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  • Chapter 30 - Cardiovascular Physiology

  • Edited by Dharti Patel, Mount Sinai West and Morningside Hospitals, New York, Sang J. Kim, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, Himani V. Bhatt, Mount Sinai West and Morningside Hospitals, New York, Alopi M. Patel, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Jersey
  • Book:
    BASIC Essentials
    Published online:
    21 February 2025
    Print publication:
    13 March 2025, pp 161-166

  • Summary

    The chapter discusses basic cardiac physiology topics. Cardiac cycle begins in the atrium at the SA node and propagates via the electrical pathway to the ventricular myocardium. Automaticity in the SA node is achieved by a slow spontaneous depolarization of the membrane during phase 4. Heart rate is regulated by interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. At rest, the vagal effects usually dominate. Frank–Starling law is the relation between myocardial fiber length and strength of contraction. Contractility measures cardiac performance at a given preload and afterload. Blood flow through the capillaries is regulated by arterioles. The Starling equation describes the net capillary filtration. Fluid filtrated from the capillaries is transported via the lymphatic system back to the circulation. Coronary blood flow is mainly regulated via local metabolites.