Information on safe water, sanitation and hand washing obtained in large scale surveys are used to validate its responsiveness to childhood ailments. Definition of these variables are uniform to enable comparison within and across countries and devoid of the context and circumstance. Associating these variables with prevalence of diarrhoea overlooking the context seem to distort the relationship and lead to spurious results. An empirical verification of such an association in an Indian context based on the most recently conducted NFHS-4 data set brings to the fore apparent contradictions that cautions on the use of these variables as they are obtained. It calls for a redefinition of these variables prior to verifying their responsiveness to childhood diarrhoea as illustrated here.

In February 2010, a specimen of Urotrygon microphthalmum (total length = 232.4 mm; disc width = 123.1 mm; total weight = 81.97 g) was caught having the external appearance of a male with an abnormality (atrophied left clasper and missing right clasper). Internally, the specimen had only female reproductive organs. The left ovary had yellow follicles (≤ 2.7 mm) and the left uterus had a yellow ovum (5.85 mm). These characteristics indicate that the individual captured was a case of abnormal hermaphroditism, classified as a pseudo-hermaphrodite.

The actions, anomalies and quantization conditions allow the M2-brane and the M5-brane to support, in a natural way, structures beyond spin on their world-volumes. The main examples are twisted string structures. This also extends to twisted stringc structures which we introduce and relate to twisted string structures. The relation of the C-field to Chern–Simons theory suggests the use of the string cobordism category to describe the M2-brane.

This paper presents a modelling study of a ball bearing dynamic behaviour with differentdefects types, which is part of an investigation related to the modelling of machineryrotating components. Our contribution in this work is a proposition of a five-degree offreedom model describing the nonlinear dynamic behaviour of a ball bearing. The aim is aparametric formulation of the ball bearing stiffness which allows the introduction of thedefects characteristics. This approach is a result of an intrinsic structural behaviourmaking it different from methods which introduce external impulsion to simulate defects.Hence, a more realistic dynamic ball bearing defect simulation is obtained for better usein design and maintenance domain. This simulation can be formulated by two methods. Thefirst, partial contact method, is based on elimination of some ball stiffness. The secondone imposes displacement in the system response. Obtained results give response formssimilar to standards and to different author’s results (theoretical and experimental)found in the literature. The developed model is simple, compact as compared to existingones and we can express our satisfaction about this promising model.

Congenital anomalies of the tricuspid valve, and/or its supporting apparatus, leading to severe tricuspid regurgitation are rare. Although well tolerated in early childhood, long-standing and progressive volume loading of the right heart leads to symptoms of decreased exercise tolerance, and may predispose to arrhythmias in the long term. We report three cases of severe tricuspid regurgitation related to anomalies of the cords supporting the antero-superior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Shortened cords leading to tethering of the leaflet were seen in two cases, and hypoplasia of the leaflet in the other. In all cases, the regurgitant jet was directed posteriorly towards the coronary sinus and atrial septum. Surgical repair was possible in one case, while it proved necessary to replace the valve in a second. The third child is asymptomatic and under regular review.

This paper argues that the subspecialism of sociology of education has, for a century, been ambivalent about the ‘hooligan’. It has both celebrated and excoriated the anti-school working-class boy. Similarly, the mainstream of sociology has been ambivalent about sociologists of education, both relying on them and ignoring them. Thirdly, the paper speculates on the position of hooligans in Britain in 2025 and the relationship between mainstream sociology and the sociology of education in that year.

Granite is the final product of the high-temperature, magmatic, predominantly endogenic, chemical differentiation of the earth. Our understanding of the origin and evolution of granitoid rocks comes from a combination of direct observation, analogue experimentation and numerical modelling. A brief historical overview shows an exceptional level of such research activity over the last 50 years. The number and complexity of questions have resulted in both an absolute and a relative growth of the science since the plate tectonic revolution, largely consisting of refining the current magmatic paradigm within its overarching context. Current research activity involves large components of mineralogical–petrological–geochemical and structural–tectonic work, with much lower levels of experimental, geophysical and geochronological investigations. Many important questions concerning the thermal, physical and chemical aspects of the origin and evolution of granites remain. In keeping with the general progress of science, the complexity of the questions, the declining financial support and the revolution in information technology, directions of granite research in the foreseeable future will change from concrete and qualitative to abstract and quantitative, from expensive and active to cheap and armchair, from reductionist to holistic, and from periodic communication to continuous communication.