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Within the first 30 years since independence, Malaysia successfully eradicated or drastically reduced the occurrence of several serious communicable disease. During the second 30 years, Malaysia had some success as well as limited or no progress in dealing with non-communicable diseases, re-emerging diseases such as dengue, and other new and emerging diseases such as influenza H1N1. This chapter analyses the development and evolution in order to identify key features that contributed to the success or limited the progress of control efforts. The discussion covers issues such as design of surveillance and control programmes, the role of ‘vertical’ and integrated approaches, and the limitations faced by the health system in trying to adapt from controlling communicable to non-communicable diseases. The influence of interactions between components of the healthcare system such as the workforce, primary and secondary care, environmental health services, medical products and vaccines is illustrated.
This paper examines social and economic aspects of integrated vector management in relation to the control of various vector-borne human diseases. The role of the human environment and activities in transmitting and in controlling human diseases is described. Common vector-borne human and domestic animal diseases in the tropics are listed and described in relation to their carriers (vectors), geographical regions of prevalence, approximate numbers of humans affected and likely remedial strategies. The benefits of integrated vector control as opposed to chemical control are discussed and supported with examples from various parts of the world. The paper ends by listing World Health Organisation recommendations on how to control human vector-borne diseases.
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