfield, J. Hall, P. Skehel, V.J. Brown, E.C. Johnstone, DGC Owens, S.M. Lawrie, A.M. McIntosh
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 25 / Issue 6 / October 2010
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 April 2020, pp. 366-372
  • Background

    Abnormalities of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) sulcogyral patterns have been reported in schizophrenia, but it is not known if these predate psychosis.

    Methods

    Hundred and forty-six subjects at high genetic risk of schizophrenia, 34 first episode of schizophrenia patients (SZ) and 36 healthy controls were scanned and clinically assessed. Utilising the classification system proposed by Chiavaras, we categorised OFC patterns and compared their distribution between the groups, as well as between those high risk subjects who did, and did not develop schizophrenia. The relationship between OFC pattern and schizotypy was explored in high risk subjects.

    Results

    We refined Chiavaras’ classification system, with the identification of a previously unreported variant of OFC surface structure. There were significant differences in distribution of OFC patterns between high risk subjects who did or did not develop schizophrenia as well as between the first episode of schizophrenia group and healthy controls. Within the high risk group, possession of OFC Type III was associated with higher ratings on the Structured Inventory for Schizotypy (SIS) psychotic factor.

    Conclusions

    Our results suggest that OFC Type III is associated with psychotic features before the development of schizophrenia. Characterisation of OFC morphology may have a role in the identification of those at greatest risk of developing schizophrenia.

  • 19 - Premorbid structural abnormalities in schizophrenia

  • Edited by Matcheri S. Keshavan, University of Pittsburgh, James L. Kennedy, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Robin M. Murray, Institute of Psychiatry, London
  • Book:
    Neurodevelopment and Schizophrenia
    Published online:
    04 August 2010
    Print publication:
    18 November 2004, pp 347-372

  • Summary

    Hundreds of structural brain imaging studies have demonstrated that there is a neuroanatomy of schizophrenia. This chapter reviews evidences, for premorbid abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and related populations. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated ventricular enlargement and a generalized loss of brain tissue, which may have conflated separate disease processes. Magnetic resonance imaging, which now requires a structural prefix (sMRI), has replicated these findings and convincingly shown additional volume deficits in the prefrontal and temporal lobes, as well as further decrements in the medial and superior temporal lobe. The Edinburgh High Risk Study examines subjects with two close relatives with schizophrenia. Researchers in the Melbourne High Risk Study have adopted a different but complementary approach. Evidence shows that obstetric complications (OCs) are related to small hippocampi in schizophrenia, possibly through gene-environment interaction. Evidence related to the hypothermic treatment of hypoxic brains is proved in reducing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.