The relationship between precipitation chemistry and the concentrations of nitrogen ([N]) and phosphorus ([P]) in the cushion-forming lichen Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coem. (=C. impexa (Harm)) was investigated. Samples of C. portentosa were collected from heathlands and upland moorlands close to 31 rural sampling stations in the UK Acid Deposition Monitoring Network, which provides data on wet deposition and NO2 concentrations in air. The [N] and [P] were measured in the top 5 mm of lichen thalli (thallus apices) and also in a horizontal stratum between 40–50 mm from the apices (thallus base). The [N] (per unit dry mass) was 0·08–1·82% and [P] was 0·04–0·17%, depending on collection site and lichen fraction analysed. Concentrations of both elements were c. 2–5 times greater in the apices than in the basal strata, and [N] and [P] values in each stratum were strongly positively correlated. Lichen [N] was positively correlated with N deposition: this relationship was stronger when using [N] values for thallus bases than for the apices. By contrast, thallus [N] was poorly correlated with [N] values in precipitation. When [NO2] in air was included together with NO3− deposition in a linear regression model explaining thallus base N, the model fit was significantly improved, whereas modelled values of NH3 deposition rate for the heathland sites did not correlate with lichen [N]. It is suggested that the proportionately greater enrichment of [N] in the thallus base might reflect a perturbation of internal recycling of thallus N at polluted sites. Thallus [P] was generally weakly linked to wet N deposition but positively correlated with [NO2] in air. It is not known whether the trend for increasing thallus [P] values indicates decreasing lichen growth rate and reduced growth dilution of P in polluted areas, or is due to regional variation in P deposition rate.