Chapter 11 explains the supervisory framework under MiCA. Section 11.2 starts with MiCA’s rules for general supervision by national competent authorities (NCAs). Section 11.3 covers EBA’s supervision for significant stablecoins (ARTs/EMTs). Section 11.4 explains MiCA’s product intervention rules, which establish shared supervision between NCAs, the EBA, and the ESMA. Then, Section 11.5 covers MiCA’s extensive system for supervisory cooperation, both among NCAs, between NCAs and EBA, the ESMA, other European authorities, and also with third country authorities. Finally, Section 11.6 explains MiCA’s implementation timeline and implementing measures.

Institutional investors channel savings to investments. The chapter looks at banks, insurers and pension funds, and their ability to foster sustainability. Their investment decisions have a crucial role in either making some activities possible or others not. Different institutional institutions, depending on their individual characteristics, operate under different sets of prudential regulation, tailored to their specifics. There is a topical debate on how prudential supervision is best used to foster sustainable investment. The alternative approaches are either a neutral risk-based approach, or one that either incentivises sustainable investments through lower capital charges or penalises ‘brown’ ones through higher charges. Different stakeholders have different thoughts on the best approach, with supervisors generally supporting an orthodox risk-based approach and the investors, while generally supporting the risk-based approach, having some reservations on the issue.The conclusion will be that the risk-based approach will be the sustainable financial approach. After all, rather just a climate catastrophe instead of a climate catastrophe connected to a financial catastrophe.