In urban areas, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can lead to position errors of tens of meters due to signal obstruction and severe multipath effects. In cases of 3D-positioning, the vertical coordinate is estimated less accurately than are the horizontal coordinates. Multisensor systems can enhance navigation performance in terms of accuracy, availability, continuity and integrity. However, the addition of multiple sensors increases the system cost, and thereby the applicability to low-cost applications is limited. By using the concept of receiver clock modelling (RCM), the position estimation can be made more robust; the use of high-sensitivity (HS) GNSS receivers can improve the system availability and continuity. This paper investigates the integration of a low-cost HS GNSS receiver with an external clock in urban conditions; subsequently, the gain in the navigation performance is evaluated. GNSS kinematic data is recorded in an urban environment with multiple geodetic-grade and HS receivers. The external clock stability information is incorporated through the process noise matrix in a Kalman filter when estimating the position, velocity and time states. Results shows that the improvement in the precision of the height component and vertical velocity with both receivers is about 70% with RCM compared with the estimates obtained without applying RCM. Pertaining accuracy, the improvement in height with RCM is found to be about 70% and 50% with geodetic and HS receivers, respectively. In terms of availability, the HS receiver delivers an 100% output compared with a geodetic receiver, which provides an output 99⋅4% of the total experiment duration.

Investigating the underlying predictors of speeding behaviour deserves the full attention of research. This study aims to examine the effects of demographic variables on the perceived deterrent mechanisms and to predict speeding behaviour to target appropriate prevention programmes. In this study, 212 randomly selected drivers having a valid car driving licence participated in an online survey. The results revealed that demographic variables influenced drivers’ perceptions towards social and legal sanctions as well as material loss. The model revealed that two sanction-related constructs, that is, legal sanction (b = −0⋅227, P = 0⋅007) and material loss (b = −0⋅218, P = 0⋅005), as well as lax perception towards traffic accident (b = −0⋅176, P = 0⋅025), were the significant predictors of speeding behaviour. These findings suggested that prevention programmes should prioritise young and single drivers. The most effective targeted prevention programmes are highlighted accordingly based on the study results.