La période intercritique des troubles bipolaires, jusque récemment considérée comme indemne de troubles thymiques avérés fait l’objet depuis quelques années d’une attention particulière dans les recherches scientifiques. Les travaux montrent que nombre de patients rapportent des symptômes résiduels, une hyperréactivité émotionnelle [1], des difficultés attentionnelles [2] et une impulsivité comportementale [3]. Le défaut des processus d’inhibition est un des mécanismes commun à l’ensemble de ces dimensions. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’évaluer si l’altération des processus d’inhibition est majorée chez les patients ayant des symptômes résiduels par rapport à des patients n’ayant pas de symptômes résiduels. L’échantillon est composé de patients ayant reçu un diagnostic de troubles bipolaires en phase de normothymie (critères DSM). L’altération de l’inhibition émotionnelle est évaluée à partir d’auto-questionnaires (AIM, score réactivité émotionnelle de la MATHYS), de l’inhibition cognitive à partir d’évaluation neuropsychologique (Stroop) et de l’inhibition comportementale à partir de questionnaires et d’évaluation neuropsychologique (BIS-10 et CPT-II). Les symptômes résiduels sont évalués à partir d’échelles d’intensité de la symptomatologie dépressive (MADRS) et maniaque (Young). Les résultats offrent un éclairage aux difficultés rencontrées par certains patients en phase de normothymie. Le manque d’inhibition a jusqu’alors été étudié de manière parcellaire. Nos résultats montrent la pertinence de l’envisager comme une entité constituée de dimensions émotionnelle, cognitive et comportementale. Les prises en charges ont donc tout intérêt à intégrer ces différentes dimensions et non pas à proposer un travail uniquement centré sur une des dimensions. Apprendre à réguler et mieux contrôler ce défaut d’inhibition devrait donc être un objectif thérapeutique pluridisciplinaire.

L’apathie est un trouble invalidant, présent dans de nombreuses pathologies neurologiques et psychiatriques. Il s’agit d’un trouble de la motivation caractérisé par des manifestations comportementales, cognitives et émotionnelles telles qu’une perte d’intérêt et une moindre participation aux activités de la vie quotidienne, un manque d’initiative, peu de persévérance dans les activités entamées, une indifférence et un émoussement affectif. Il ne s’agit pas uniquement d’un symptôme de la dépression ou d’un signe d’entrée dans la démence mais l’apathie existe en tant que syndrome à part entière. Elle a été longtemps sous-diagnostiquée en raison d’une absence de consensus au sujet de sa définition. Néanmoins, des critères de diagnostic ont récemment été publiés et leur validité a été éprouvée et démontrée dans plusieurs maladies neuropsychiatriques . De plus, un certain nombre d’échelles sont aujourd’hui reconnues pour leur validité dans le dépistage ou l’évaluation du syndrome apathique . D’un point de vue physiopathologique, les mécanismes à l’origine du syndrome apathique restent encore à élucider mais il est généralement admis que les comportements motivés mettent en œuvre le système limbique. Le circuit striato-frontal ventral (reliant le striatum ventral aux régions ventro-médianes du cortex préfrontal) semble particulièrement impliqué. Le rôle des voies dopaminergiques est également démontré même si d’autres neuro-modulateurs semblent également impliqués. L’apathie accroît fortement le fardeau des aidants et compte tenu de son impact sur le niveau fonctionnel et la qualité de vie des patients, elle mérite une attention particulière, notamment un dépistage systématique et une prise en charge précoce.

A survey to document the behaviour characteristics and mortality pattern of indigenous chicken of Kerala and a field egg recording study to record egg production characteristics of these birds were conducted. Flight distance and height was 13.29 and 3.97 m, respectively. The territory radius of cocks was 121.15 m. The chick survivability at 4 weeks of age was 64.98 percent. The day-old and 8th week body weights were 28.83 and 347.24 g, respectively. The 20th and 40th week body weight of males were 1,428.42 and 1,936.67 g and that of females were 1,114.04 and 1,445.63 g, respectively. The mortality up to 72 weeks was 69.38 percent and major cause of mortality during chick, grower and layer stage were mongoose (44.63 percent), wolf (24.29 percent) and diseases (52.18 percent) respectively. The fertility was 71.22 percent and hatchability on total and fertile egg set were 62.26 and 87.42 percent, respectively. There were 2.13 clutches in a laying cycle with inter-clutch intervals of 1.11 days. The average clutch size and number of eggs per cycle were 7.27 and 14.32, respectively. The egg number up to 72 weeks on hen-day and hen-housed basis was 116.81 and 85.84, respectively and the eggs were laid in 7.7 cycles. The age at first egg and average age at sexual maturity were 155 and 199.26 days, respectively. The egg weight at 28, 40 and 72 weeks of age was 37.80, 40.74 and 43.31 g, respectively, and egg mass per bird was 4,659.04 g. The broodiness and incubation pause were 26.03 and 121.75 days, respectively.

Numerous health benefits are associated with a physically active population. This study sought to discover the aerobic activity preferences among older Canadians. Four cycles of nationally representative time use data were fused with energy expenditure information to determine both participation rates and time spent in the 10 most frequently reported aerobic activities. Aerobic activity preferences are dominated by domestic chores (15% to 30% participation for about two hours per day), recreational walking (15% to 30% participation for about one hour per day), and active transportation (generally less than 5% participation for less than 30 minutes per day). Although there have been several changes in older Canadians’ revealed preferences for aerobic activities over the past three decades, the prevalence of domestic chores points towards the importance of policies that support older Canadians remaining in their homes, whereas the popularity of walking suggests that “walkability” needs to be considered in neighbourhood design.

During foraging, parasitoids of insect herbivores are aided by chemical compounds generally termed ‘infochemicals’, to locate their hosts. The origin of the infochemicals varies; they may be derived from the herbivore itself or activities related to the biology of the herbivore, the host plant, or from interactions between the plant and the herbivore. This paper reviews the status of research in this area, and presents an account of the infochemicals used by African stemborer parasitoids during foraging, as well as recommending possible areas for further investigation. The information generated has potential for application in behaviour modification of parasitoids species in biological control programmes.

Introduction. Afin d'évaluer l'effet de Meliponula erythra sur la fructification et donc sur la production de D. edulis, l'activité de pollinisation de la mélipone a été observée dans la région de Yaoundé (Cameroun). Matériel et méthodes. Dans un verger expérimental de safoutiers, quatre lots ont été déterminés à partir du marquage de 174 bouquets floraux différenciés selon leur type (mâle-hermaphrodite ou femelle) et la présence ou non de protection de ces bouquets vis-à-vis de la visite des insectes. Le rythme saisonnier de la mélipone, l'activité journalière des abeilles, l'abondance des butineuses par inflorescence et l'indice de fructification des bouquets floraux marqués ont été évalués. Résultats et discussion.M. erythra a fréquenté D. edulis toute la journée et pendant toute la période de floraison. Les butineuses ont récolté du nectar de façon intense et permanente sur tous les types de fleurs. Le pollen n'a été récolté que sur les fleurs mâles et les fleurs hermaphrodites, et au cours de la matinée. Le plus grand nombre d'ouvrières butinant au même instant a été de 900 par plant de type mâle-hermaphrodite et de 250 par pied femelle. La durée moyenne d'une visite a été de 7,82 sec par fleur femelle (fleur à nectar) et de 8,32 sec par fleur mâle ou hermaphrodite (fleur à nectar et pollen). Le rythme des visites de M. erythra a été positivement corrélé au rythme d'épanouissement des fleurs de D. edulis. L'indice de fructification des bouquets floraux non protégés a été significativement supérieur de 25,61 % à celui des bouquets floraux protégés des insectes. Cette fructification améliorée serait liée par une action positive des M. erythra sur l'autopollinisation et la pollinisation croisée. Conclusion. La conservation des abeilles mélipones dans les vergers de safoutiers doit être encouragée.

The activities, working conditions and progress of the International Red Locust Control Service during the mid-1950s are outlined. Research programmes and results are summarised.

A biotelemetry experiment was designed to determine whether the selection of a residence area by adult barbel Barbus barbus (Cyprinidae) was dependent on the availability of physical habitat features, on the presence of fish shoals and/or on the presence of specific partners. The experiment took place in 3.0 km stretch of the River Ourthe (Belgium), where the latter features had been characterised by habitat and electric fishing surveys (1 190 fish ≥ 15  cm, at 265 locations). Six barbel (34.8–49.5 cm) belonging to a single shoal of 34 fish were tagged with 40 MHz radio transmitters, transplanted in pairs at different distances (−1 km, −30 m, +1 km) from the capture site and tracked from 3 September to 7 October 1990.

Fish showed variable mobility patterns and home range sizes (200–2 400 m). They selected 17 residence areas of which the cumulative frequency of occupation ranged from 0.1 to 79.5 day × fish. The comparison between the residence areas selected, habitat suitability and the location of fish shoals in the study area indicate that the presence of a shoal of at least 10 resident fish within a suitable habitat (normalised suitability index ≥ 1.0) is necessary but not sufficient to guarantee its long term selection and occupation. Homing movements of transplanted fish were directed towards the activity area rather than to the residence area itself. The fish that did not home, selected residence areas in a part of the river with a higher availability of potential feeding areas. These elements are discussed within the context of habitat utilisation and foraging strategies by a gregarious species. It is suggested that resident fish of the same species may ease the exploitation of a non familiar environment by a naive fish, and that this may positively trade off the benefit provided by home site fidelity, depending on the availability of food resources.

A basic study of the behavioural responses of the harvester termite, Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) to poison baits was undertaken. Laboratory trials revealed that the collected baits were not incorporated into the termite nest food stores. The baits were never eaten because the nest-bound larval caste selects the food to be consumed by the entire colony, from the material collected by the foraging caste. Moreover, field observations have shown that the commercial bait, Kamikaze®, bears no resemblance to the grass collected by the termite foragers. This study revealed that observations of foraging and feeding behaviour of the termites are necessary before designing control measures.

Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a braconid larval parasitoid that has been used in the biological control of tropical stemborers in gramineous plants. The current research status on the behavioural ecology of this parasitoid is reviewed. The stimuli involved in the location of the host-microhabitat and the behaviour on infested plants and inside stemborer tunnels are discussed. Several aspects of the host foraging behaviour on C. flavipes are discussed in relation to the ecology of the parasitoid, such as the role of learning in foraging and clutch size allocation decisions. Variation in behaviour can be an obstacle in the effective use of natural enemies in biological control. Behavioural variation may exist because individuals differ genetically in their propensity to find or accept different hosts. Individuals may also differ because they have experienced different environments (i.e. learning). The second part of this paper focuses on the intraspecific variability in G flavipes behaviour and discusses to what extent the reported plant and host specificity in C. flavipes has a genetic basis or is due to phenotypic plasticity through learning.

Siluriformes, as well as Characiformes and Cypriniformes, are a diverse and widespread group of Ostariophysan fishes, but Siluriformes have a probable ancestral benthic feeding habit. They have a unique suite of morphological, physiological, ecological and behavioural traits that equip them to succeed in freshwaters but only to a limited extent in the sea. They are typically, non-aggressive stalking predators that hunt at night or in turbid water using primarily nonvisual sense organs, although there are many exceptions. The modification of the Weberian apparatus for sound production has probably resulted in some loss of buoyancy control. Catfishes are represented in all the dillerent breeding guild categories and exhibit diverse and sometimes bizarre breeding methods. Catfishes tend towards the altricial end of the altricial-precocial life-history continuum. Only two families (Ariidae and Plotosidae) have successfully colonised the sea; physiological constraints and strong competition from Elasmobranchii and Actinopterygii fishes are probable reasons, and it is notable that the two families that have succeeded have precocial lire histories that are more suited to highly competitive environments.

Juveniles of the common dentex (Dentex dentex) (2.4 g mean weight), were grown over a 6 week period, fed exclusively on a commercial sea bream diet or an isocaloric moist pellet diet, which was produced on site. Ambient temperature (24.4-26.2 °C) and oxygen content (4.8-5.9 mg/L), as well as the relatively low stocking density (max. 2.62 kg/m3) provided favourable rearing conditions. Survival (63.8% vs 51.6%), specific growth rates (6.1% vs 4.5%) and food conversion efficiency (115.8% vs 76.3%) were considerably elevated in the group fed on moist pellets. The growth performance parameters recorded are considered to be favourable for aquaculture requirements. Agonistic behaviour (particular biting of the tail) was found to be the main cause of the continuous mortality that occurred in both feed groups (78% and 64.8% of total mortality in the dry- and moist-pellet group, respectively). These biting attacks targeted the smallest individuals in a tank, whose mean individual weight made up 49-62% (with dry pellet diet) and 28.9-46.6% (with moist pellet diet) of the respective mean weights. The results indicate a strong relationship between nutrition, size variation and agonistic behaviour in the rearing of cornmon dentex juveniles.

Species composition and behavioural patterns were determined for anopheline mosquito samples collected between October and September 1990, from Gambella region, south west Ethiopia. At least eight anopheline species, which differed in their habits, were found to be prevalent in the region. Findings of indoor-resting collection and hut density determinations showed the relative prevalence, in decreasing order of magnitude, to be Anopheles pharoensis, A. gambiae s.l., A. nili, A. coustani, and A. ziemanni. On the other hand, the relative frequency of occurrence based on outdoor human-bait capture was A. pharoensis, A. ziemmani, A. coustani, A. squamosus, A. paludis and A. funestus, in decreasing order of importance. The rate of human feeding of A. nili, A. gambiae s.l., A.pharoensis and A. coustani were 37.5, 33.0, 22.5 and 6.7%, respectively. Among the endophilic mosquitoes assayed, the overall infectivity rate was found to be 0.56%. Sporozoite rates of 0.77% for A. gambiae s.l. and 0.47% for A. pharoensis were determined.

A field and laboratory investigation of the food and feeding behavior of larvae of the potamanthid mayfly Anthopotamusverticis (Say) was conducted from 1989 to 1991 on a population from the Tippecanoe River, Indiana (USA). Gutcontent analyses indicated that all size classes of larvae are detritivores, with over 95 % of food consisting of fine detritalparticles. Videomacroscopy indicated that all size classes of larvae are filter feeders, able to utilize both active depositfilter feeding and passive seston filter feeding cycles in their interstitial microhabitat. Deposit filter feeding initially incorporates the removal of loosely deposited detritus with the forelegs. Seston filter feeding initially incorporates filteringby long setae on the forelegs and palps. Mandibular tusks are used to help remove detritus from the foreleg setae. ASEM examination of filtering setae indicated they are hairlike and bipectinate, being equipped with lateral rows of setules.The results show that previous assumptions that potamanthid larvae were collector/gatherers are erroneous. Theresults are applicable to congeners, and all potamanthids, including Palearctic and Oriental elements, are hypothesizedto be filter feeders, differing only in some details of behavior.

The final phase of spawning migration of eight adult male Atlantic salmon, Sulnio solar L., was analysed by radio-tracking in relation to sea age and size in a spawning tributary of the Kiver Sélune. Four grilse and four multi sea-winter fish, one of which as a previous spawner, were radio-tagged and released. Their fork length ranged from 602 to 882 mm. The daily movement in the first two days alier release and the furthest upstream distance recorded from the trap during the study period were independent of fish length. Maximum amplitude of movement observed over the entire study period was inversely correlated with length. Daily movement decreased in all males during the spawning period and was negatively correlated with the size of fish. Surviving males remained in the vicinity of the spawning grounds after spawning. It was concluded that the length of male seemed to influence its behaviour in the last phase of the spawning migration, enabling a much more successful participation of the larger males in spawning.

An ultrasonic tagging program for tuna was conducted in 1988 and 1989 within the Regional TunaProject of the Indian Ocean Commission. Three yellowfin and six skipjack tuna were tagged withtemperature or depth sensitive transmitters in the North-western part of the Mozambique Channel(12°S-44°E) around Anjouan island (Comoros Archipelago) where several fish aggregating devices(FADs) were previously moored. The horizontal and vertical movements observed during 8 tracks (3yellowfin and 5 skipjack tuna) whose duration was between 3 and 24 hours, are analysed in terms ofswimming depth, temperature encountered and position of the tracked tuna relative to the FAD orcoast line. Comparison between recorded depth of tracked tuna and echo sounded fish indicatedtracked tuna were schooling.Two of the 3 tagged yellowfin tuna displayed a behaviour of association with FADs. The optimaldistance between 2 anchored FADs, to avoid adverse interference in the attraction of tuna, is estimatedas 11 nautical miles. A very small percentage of time is spent by yellowfin tuna near the surface. Themean swimming depths encountered in the daytime by yellowfin tuna are much deeper (70-110 m)than they are at night (40-70 m). The relative homogeneity in the observed behaviour of yellowfintuna and the fair general agreement with previous results obtained in the Pacific Ocean, should allowapplication of ultrasonic tagging results to fishing and prospecting purposes in the future.The movements of the 5 tracked skipjack tuna do not indicate a behavioural association withFADs, and do not present marked differences between the swimming depths encountered by nightand during the daytime. The high variability observed in the behaviour of the different trackedskipjack tuna, and the bad agreement with previous results obtained in the Atlantic and in the PacificOceans have to be emphasized. A high turnover of the skipjack tuna concentrated around FADs dueto an intense and pelmanent migratory flow through the area of Comoros Islands could partly explainthese apparent discrepancies.

Responses of tsetse Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) to host-derived phenolic kairomones were investigated using a wind tunnel. Activation behaviour of G. m. morsitans depended on the mixture of the phenols but not on the dose or ratio of the blend used. Up wind orientation behaviour and actual contact with the odour source depended on both the phenolic mixture and on the ratio of the phenols in the blend. In the present studies, a 4:1 blend of 4-cresol and 3-n-propylphenol, respectively, consistently induced more of the flies to fly upwind and contact the odour source as compared to any other combination of the phenols or even when these two crucial phenols were mixed in a ratio of 9:1; the ratio in which they are found in a typical sample of buffalo urine.

Comparison of the responses of the two species indicate that significantly fewer G. m. morsitans fly upwind and contact the odour source on stimulation with a blend of 4-cresol and 3-n-propylphenol as compared to G. pallidipes. This may explain why phenols only produce small improvements in the catches of G. m. morsitans as compared to G. pallidipes.

The simple wind tunnel developed, not only provides a useful tool for rapidly screening candidate attractants, but also a means to investigate how various compounds alone or in various combinations affect tsetse behaviour.

The distribution pattern and larval behaviour of the major flower and pod borer Lampides boeticus on vegetable lablab were studied in Bangalore, India. The distribution of eggs and bored flower buds were found to be contagious. Most of the flower buds with pin hole damage had small larva (first and second instar) inside them. Flower buds with medium damage had medium larva (third instar). The flower buds and pods with large damage very rarely harboured larva. The medium and large larvae migrated and caused damage to flower buds and pods. Use of larval behaviour in developing a suitable pest management programme is indicated.

We studied the distribution of wild Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratias capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in different environments of trimedlure-baited Jackson traps during high fall season populations in Southern Egypt. We found that 98% of females attracted to within aim radius of standard trimedlure (TML)-baited Jackson traps remained on the surrounding foliage without approaching the trap. Also about 30 % of males aggregated there, calling and competing for matings with approaching females. The closest mating occurred 25 cm from a standard trap. The nearest lek formation away from a trap was observed at a distance of 2 m on the same trap tree. The highest captures of males were recorded in the morning after male calling on the foliage reached its daily peak. Jackson traps baited with both protein hydrolyzate and TML on cotton wicks caught as many males, but significantly more females than traps with TML only.