This chapter presents a brief background. It treats the Old Regime in Central Europe, the impact of the French Revolution, the postwar settlement, social and economic change, revolution in 1848, and national unification.

When evaluating a patient on continuous EEG monitoring at the bedside, the two fundamental questions a reader must ask themselves are: a) is the patient encephalopathic? and b) if so, is this due to epileptiform activity or seizures? This chapter describes a simple method of rapid bedside EEG interpretation using three easy steps. The first step is to analyze the background for continuity, symmetry, voltage, and the presence of a posterior dominant rhythm. The second step involves searching for abnormal waveforms, such as slow or sharp waves, and the third step involves recognizing artifacts. Sharp waves are associated with seizure activity. Finally, the chapter also describes the significance and method for testing reactivity and grading the severity of encephalopathy.

The photon signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is defined in terms of statistical quantities, and the Poisson and Gaussian probability distribution functions are defined and described. Those distributions are applied to lidar measurements, and the effect of background light on lidar SNR is quantified. The signal-limited and background-limited SNR regimes are defined. The lidar equation is then introduced as a model of the range-dependent lidar signal, and the background model is a constant additional term. All the variables in both models are introduced and defined. They include the number of photons in each laser pulse, the optical efficiencies of the transmitter and receiver, the geometrical function, the receiver solid angle, the range bin length, the volume backscatter coefficient, the extinction coefficient, the spectral radiance of the background, the receiver field of view, the receiver optical bandpass, and the sampling interval of the data system. Finally, a lidar system known as the Eye safe Atmospheric Research Lidar (EARL) is introduced because it is used as an example throughout the rest of the book.

This chapter introduces a cutting-edge study on the composition of the bodies under analysis to assess how this may influence their adjudication. An empirical quantitative study on the judges’ and commissioners’ background is combined with an analysis of their ‘judicial behaviour’ through their separate opinions. This demonstrates that judicial convergence could be partly due to the personal identity and background of those individuals called to interpret the law and adjudicate the cases. In particular, this chapter shows signs of a possible ‘Europeanisation’ of the African and Inter-American judges, which could encourage the African and Inter-American Court to converge with the European case-law. The chapter also discusses the role played by the secretariats in influencing the adjudication of human rights regional and international bodies. Drawing on interviews with members of the registries of the three regional courts, it concluded that specific agendas, priorities and internal organisations may encourage judicial convergence.

The volume will open with a brief introduction to Wallace’s work, including a list of works and a short biography. The introduction will also offer a brief history of Wallace Studies, identifying several waves of critical work that provide a useful critical framework for students and scholars, and providing some direction for further reading that will be picked up in a bibliography at the end of the volume. The introduction will also introduce readers to some of the key themes in Wallace Studies that the following chapters will take up, framing the rest of the volume in a clear and concise manner.

Chapter 9 explores the many situations in which new IP is developed under a licensing or other agreement, and how that IP is owned and licensed. Attention is given both to licensee developments (improvements and derivative works of licensed rights), which may be subject to grantback and license-back arrangements (Kennedy v. NJDA) and new IP developed by a licensor under a services arrangement (e.g., commissioned works, customizations) (IXL v. AdOutlet) and the incorporation of third party components in developed technologies. The chapter also addresses the complex issues that arise from joint development of IP, including treatment of foreground, background and sideground IP, and how IP is used in the context of joint ventures (Pav-Saver v. Vasso). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the allocation of responsibility for IP management, maintenance and prosecution.

With a sketch of the debate over the finite/non-finite distinction, Chapter 1 introduces the motivation, purpose, research questions, methodology and L10layout of this study. After pointing out the controversy over non-finiteness in linguistics, four research questions are raised: In what way is the finite and non-finite distinction universal? In what context can non-finiteness be positioned and identified? How does non-finiteness function for inter-clausal connectivity? How will the controversial issues of non-finiteness in English and Chinese be dealt with?

This chapter provides the necessary background as to why addressing the issue of the rights and obligations of States prior to delimitation is both pressing and topical. The main objective of the book is to lay out the rights and obligations of States (i.e. claimants and third States) under international law in disputed maritime areas. Particular emphasis in this regard is placed on those areas where States have not agreed upon delimitation (a), neither have been able to agree on cooperative arrangements (b), and for which a modus vivendi has not been developed to regulate activities in a disputed maritime area (c). Apart from that, States are obligated to take certain (unilateral) measures in disputed areas. This is because entitlements to maritime zones come with related obligations for the coastal State regarding certain issues. For instance, with regard to managing and conserving living marine resources, as well as protecting the marine environment, coastal States have significant obligations under the LOSC. Another issue that is discussed is how jurisdictional uncertainty, which is inherent to disputed maritime areas, affects claimant States, third States and their nationals.

A scientific paper is part of an ongoing sequence of findings. The author has to put this in context, which is the act of writing an Introduction, effectively the state of the art in the particular research project at the time of preparing a new paper. It should include seminal works from the past, but should also focus on the issues that have come in the more recent past. It needs to explain how the author arrived at the hypothesis that must be clearly included in this Introduction.

The introduction defines rakugo and explains key performance conventions. It also points out that there are two distinct rakugo traditions, provides a literature review, and presents an outline of the book.

Confirm the patient’s identity, age, state(s) of recording, and the presence of any skull defects. Confirm the technical parameters of including the filter settings, sensitivity, paper speed, and time base. Note the montage you are reading in and the calibration signal. Identify the background from the foreground. Describe the background based on symmetry, continuity, voltage, organization, variability-reactivity, and sleep architecture. Categorize the foreground components as cerebral activity or artifact. Describe cerebral activity based on its location (general or lateral), occurrence (sporadic or repetitive), and morphology (slow or sharp). Then categorize the activity as normal (normal variant) or abnormal. Decide if the abnormality is epileptogenic (associated with seizures) or ictal (ongoing seizure). Evolution is the hallmark of electrographic seizure activity. Remember that isolated changes in amplitude are not evolution. Look for the use of any provocation methods, such as hyperventilation and photic stimulation, and their effect on the EEG. Before you finish up, make sure you’ve looked at the single-channel EKG and the technologist’s log.

Many legal scholars over the past 120 years have commented on“The Path of the Law.” Part IV selects from this abundant commentary and profiles thirteen ways of looking at the“bad man.” The opinions vary as to why Holmes introduced him in“The Path of the Law.” Apart from sustaining the thesis that Holmes intended the“bad man” as a projection, this part seeks to show how one might through scholarship create dimensionality in American law. Scholarship becomes a stereoscope to make law 3D. The most well-known commentary and commentators on Holmes and the“bad man” are discussed – ranging from Jerome Frank, Hessel E. Yntema, and Walter Wheeler Cook to Francis E. Lucey, Lon Fuller, Mark DeWolfe Howe, Henry M. Hart, Jr., and Yosal Rogat. It also includes a subsection on the distinctive view of the legal pragmatists (Frederic R. Kellogg, Thomas C. Grey, Catharine Pierce Wells, Susan Haack). The part notes the deficiencies in scholarship and, more important, the repeated instances of scholars not attempting to understand, connect, or differentiate in good faith their scholarship from that of their predecessors or contemporaries.

Chapter One studies how Rome figures in the murky processes by which individuals settled their relation to the world. In the process, it establishes something of the range of conditions under which medieval and early modern writers negotiated their own absorption into the matter of Rome. The chapter pursues at length medieval and early modern habits of attending not so much to the wonders of Rome, but rather to all that is most ordinary, obvious (in the word’s etymological reference to that which is encountered ‘in the way’), and ubiquitous in what Rome left in its wake when it relinquished its formal, administrative hold on the provinces of Britannia. These preoccupations open onto a wide span of time: from the middle of the sixth to the middle of the seventeenth century. The texts and problems that dominate the chapter range from Gildas andBede to Sir Thomas Browne in the late seventeenth century.

Patient-controlled anagesia (PCA), used for the control of moderate to severe pain in the acute postoperative period, allows patients to self-administer boluses of intravenous or subcutaneous opioids. This chapter describes the advantages of this therapy, contraindications and provides top tips for PCA administration.

This chapter describes the initial motivation for writing the whole book.

A particular case of a suicide attempt by a young girl has inspired a career, that has resulted in this book. This chapter describes the story of the girl, and indicates why and how neuroscientific studies may contribute to the prevention of suicidal behavior by means of an overview of the chapters in this book.