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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2023

Ezgi Yildiz
Ezgi Yildiz
Affiliation:
California State University, Long Beach

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Between Forbearance and Audacity
The European Court of Human Rights and the Norm against Torture
 , pp. 241 - 249
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

9/11 attacks. See September 11 Attacks
A and others v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (Belmarsh case), 133
A v. the United Kingdom, 139, 144, 150
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), 159
age of subsidiarity, 76
Ahmet Özkan and Others v. Turkey, 140
Albania
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Alston, Philip, 157
amnesia of creation, 79
Amnesty International, 3, 123, 162, 167–168
Andenas, Mads, 177
Andorra
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Anguelova v. Bulgaria, 140
anti-terror laws, 132. See also terrorism
Arendt, Hannah, 112
Armenia
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Arold, Nina-Louisa, 58, 61
assembly, freedom of, 133
Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria, 136–138, 150, 167
assisted suicide. See Euthanasia
Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT), 161
asylum seekers. See non-refoulement principle
audacity
general, definition of, 20
selective, definition of, 26
Austria
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
same-sex marriage, 200
authority trap, 46
autonomy and authority
alternative sources of, 213
discretionary space, as measure of, 39, 213
expansion of, 39–41, 44, 72, 73
limitations on, 70
B. v. the United Kingdom, 128–131
bad faith jurisprudence, 190
Bagdonavičius v. Lithuania, 186
Bamaca Velasquez v. Guatemala, 163
Banality of Evil, 112
Barnett, Michael, 41
Basque Country and Freedom, 115
Bates, Ed, 50
Baydemir, Osman, 165
begging. See panhandling ban
Belém do Pará Convention. See under Organization of American States
Belgium
detention conditions, 104
High-Level Conferences, 170, 205
original signatory, 67
police violence, 190
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
support for individual petition, 69
Berrehab v. the Netherlands, 103
black sites, 167
Bleier v. Uruguay, 158
Bonello (judge), 141
border control, 132
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Bouyid v. Belgium[GC], 187–190, 192, 195
Boyle, Kevin, 164–165
Bratza, Nicholas, 138
Brighton Declaration. See under High-Level Conferences
Brunell, Thomas, 41
Brussels Declaration. See under High-Level Conferences
Bulgaria
caseload, 93
legal remedy, failure to provide, 167
procedural obligations, 137, 150, 156
racially motivated violence, 53, 141
Roma discrimination, 137, 141
Bush Administration, 9, 118
Çakıcı v. Turkey, 138
Çalı, Başak, 176, 190
Cameron, David, 171, 174
Campbell and Cosans v. the United Kingdom, 120
capital punishment, 122–124
Cassese, Anthony, 127, 129
Catholic-Protestant conflict, 116. See also Troubles in Northern Ireland, the
CCC (Communist Combatant Cells), 115
CEDAW. See under UN
Central Intelligence Agency, 166–167
Chahal v. the United Kingdom, 124
Chandler, David, 108
changing standard of accountability, the, 131
Chechen conflict in Russia, 162
child abuse. See under domestic violence
Christianity, 108, 109, 111, 183
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
CJEU. See Court of Justice (EU)
Cocks, Seymour, 105–106
CoE. See Council of Europe
Cold War, 71–72, 109, 113, 153
Coleman, Liv, 41
colonial clause, 68
colonial powers, 68, 69
compulsory jurisdiction, 26, 27, 35, 41, 57, 69–70, 72–73, 120, 148, 168
Convention against Torture (CAT). See under UN
Cooper, Sarah Lucy, 51
Copenhagen Declaration. See under High-Level Conferences
corporal punishment, 100, 106, 119, 121, 206
Costello-Roberts v. the United Kingdom, 121, 124
Council of Europe. See also European Convention on Human Rights
Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT), 130, 160
Committee of Ministers, 76–77, 113, 123, 156–157, 159, 175
Consultative Assembly, 105, 113
Parliamentary Assembly, 49, 59, 77, 157, 171
Registry, 16, 58–59, 61–66
Sections of the Court, 58
counterterrorism operations. See terrorism
coup d’état in Ouagadougou, 163
Court of Justice (EU), 210, 212
Creamer, Cosette, 59
custody, ill-treatment during, 90, 96–98, 101. See also detention
Cyprus
Protocol 6 non-ratification, 123
Turkish invasion, 175
Cyprus v. Turkey, 175
Davutoğlu, Ahmet, 175
de Gaetano (judge), 189
death penalty, 122–124
Denmark
acceptance of jurisdiction, 70
criticism of the Court, 172, 173, 191, 204, 206
forced sterilization, 106
Greek case, 110, 113
High-Level Conferences, 75, 170, 171, 179, 205
opposition to individual petition, 69
original signatory, 67
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
right-wing government, 172
support for individual petition, 70
Denmark v. Greece.See Greek Case
Department of Justice (US), 9, 118
dereliction, 21, 23–25, 199
derogation, 116, 117, 132, 133
derogation clause. See European Convention on Human Rights, Article 15
destruction of property, 91, 101, 136, 140
détente, 120. See also Cold War
detention. See also custody, ill-treatment under; extrajudicial acts
intrusive measures during, 90–91, 97, 101
unacceptable conditions under, 92, 95–96, 130
unacknowledged, 97, 167
dictatorship, 14, 67, 118
disappearances
enforced, 163, 166
family, obligation to inform, 92, 97, 100, 135, 140, 165–166
IACtHR case law, 158, 165–166
discretionary space
definition of, 21, 23–25
determinants of, 25–27, 39, 42, 70, 201, 213
discrimination. See also domestic violence
definition of, 91
ethnic, 53, 140–143
gender-based, 3
docket with a lifeline, 203, 204
Dohest v. Belgium, 104
DOJ. See Department of Justice
domestic violence. See also discrimination
child abuse, 139, 144
violence against women, 1–5, 77, 147, 159–160
Dothan, Shai, 19
Dougoz v. Greece, 130–131, 188–190
Dunoff, Jeffrey, 19
eastward expansion, 35, 72, 153–154, 156, 168
EHRAC (European Human Rights Advocacy Centre), 164
Eichmann, Adolf, 112
Eide, Asbjorn, 157–158
El-Masri v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 10, 167–168
enforced disappearance. See disappearances (enforced)
enhanced interrogation, 10, 118. See also extraordinary rendition
ERRC. See European Roma Rights Centre
Estonia
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
ETA (Basque Country and Freedom), 115
European Border and Coast Guard Agency, 132
European Convention on Human Rights
Article 3, 4–5, 91–98
Article 3, procedural and substantive limbs, 138–139
Article 56, 68
original signatories, 67
Protocol 11, 27, 69, 73, 148–150, 204
Protocol 14, 75
Protocol 15, 76, 178
Protocol 16, 76
European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC), 53, 141–142, 161, 167
euthanasia, 51–52, 85, 92, 97, 100
evolutive interpretation, principle of, 41
Evrigenis (judge), 117
excess of power, 21, 23–25, 199
excessive use of force. See police brutality
extradition, 122
extrajudicial acts, 91, 97, 101, 117
extraordinary rendition, 166
F.G. v. Sweden, 183
falanga. See under torture methods
family separation, 91, 97, 101. See also disappearances (family, obligation to inform)
Fariss, Christopher J., 131
Finland
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
Fitzmaurice, Sir Gerald, 120
five techniques, the. See under torture methods
forbearance
general, definition of, 20
selective, definition of, 26
force feeding. See under torture methods
forced disappearance. See disappearances (enforced)
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. See North Macedonia
France
ill-treatment under custody, 126
original signatory, 67
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
support for individual petition, 69
freedom of assembly, 133
French Action Direct, 115
FRONTEX, 132
Gäfgen v. Germany, 131, 134–135
gender-based violence. See domestic violence (violence against women)
Geneva Conventions, the, 104, 183
Georgia (country), 187
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Germany
left-wing terrorism, 115
original signatory, 67
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
Third Reich, 108
Ginsburg, Tom, 19
Godzimirska, Zuzanna, 59
Goginashvili v. Georgia, 185
good faith interpreter, 190
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Greece
detention conditions, 130, 188, 189
military junta, 114
Nazi invasion, 105
opposition to individual petition, 69
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
Greek Case, 9, 109–114, 119, 127, 130
Greens and M.T. v. the United Kingdom, 49, 174
Guzzardi v. Italy, 150
Hampson, Françoise, 164–165
Hawkings, Darren, 40
Helfer, Laurence, 44, 177
Helsinki Accords, 120–121
Heri, Corina, 64
High-Level Conferences
Brighton, UK, 75, 170, 171, 173–174, 177–178, 205
Brussels, Belgium, 75, 170, 205
Copenhagen, Denmark, 75, 170, 171, 173–174, 179, 205
Interlaken, Switzerland, 75, 170, 205
İzmir, Turkey, 75, 170, 205
Hillebrecht, Courtney, 173, 178
Hirst (No. 2) v. the United Kingdom, 174
historical institutionalism, 45
Holland, Alisha, 20
Holocaust, 112
honor killing, 3
Hungary
Convention ratification, 72
IACtHR. See under Organization of American States
ICC (International Criminal Court), 212
Iceland
original signatory, 67
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
ICJ (International Court of Justice), 212
ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), 110
ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda), 212
ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia), 212
Ilhan v. Turkey, 137
immigrants. See non-refoulement principle
incommunicado detention. See detention (unacknowledged)
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. See under Organization of American States
Interights, 3, 141, 161–162
Interlaken Declaration. See under High-Level Conferences
International Commission of Jurists, 167
intersectionality, 14
interstate complaints, 68
IRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army), 115
Ireland
acceptance of jurisdiction, 70
original signatory, 67
Protocol 6 non-ratification, 123
support for individual petition, 69, 70
Ireland v. the United Kingdom, 8–10, 114–119, 124, 126, 135, 210
Irish Republican Army, 115
Istanbul Convention on Violence against Women, 4, 77
Italian Red Brigade, 115
Italy
criticism of the Court, 172, 173
detention conditions, 150, 188
original signatory, 67
procedural obligations, 138
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
religion in schools, 49
support for individual petition, 69
İzmir Declaration. See under High-Level Conferences
Jacoby, Wade, 40
judicial activism and restraint, 22–23
judicial avoidance, 46
judicial lawmaking, 79
Kapiszewski, Diana, 47
Keck, Margaret, 131
Keller, Helen (judge), 64
Kelly, Tobias, 15
Khlaifia and Others v. Italy[GC], 187, 190
KHRP. See Kurdish Human Rights Project
kidnapping, 134, 167
Kröcher and Möller v. Switzerland, 104
Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP), 161, 164–166
Kurdish people, 161, 165
Kurdish–Turkish conflict, 136, 162, 164
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 115
Kurt v. Turkey, 150, 163–168
Kuznetsov v. Ukraine, 138
L.M. and Others v. Russia, 183
Labita v. Italy, 138
Lauterpacht, Hersch, 107–108
Lautsi v. Italy, 49
Lawless v. Ireland, 116
left-wing terrorism, 115
legal norm, definition of, 83
legal protection, obligation to provide, 92, 97, 101, 180, 181
Lemmens (judge), 189
Levitsky, Steven, 20
Liberty (formerly National Council for Civil Liberties), 119, 162
Liechtenstein
Protocol 6 non-ratification, 123
Lithuania
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
living instrument principle, 41, 118–120, 122–126
London attacks of 2005, 132
Luxembourg
original signatory, 67
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
M.C. v. Bulgaria, 167
Macedonia. See North Macedonia
Madrid train bombings of 2004, 132
Madsen, Mikael Rask, 28, 39–41, 48, 71, 172
Mahoney (judge), 189
Mahoney, James, 46
Malta
Protocol 6 non-ratification, 123
margin of appreciation doctrine, 41, 71, 170–171, 185, 190–191
Mariam, Philippe, Auguste and Thomas Sankara v. Burkina-Faso, 163
Matscher (judge), 117
Mavronicola, Natasa, 145
Maxwell-Fyfe, Sir David Patrick, 106
medical treatment, obligation to provide, 92, 97, 101, 180–181, 184–186
Melzer, Nils, 14
Memorial (Moscow-based NGO), 164
Méndez, Juan, 14
mental abuse, 91, 105, 109, 126, 134, 136
migrants. See non-refoulement principle
Milgram shock experiment, 112
military dictatorship. See dictatorship
Moldova
procedural obligations, 156
Moldovan and Others v. Romania [No.2], 53
Mowbray, Alastair, 5
Moyn, Samuel, 108
Nachova and Others v. Bulgaria, 53, 141
Naggan, Yale, 52
National Council for Civil Liberties. See Liberty
national security, 135. See also terrorism
natural law, 111. See also positive law
Nazis, 105, 106, 108, 112
negative obligations, 5–6, 90, 94–98, 136. See also positive obligations
negative rights, 157–158. See also positive rights
neo-fascist terrorist networks, 115
Netherlands
assisted suicide, 51
colonial power, 69
criticism of the Court, 191
family separation, 103
Greek case, 110, 113
opposition to individual petition, 69
original signatory, 67
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
sexual abuse, 152
Netherlands v. Greece. See Greek Case
Nevmerzhitsky v. Ukraine, 126
non-refoulement principle, 91, 97, 100, 122, 180–184, 206–208
norm change, 84–87, 98, 135
North Macedonia
extraordinary rendition, 10, 166
Northern Ireland. See Troubles in Northern Ireland, the
Norway
forced sterilization, 106
Greek case, 110, 113
opposition to individual petition, 69
original signatory, 67
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
Norway v. Greece. See Greek Case
novel claims, 21, 87, 125, 143, 148
Nowak, Manfred, 14
Nyberg v. Sweden, 103
Oao Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos v. Russia, 175
OAS. See Organization of American States
O’Boyle, Michael, 74, 118
O’Donoghue (judge), 117
Ogoniland Case, 159
Onuf, Nicholas, 83
Open Society Justice Initiative (OSJI), 141, 161–162, 167
Opsahl (commissioner), 129
Opuz v. Turkey, 52, 87, 131, 136, 159, 162
Opuz, Nahide, 1–7, 52, 135–136, 147, 159–160
Organization of American States (OAS)
Belém do Pará Convention, 3, 29, 52
IACtHR, 158, 163, 165–166, 212–213
Ouagadougou Coup, 163
overseas territories, 68
panhandling ban, 200
Philip, André, 106
Poland, 187
police brutality, 90–91, 96–98, 101, 141–142, 187–191
Politicization of European Court, 173
Pollack, Mark, 19, 44
Poltoratskiy v. Ukraine, 138
Portugal
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
positive law, 107–108. See also natural law
positive obligations. See also negative obligations
definition of, 5–7, 85–88, 91–98
emergence of, 135–137, 144–161, 206
positive rights, 157–158. See also negative rights
Pretty v. the United Kingdom, 52, 85
procedural limb of Article 3. See under European Convention on Human Rights
procedural obligations, 92
analysis, 96–98, 100, 180
case law, 136–142
origin of, 154–158
propensity to find violation, 21, 87, 102, 148, 179–182, 184
Protestant terrorism, 116
punctuated equilibrium theory, 82
Putin, Vladimir, 173
Quinn, Gerard, 157
racial prejudice. See discrimination, ethnic
RAF (Red Army Faction), 115
rape, 152. See also domestic violence
Rasmussen, Lars Løkke, 172
rationalist design, 42–43
Red Cross, the, 110
Redress (NGO), 162, 167
refoulement. See non-refoulement principle
refugees. See non-refoulement principle
Regime of the Colonels, the. See Greek Case
Reidy, Aisling, 164–165
Report on the Banality of Evil, 112
Republic of North Macedonia. See North Macedonia
Rexit. See Russia (Expulsion)
right to
healthy environment, 92, 97, 100
individual petition, 69–70, 72–73, 203
liberty, 133
life, 137, 141
privacy, 128, 133
security, 133
Right to Food as a Human Right, 157
right-wing political groups, 204
right-wing populism, 172
right-wing terrorist networks, 115
Rodley, Sir Nigel, 13
Rodriguez, Velasquez. See Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras
Roma Center for Social Intervention and Studies (Romani CRISS), 53, 142
Roma people, 53–55, 137, 140–142, 161–162
Romani CRISS. See Roma Center for Social Intervention and Studies
Romania
caseload, 93
procedural obligations, 156
racially motivated violence, 53, 142
Romanov v. Russia, 85
Ronen, Yaël, 52
Russia
admission, 72
caseload, 93, 156
Chechen conflict, 162
Constitutional Court, 173, 175
criticism of the Court, 172, 173, 204, 207
expulsion, 59, 77
medical treatment in detention, 85, 186, 190
NGO advocacy, 164
procedural obligations, 183
Ukraine, invasion of, 77
Saar Protectorate, the, 67
San Marino
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Sandholtz, Wayne, 83, 177
Schuman, Robert, 109
Second World War, 67, 106
Selçuk and Asker v. Turkey, 136, 140
select group of individuals, 68
Selmouni v. France, 126, 192
September 11 Attacks, 9, 118, 132
sexual abuse, 152. See also domestic violence
Shue, Henry, 157
Sikkink, Kathryn, 131
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 44
Slovak Republic
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Slovenia
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Soering v. United Kingdom, 122–124
sovereignty cost, 17–19, 24, 42–44, 68, 199–201, 204
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 109
Spain
Madrid train bombings, 132
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
Spano, Robert, 76
Stanford prison experiments, 112
Stiansen, Øyvind, 176
Stoica v. Romania, 53–54, 142–143
Stone Sweet, Alec, 41, 177
strategic litigation, 30, 161, 164
subsidiarity, age of, 76
subsidiarity, principle of, 41, 76, 117, 169–171, 174
substantive limb of Article 3. See under European Convention on Human Rights
Sweden
expulsion of asylum seekers, 183
forced sterilization, 106
Greek case, 110, 113
opposition to individual petition, 69
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
support for individual petition, 70
Sweden v. Greece. See Greek Case
Swiss People’s Party, 172
Switzerland
criticism of the Court, 172, 173, 191, 204, 206
detention conditions, 104
High-Level Conferences, 75, 170, 205
panhandling ban, 200
Protocol 6 ratification, 123
tactical balancing, 47–50, 71, 78
Teitgen, Pierre-Henri, 106, 107, 109
Tenekides (commissioner), 129
territorial application clause (Article 56), 68
terrorism, 132, 133, 135, 136, 161, 164. See also anti-terror laws
Thelen, Kathleen, 46
Third Reich, 105, 108. See also Nazis
ticking time bomb scenario, 131, 134–135
Torture Memos, 9, 10, 118
torture methods
falanga, 111
five techniques, the, 114, 117–118
force-feeding, 126
tree in a box, 203
Troubles in Northern Ireland, the, 115–118, 162
Turkey
caseload, 93, 156
Chechen conflict, 53, 161
counter-terrorism, 11, 136, 140, 161, 164
criticism of the Court, 191, 204
Cyprus, invasion of, 175
domestic violence, 7, 52, 87, 131, 136, 159, 162, 212
enforced disappearances, 140
family of disappeared, 140, 150, 163
High-Level Conferences, 75, 205
Kurdish conflict, 53, 136, 161, 162, 165
opposition to individual petition, 69
original signatory, 67
procedural obligations, 138
Protocol 6 non-ratification, 123
racially motivated violence, 140
Tyrer v. the United Kingdom, 114, 118–122, 125, 174
UDHR. See under UN
UK. See United Kingdom
Ukraine
caseload, 93
procedural obligations, 138, 156
Protocol 16 ratification, 76
Russian invasion, 77
ultra-vires. See excess of power
UN (United Nations)
Committee against Torture, 13, 29, 117
Convention against Torture, 9, 110, 122, 127, 157–159
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 3, 29, 52, 159
Human Rights Committee, 157–159, 163, 165
Special Rapporteurs on Torture, 13, 117
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 104, 107
United Kingdom
anti-terror laws, 132
colonial power, 69
corporal punishment, 106, 119–121, 206
counterterrorism, 11, 116, 132
criticism of the Court, 173, 174, 191, 204, 206
euthanasia, 52, 85
extrajudicial detention, 116
good faith interpreter, 190
High-Level Conferences, 75, 171, 205
legal remedy, failure to provide, 139
London attacks of 2005, 132
national security, 121, 124
non-refoulement, 122
opposition to individual petition, 69
original signatory, 67
politicization of the Court, 174
Protocol 6 non-ratification, 123
Troubles in Northern Ireland, 115, 118
unacceptable detention conditions, 128
United States. See Department of Justice; Central Intelligence Agency
universal principles of humanity, 108
Vasyukov v. Russia, 186
Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, 158, 163
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), 174
Vienna Declaration, 73
violence against women. See under domestic violence
Voeten, Erik, 61, 176–177
Waldock, Sir Humphrey, 71
War on Terror, 9–12, 118, 153, 167. See also terrorism; anti-terror laws
WHO (World Health Organization), 210
World War II. See Second World War
WTO (World Trade Organization), 210
X and Y v. the Netherlands, 152–153
Yıldız, Kerim, 164–165
Yugoslavia
criminal tribunal, 212
war, 72
Yukos v. Russia, 175
Zekia (judge), 117
Ziblatt, Daniel, 20
zone of discretion. See discretionary space

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  • Index
  • Ezgi Yildiz, California State University, Long Beach
  • Book: Between Forbearance and Audacity
  • Online publication: 02 November 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009103862.012
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  • Index
  • Ezgi Yildiz, California State University, Long Beach
  • Book: Between Forbearance and Audacity
  • Online publication: 02 November 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009103862.012
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  • Index
  • Ezgi Yildiz, California State University, Long Beach
  • Book: Between Forbearance and Audacity
  • Online publication: 02 November 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009103862.012
Available formats
×