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Neurofibromatosis Clinic: A Report on Patient Demographics and Evaluation of the Clinic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2016

Alireza Mansouri ,
Saber Ghadakzadeh ,
Talha Maqbool ,
Carolina Barnett ,
Karolyn Au ,
Paul Kongkham ,
Vera Bril  and
Gelareh Zadeh
Alireza Mansouri
Affiliation:
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Elizabeth Raab Neurofibromatosis Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Saber Ghadakzadeh
Affiliation:
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Elizabeth Raab Neurofibromatosis Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Talha Maqbool
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Carolina Barnett
Affiliation:
Elizabeth Raab Neurofibromatosis Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Karolyn Au
Affiliation:
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Paul Kongkham
Affiliation:
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Vera Bril
Affiliation:
Elizabeth Raab Neurofibromatosis Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Gelareh Zadeh*
Affiliation:
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Elizabeth Raab Neurofibromatosis Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
*
Correspondence to: Gelareh Zadeh, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 4W-436, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8. E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common single-gene disorder. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of NF1 patients is necessitated by the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations. Although multidisciplinary paediatric clinics have been well established, there is a dearth of such resources for adults with NF1. Herein we report our one-year institutional experience with a multidisciplinary adult NF1 clinic. Methods: A multidisciplinary team was assembled, and an NF Patient Registry Initiative questionnaire was adapted to collect patient-reported data during clinics. Multiple databases were searched to identify publications pertaining to the experience of other multidisciplinary NF1 clinics focusing on adult patients. Data on patient epidemiology and clinical staff were compared to our data. Results: A total of 77 patients were scheduled, and 68 attended the clinic, of whom 66 completed the intake questionnaire. The demographic and clinical data from this Canadian population are mostly consistent with previous reports, with some exceptions. Clinical data related to immune system involvement such as asthma, airway/breathing-related difficulties or allergies were striking in our NF1 population. Six relevant published reports of other NF1 clinics were identified. Reports from these studies pertained to periods ranging from 10 to 38 months, and the number of adults assessed ranged from 19 to 177 patients. Conclusions: The structure of our clinic and the patient volume are comparable to those of other established centres found in the literature. Our data offer valuable cross-sectional prevalence statistics in the Canadian population. The patient-reported data concerning involvement of the immune system contribute to an emerging recognized medical concern within the NF1 population and warrant further clinical and basic investigation.

Résumé

Clinique de neurofibromatose : caractéristiques démographiques des patients et évaluation de la clinique.Contexte : La neurofibromatose de type 1 (NF1) est une maladie monogénique fréquente. Le traitement des patients atteints de NF1 nécessite une approche multidisciplinaire à cause de l’hétérogénéité des manifestations cliniques de la maladie. Bien que des cliniques pédiatriques multidisciplinaires soient bien établies, il existe un manque de ressources pour les adultes atteints de NF1. Nous rapportons notre expérience institutionnelle d’un an au sujet d’une clinique multidisciplinaire pour adultes atteints de NF1. Méthodologie : Nous avons créé une équipe multidisciplinaire et adapté le NF Patient Registry Initiative questionnaire afin que les patients le complètent lors des visites à la clinique. Nous avons interrogé plusieurs bases de données afin d’identifier des publications sur l’expérience d’autres cliniques multidisciplinaires pour adultes dédiées à la NF1. Nous avons comparé les données épidémiologiques concernant les patients et le personnel médical avec nos propres données. Résultats : Nous avions prévu la participation de 77 patients ; 68 se sont présentés à la clinique, dont 66 ont complété le questionnaire initial. Les données démographiques et cliniques de cette population canadienne concordent généralement avec les rapports précédents, à quelques exceptions près. Les données cliniques concernant l’implication du système immunitaire telles l’asthme, les difficultés respiratoires ou les allergies étaient importantes dans notre population NF1. Six publications pertinentes provenant d’autres cliniques NF1 ont été identifiées. Les rapports de ces études portaient sur des périodes variant de 10 à 38 mois et le nombre d’adultes évalués allait de 19 à 177 patients. Conclusions : La structure de notre clinique et notre volume de patients sont comparables à ceux d’autres centres dont l’expérience est rapportée dans la littérature. Nos données constituent des statistiques importantes sur la prévalence transversale de la NF1 dans la population canadienne. Les données rapportées par les patients concernant l’atteinte du système immunitaire soulignent une préoccupation médicale nouvellement reconnue dans la population de patients atteints de NF1 et mérite d’être examinée davantage tant au point de vue clinique que fondamental.

Keywords

AdultclinicneurofibromatosisNF1multidisciplinary
Type
Original Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 44 , Issue 5 , September 2017 , pp. 577 - 588
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Inc. 2016 

INTRODUCTION

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) (Mendelian Inheritance in Man [MIM] no. 162200]) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that occurs in approximately 1 in 2,500 to 3,000 individuals worldwide.Reference Ferner, Huson, Thomas, Moss, Willshaw and Evans 1 , Reference Williams, Lucas, Babcock, Gutmann, Korf and Maria 2 NF1 is caused by a mutation in the NF1 gene, which normally encodes the tumour suppressor protein neurofibromin (NF1).Reference Friedman 3 NF1 can be diagnosed either based on genetic testing or clinically. 4 Patients with NF1 are at a higher predisposition for developing tumours of the nervous system, specifically along the peripheral nerves, along with cutaneous and skeletal abnormalities and learning disabilities.Reference Ferner, Huson, Thomas, Moss, Willshaw and Evans 1 , Reference Friedman 3 , Reference Lu-Emerson and Plotkin 5 , Reference Delis and Gloviczki 6 The spectrum of clinical manifestations in NF1 patients is diverse, even within members of an affected family.Reference Friedman 3 Consequently, optimal management is ideally provided through a multidisciplinary team (MDT), and hence the impetus for the establishment of comprehensive multidisciplinary clinics for patients with NF syndromes (NF1 and NF2).

The majority of multidisciplinary NF clinics have focused on the care of paediatric patients.Reference McKeever, Shepherd, Crawford and Morrison 7 , Reference Rosenfeld, Listernick, Charrow and Goldman 8 The transition to adult care without a dedicated MDT adult NF clinic poses a significant clinical challenge. In particular, given that (similar to other rare and complex genetic disorders) our knowledge regarding the optimal management of NF1 is limited among both clinicians and affected patients,Reference Van Lierde, Menni, Bedeschi, Natacci, Guez, Vizziello and Costantino 9 establishing MDTs focused on adult NF care is of paramount clinical value. There is currently a comparative dearth of comprehensive adult NF clinics, which ultimately leads to fragmented care of NF1 patients upon reaching adulthood.Reference Oates, Payne, Foster, Clarke and North 10 Though the biological consequences of NF1 are most prominently recognized and studied, the psychosocial aspects of this disorder cannot be understated. The under-appreciated intellectual impact of NF1 results in significant disability, psychological suffering, decreased quality of life, limitation in societal integration and increased healthcare costs.Reference Wolkenstein, Zeller, Revuz, Ecosse and Leplege 11 - Reference Vranceanu, Merker, Park and Plotkin 13 Thus, improving access to comprehensive multidisciplinary care for adults with NF1 can have numerous positive consequences for the patients, their caregivers, public health and, ultimately, society in general.

Although clinics providing care for adults have been established in various centres worldwide,Reference Oates, Payne, Foster, Clarke and North 10 , Reference Orion, Feldman, Ronni and Orit 14 , Reference Duong, Sbidian, Valeyrie-Allanore, Vialette, Ferkal and Hadj-Rabia 15 no such clinic has existed in Canada, to the best of our knowledge. To address this gap in management, a collaborative effort between the divisions of neurosurgery and neurology began in January of 2014, enabling the establishment of the first adult NF (for both NF1 and NF2) clinic.

The objective of this report is to provide a one-year overview of the structure of our adult NF clinic, and of the volume of patients assessed, with a focus on their clinical and demographic characteristics. The current report pertains to our NF1 patients only. Data pertaining to NF2 patients are being evaluated separately, as their demographics and characteristics are going to vary considerably. The current achievements and limitations of our centre are discussed, and the goals for the future are outlined. In addition, we present an overview of other multidisciplinary NF centres providing care for adult patients, as identified through a review of the literature, to raise awareness of the essential role of such MDT clinics. In addition, we highlight the relevance and value of the intake questionnaire for tailoring the care of patients according to their specific needs and modifying the clinic structure to better serve those needs.

METHODS

Structure of Clinic

The structure of the clinic is summarized in Table 1. The multidisciplinary team at the adult NF clinic is primarily comprised of two neurosurgeons with subspecialty interest in oncology and expertise in spinal and peripheral nerve pathology, two neurologists with subspecialty interest in peripheral neuropathy, a medical geneticist, a genetics counsellor and a nurse practitioner. A conference is held prior to each clinic to formulate a personalized approach for patients. A debriefing conference is also held upon conclusion of each clinic to ensure that a comprehensive management plan is formulated.

Table 1 Structure of UHN NF clinic

* Recent additions to team.

Both NF1 and NF2 patients are accepted in the clinic. Other affiliated specialists participate actively in the care of patients as indicated, including general surgery, plastics and orthopaedics, along with dedicated neuro-ophthalmology, endocrinology and dermatology for expediting necessary referrals. Referrals to our clinic are accepted from both family physicians and other specialists. At the outset, consultations were provided on a monthly full-day basis. This has gradually been increased, as awareness of the clinic has increased, to biweekly clinics. Patients suspected of suffering from NF-related peripheral neuropathy undergo nerve conduction studies/electromyography, as necessary, during the course of the clinic visit.

In addition to the clinical staff, the clinic maintains close collaborations with local public organizations such as the Neurofibromatosis Society of Ontario (NFSO) and the Acoustic Neuroma Association of Canada (ANAC) for patient advocacy and dissemination of information.

Intake Questionnaire

All patients seen for the first time at the University Health Network (UHN) NF clinic are asked to complete a self-reported intake questionnaire, including 114 data items, adapted from an NF Patient Registry Initiative project.Reference Johnson, Hussain, Williams, Santens, Mueller and Gutmann 16 All patients participating in the study were diagnosed with NF1 according to the diagnostic clinical characteristics defined by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference. 4 The patients signed an informed consent and completed a hard-copy of the NF1 questionnaire as part of their clinic visit. Clinic staff were made available to assist with completion of the questionnaire, given the length and details required to answer questions.

Statistical Analysis

Data were exported into IBM SPSS (v. 22.0, Chicago, Illinois, United States). Means and medians were compared using either the two-tailed t test or the Mann–Whitney U test. A value of p<0.05 was deemed significant.

Literature Review

Databases Searched

A review of the MEDLINE (1946 to April, Week 4, 2015), Embase (1947 to 2015, Week 18), and CENTRAL electronic databases was undertaken to identify publications pertaining to multidisciplinary clinics providing care for adults (age ≥18 years) with NF1.

Search Terms and Strategy

The search was conducted using relevant MeSH and Emtree terms (developed separately for each database) (Appendix I). The identified abstracts were imported into EndNote x7.0, and duplicates were manually removed. The titles and abstracts were searched independently and in duplicate (AM and TM). To be eligible for inclusion, studies needed to describe an NF clinic, have a multidisciplinary healthcare team consisting of at least two dedicated specialists and have at least 10 adult patients in studies with mixed paediatric and adult populations. Conference abstracts, case reports/case series reporting on patients with NF who were not formally managed in a multidisciplinary setting, review articles and studies appearing in non-peer-reviewed journals were excluded.

Any discrepancies in inclusion were resolved through discussion. Cohen’s kappa coefficient was employed to quantify the extent of agreement, with a value of 0.6-0.79 representing “substantial agreement” and a score of 0.80-1.0 representing “almost perfect” agreement.Reference Landis and Koch 17 This approach was utilized for the full-text search as well.

Data Extraction

One author (TM) extracted the following data from the selected full-text publications: country and city of clinic, year of establishment, patient population, types of specialists involved and main objectives of the publication. Data accuracy was confirmed independently by a second author (AM).

RESULTS

UHN NF Clinic Intake Questionnaire Responses

Patient Characteristics

A total of 77 NF1 patients were scheduled to be seen in the UHN NF clinic over the course of a year, but 9 did not fulfill their appointment. Of the 68 patients who were seen, 66 (97%) completed the self-reported intake questionnaire. All completed the questionnaires with assistance from family members and caregivers, if necessary. The demographic data from these patients are summarized in Table 2. The gender distribution of responding participants was approximately equal (44% male, p=0.32). The mean age of individuals was 32.6 ± 11.8 years (median=29.5). The majority of patients (42, 64%) were older than 25 years. Only 6 (9%) survey respondents had been referred directly from a paediatric centre, as transition to adult care. Some 44 (67%) patients were single, 18 (27%) married and 4 (6%) divorced, and 1 (2%) was living with a partner. The majority of our patients had a “European/Middle Eastern” background (51, 77%), followed by “Asian” (9, 14%) and “African American” (4, 6%). Over 90% of total patients (60/66) were native English speakers, and the rest were fluent in English and did not have difficulty completing the questionnaire.

Table 2 Demographic data of 66 NF1 patients who completed the questionnaire

1 Other racial backgrounds: “Hispanic or Latino,” “American Indian or Alaskan Native” or “Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander.”

Genetic Screening and Family History

A total of 26 (39%) participants reported that they had had a genetic testing, 20 (77%) of whom had an NF1 mutation, while in 2 (8%) the mutation was not detected; the remaining 4 (15%) patients were not aware of the results of their tests, which were performed previously in a different country. However, the clinical diagnosis of NF1 was established in all participants according to the diagnostic clinical characteristics defined by the NIH Consensus Conference. 4

In 28 (43%) participants, the inheritance pattern of NF1 was familial, and there was at least one first-degree family member afflicted with NF1 (parent of origin: 50% maternal, 50% paternal). Another 28 (43%) patients were sporadic (no other family members with NF1). The remaining 10 patients were not aware of an NF1 diagnosis among their first-degree relatives (living or deceased). None of the patients were the result of a twin (or higher) pregnancy.

Educational Status

Among all respondents, 25 (38%) had undergone an individualized education program (IEP). Only 18 (27%) were enrolled in or had graduated from a university program, 20 (30%) had a college diploma (or were currently in college), 21 (32%) had completed high school, and the remaining 27 (48%) had not finished high school. Among the 54 participants attending some form of educational program, 8 (15%) had to repeat at least one grade (any of grades 1 to 11).

Associated Disorders Affecting Function

Occupational therapy and physical therapy support were sought in only 2 (3%) and 4 (6%) patients, respectively. Six participants (9%) were diagnosed with a hearing deficit, 13 (20%) with a speech impediment, 18 (27%) with a learning disability, 3 (5%) with mental retardation, 20 (30%) with anxiety, 13 (20%) with ADHD, 12 (18%) with depression and 3 (5%) with an eating disorder. Those who were ever engaged in self-mutilation accounted for 5% of the studied population, and another 5% attempted leaving home permanently at least once; 5% attempted suicide, and 3% suffered from substance abuse. Only 8 patients (12%) knew someone other than a family member with NF1, 55 patients (83%) stated that they did not know anyone else with NF1, and 3 (5%) did not provide an answer for this field.

Concurrent Clinical Manifestations

The data pertaining to clinical manifestations are summarized in Table 3. The majority of patients exhibited ≥6 café-au-lait macules and >2 freckles in the axilla/groin, as reported by 58 (88%) and 44 (67%) of participants, respectively; 21% of our patients (14/66) were not aware of the presence of freckles in the specified body areas. Lisch nodules had been diagnosed in 22 (33%) patients, while 23 (35%) were not certain. Among all orthopaedic manifestations, scoliosis had the highest rate (25 patients, 38%). Migraine headaches were experienced by 19 (29%) participants.

Table 3 Associated clinical manifestations

* This patient received chemotherapy in combination with surgery and radiation therapy.

** Spine tumours (6), lymphoma (1), leiomyosarcoma (1), neuroblastoma (1).

Tumour/Cancer History

Tumour types, along with their pertinent management approach (reported by patients), are summarized in Table 3. Brain tumours were diagnosed in 13 (20%) patients. In approximately 40% of these patients, the tumours were treated by surgery; 8% received chemotherapy, 16% radiation therapy or Gamma Knife surgery; 23% were under observation; and the rest were not sure about their treatments. Plexiform neurofibroma history was present in 21 (32%), absent in 25 (38%) and unknown in 20 (30%) patients. Among those with this tumour, 17 (81%) were managed surgically, 1 (5%) was being managed conservatively with observation, and the remaining 3 (14%) patients were not certain about their treatment. Only 1 patient (2%) had a history of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST), which was managed surgically. Additionally, 11 (17%) participants were diagnosed with other tumours, including a spinal neurofibroma, lymphoma (2%), lung cancer (2%), neuroblastoma (2%) and other tumours/cancers (2%). The majority of patients (58%) had blood relatives diagnosed with colon cancer (21%), breast cancer (20%), brain tumours (12%), melanoma and lymphoma (each 9%), leukemia (6%) or other types of cancer not listed above (14%).

Immune System Involvement

Involvement of the immune system in NF1 patients has been postulated in a few previous clinical studies.Reference Khosrotehrani, Bastuji-Garin, Riccardi, Birch, Friedman and Wolkenstein 18 - Reference Geller, Ribeiro, Araujo, de Oliveira and Nunes 20 Over 27% of patients were informed by a health professional that they had asthma. Some 14% of patients had suffered from airway/breathing-related difficulties requiring a visit to the emergency department. A diagnosis of allergy had been made in 36% of respondents. Approximately 20% stated that they had hives, and 29% had eczema in the past, 68% of whom did not have a family history of eczema among immediate family members.

Literature Review of Other Adult NF Center Experiences

Search Results

Our search of the MEDLINE (191 results), Embase (118 results) and CENTRAL (1 result) databases yielded a total of 310 results. An additional five abstracts were identified through a manual screen of relevant references. Screening of titles/abstracts yielded 13 studies for full-text review, 6 of which were identified as relevant to our search focus. The interrater agreement for the title/abstract and full-text screening was “almost perfect,” with kappa scores of 0.82 (CI 95%=0.66-0.97) and 0.84 (CI 95%=0.55-1.0), respectively. Please refer to Figure 1 for the PRISMA flow diagram summarizing our search results.

Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram summarizing our search results.

Among the 13 selected articles for full-text review, one was translated from Portuguese (Brazilian), and 7 studies were excluded following full-text review.Reference Oates, Payne, Foster, Clarke and North 10 , Reference Duong, Sbidian, Valeyrie-Allanore, Vialette, Ferkal and Hadj-Rabia 15 , Reference Bonalumi Filho, Geller, Darrigo, Mesquita Filho and Azulay 21 - Reference Zoller, Rembeck, Akesson and Angervall 25 For a summary of included studies and the rationale for the excluded studies, please refer to Table 4.

Table 4 Summary of study characteristics for included publications and rationale for study exclusion

## Information not provided in paper but rather obtained from http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/services/treatmentprograms.aspx?id=1357.

¥ Ascertained based on departmental affiliation of authors.

^ Information not provided in paper but rather obtained from http://www.cardinalglennon.com/medicalspecialties/neurofibromatosis/Pages/Neurofibromatosis.aspx.

^^ This value pertains to the number of individuals older than 20; exact number of adults >18 not provided.

The authors reported that >150 patients were seen (exact value not provided) and that 75% of these were children (definition not provided).

* Adults were defined as 16 years of age or older (24 patients were younger than 16).

** Among the 201 patients, only 137 were considered as having required “multidisciplinary” care (defined as three or more specialists involved).

Abbreviations: NF=neurofibromatosis, SMR=standardized mortality ratio.

Characteristics of Included Studies

While only one study pertained to strictly adult patients,Reference Wang, Smith, Esparza, Leigh, Muzikansky and Park 26 the remaining five applied to the management of both adult and paediatric patients.Reference Beckman and Akbarnia 27 - Reference Wolkenstein, Durand-Zaleski, Moreno, Zeller, Hemery and Revuz 31 Two centres were based in the United States (Boston and St. Louis),Reference Wang, Smith, Esparza, Leigh, Muzikansky and Park 26 , Reference Beckman and Akbarnia 27 two were based in Australia (Melbourne and Camperdown),Reference Noble, Kornberg, Elder and Delatycki 28 , Reference North 29 one was based in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)Reference Trovó-Marqui, Goloni-Bertollo, Valerio, Pavarino-Bertelli, Muniz and Teixeira 30 and one was based in France (Crédeil).Reference Wolkenstein, Durand-Zaleski, Moreno, Zeller, Hemery and Revuz 31 No Canadian centres were identified in our database search. The date of establishment was not readily available in all original publications, and a supplemental online search was necessary in some cases. The earliest established centre was in Boston (1982),Reference Wang, Smith, Esparza, Leigh, Muzikansky and Park 26 while the most recent centre was based on a report from the NF clinic at the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, which was established in 2001 primarily for paediatric patients, but it also provided services for adult family members.Reference Noble, Kornberg, Elder and Delatycki 28 The period reported in these studies ranged from 10 to 38 months. The number of adult patients seen in these clinics ranged from 19 to 177. The gender distribution demonstrated a pattern correlating with the proportion of adult and paediatric patients enrolled. Among studies with a higher proportion of adults, the ratio of female patients was higher than males (1.36-1.5:1). Among the four reports with a clearly defined medical structure, neurologists and geneticists were present in all; the patient population was mixed in all of these clinics.Reference Beckman and Akbarnia 27 - Reference Trovó-Marqui, Goloni-Bertollo, Valerio, Pavarino-Bertelli, Muniz and Teixeira 30 None of the identified clinics with published reports had a permanent neurosurgical presence.

Three publications reported on the frequency of clinics,Reference Beckman and Akbarnia 27 - Reference North 29 ranging from twice a week to monthly. The inability to coordinate the schedules of various specialists involved was quoted as the reason for not holding clinics more frequently.Reference Beckman and Akbarnia 27 Three centres accepted referrals from national/local NF organizations.Reference Beckman and Akbarnia 27 , Reference North 29 , Reference Wolkenstein, Durand-Zaleski, Moreno, Zeller, Hemery and Revuz 31

DISCUSSION

Herein we have reported on the evolving design and structure of the UHN NF clinic in Toronto, Canada. Our structure has been compared with six other centres with published reports on the structure and outcome of their clinics, to identify areas of potential improvement. In addition to being a dedicated multidisciplinary NF clinic for adults in Canada, the Toronto NF clinic is also a pioneer in Ontario in involving the permanent presence of the neurosurgical specialty. Having neurosurgeons as permanent members in the clinic helped to streamline the process for surgical interventions. Furthermore, this report also serves as a cross-sectional prevalence profile of the status of adults with NF1 in Canada. The patient-reported data described in this report delineate the clinical heterogeneity of NF1 individuals in terms of their complications and manifestations, thus offering valuable information to healthcare providers and families dealing with this condition, particularly in Canada. Given the wide-ranging patient-level and societal impact of this chronic disorder, there is a need to study different populations to obtain accurate disease statistics, to establish additional multidisciplinary NF clinics and to strengthen community links with existing ones.

Clinic Structure, Patient Demographics and Key Diagnostic Features

Initially, we had sought to conduct monthly full-day clinics. However, given the need for conducting a thorough set of comprehensive assessments, we determined that this structure would be detrimental to the quality of care. Thus, the setup was changed to biweekly half-day clinics, involving a smaller number of patients, allowing for extended assessments as necessary. Only 9% of our patients were referred directly from the paediatric NF services at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, highlighting the need to increase awareness of the newly established adult NF clinic and the importance of establishing a streamlined referral process for patients transitioning from paediatric to adult care.

The gender distribution in our study was approximately equal. Although the gender distribution has generally been thought to be equal in NF1, most of the adult-specific studies identified in our review have reported a higher proportion of females.Reference Noble, Kornberg, Elder and Delatycki 28 - Reference Wolkenstein, Durand-Zaleski, Moreno, Zeller, Hemery and Revuz 31

The frequency of patients with café-au-lait spots and freckling in our adult cohort was similar to other reports, increasing the confidence in the clinical diagnosis of our patient cohort.Reference McGaughran, Harris, Donnai, Teare, MacLeod and Westerbeek 24 Lisch nodules, however, were reported less frequently than the average population frequency.Reference McGaughran, Harris, Donnai, Teare, MacLeod and Westerbeek 24 While a dedicated neuro-ophthalmologist is affiliated with our clinic, the results presented here pertain to the intake visit data only and reflect the potentially incorrect prior diagnoses (due to fragmented care) or limited patient understanding regarding this manifestation.Reference Hirbe and Gutmann 32 , Reference Friedman 33

Genetic Screening and Family History

A total of 42 patients (61%) had been diagnosed clinically and had not had prior genetic testing. A familial inheritance pattern was reported in 43% of our patients. The complexity of the disorder and the high number of unique genetic mutations identified to date in NF1 patients warrants a structured and comprehensive approach toward genetic analysis and counselling.Reference Messiaen, Callens, Mortier, Beysen, Vandenbroucke and Van Roy 34 Establishing the extent of the patient/family understanding of the disorder and recruiting them as partners in their care is a necessary first step.Reference Radtke, Sebold, Allison, Haidle and Schneider 35 Couples counselling and discussions regarding reproductive strategies are likely to be key components of the counselling requirements. While various reproductive options are available, the moral and ethical factors associated with these must be considered as well.Reference Radtke, Sebold, Allison, Haidle and Schneider 35 With the accumulation of increasing knowledge regarding the genetics of this disorder, the opportunities for personalized medicine are expanding. Given the lack of uniform genetic testing, the low percentage (29%) of our patients on intake being aware of their genetic status and its implications for family planning, the need to integrate a dedicated genetics team (medical geneticist and genetics counsellor) was identified and initiated as a result of the questionnaire results.

Educational Status

Learning disability was only reported by 27% of patients. While this is lower than in some studies, with rates as high as 62% reported,Reference McGaughran, Harris, Donnai, Teare, MacLeod and Westerbeek 24 the difficulty with defining the various types of learning disabilities and ascertainment of patient responses in the absence of a formal neuropsychological assessment limits the reliability of this value for our study.

According to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) in Canada, almost two-thirds of adult Canadians had postsecondary qualifications. In our patient population, 57% had or were in the process of acquiring a postsecondary degree, which is roughly 10% below the national Canadian average. Additionally, 7% of patients had either no formal education or just elementary-level education, and 15% repeated at least one grade. Moreover, roughly 40% of individuals had received an IEP, emphasizing the learning and educational complications in this population. Particular learning issues have been reported in 30-45% of NF1 children.Reference North 29 , Reference Huson, Harper and Compston 36 - Reference Trzcinska and Borkowska 38 Several NF1-related factors—such as ADHD, speech impediment, anxiety and depression—could account for such learning issues and educational decline in the affected individuals. These data stress the need to include learning assessment diagnostic tools in the routine clinical management of NF1 patients and, most importantly, early on in the education process. Moreover, families should be educated about such learning difficulties and encouraged to consider IEPs for their affected children. Furthermore, the creation and extension of links between community learning centres and an MDT would be critical for ongoing feedback with respect to gains accomplished in this regard. Currently, our centre is focused on raising government and private funds to establish such links.

Associated Disorders Affecting Function

A substantial proportion of patients in our study suffered from self-reported depression and anxiety. Although these were not formally confirmed, previous publications utilizing formal neuropsychological tools have confirmed the statistically higher prevalence of these mood disorders in NF1 patients compared with the general population.Reference Wang, Smith, Esparza, Leigh, Muzikansky and Park 26 ADHD was reported to have been diagnosed at some point in 18% of our adult patients. The incidence of ADHD in children with NF1 has been quoted to be as high as 54%,Reference Payne, Hyman, Shores and North 39 and while evidence suggests that some patients continue with symptoms of inattentiveness into adulthood, very little prevalence data exist for the adult NF1 population. Together, these findings highlight the essential need for neuropsychological and psychiatric support. As a consequence, the need for establishing relationships with neuropsychiatry and social work has been highlighted by this questionnaire and has provided the basis for pursuing institutional support for the NF population.

Tumour/Cancer History

The diagnosis of brain tumours was reported in 20% of our NF1 patients, which is consistent with previous reports. The most common intracranial tumours in NF1 are the visual pathway gliomas, with an incidence of 10-20%, mostly emerging during the first 10 years of life.Reference Gold and Cohen 40 - Reference Listernick, Charrow, Greenwald and Mets 42

A positive history of plexiform neurofibromas was present in 32% of our population. Plexiform neurofibromas have been reported in nearly half of NF1 patients.Reference Thakkar, Feigen and Mautner 43 - Reference Kehrer-Sawatzki, Kluwe, Funsterer and Mautner 45 As the data about this tumour are not available for 30% of our respondents, it is difficult to comment on the data derived from our population or extrapolate the data from previous studies to our work. Nevertheless, one of the main limitations in clinical diagnosis of plexiform neurofibroma is partly due to its heterogeneity and sometimes asymptomatic nature.Reference Tonsgard, Kwak, Short and Dachman 44 , Reference Tonsgard 46 This suggests the necessity for meticulous image analysis of patients through MR imaging, especially those with relevant pain complaints for prompt diagnosis.Reference Tucker, Friedman, Friedrich, Wenzel, Funsterer and Mautner 47 - Reference Mautner, Hartmann, Kluwe, Friedrich and Funsterer 49 At our clinic, we perform imaging and clinical follow-up on patients with plexiform neurofibromas every six months, unless there are any concerning clinical features.

Among all the participants in our study, one individual reported a previous diagnosis of MPNST, which was higher than the reported prevalence rate of 0.1% in NF1 patients.Reference Hirbe and Gutmann 32 , Reference Ducatman, Scheithauer, Piepgras, Reiman and Ilstrup 50 , Reference Ferner and Gutmann 51 The cumulative lifetime risk of MPNST in NF1 patients has been estimated to be about 8-13%, with many patients developing this malignant tumour at around 30 years of age.Reference Friedrich, Keiner and Hagel 52 - Reference Park, Sawitzki, Kluwe, Mautner, Holtkamp and Kurtz 54 Although 21% of participants were not certain with regard to a prior diagnosis of MPNST, more than 50% of our patients were younger than 30. Therefore, these patients require close clinical and radiological surveillance for this malignant tumour as they approach the age of 30. Having dedicated neuro-oncology surgeons and neurologists as the mainstay of our clinic has been an invaluable model.

Immune System Involvement

In our population, the responses to the “immune system” questions were striking: more than 27% (18/66) reported that they had asthma and over 35% stated that they had experienced at least one asthma-related symptom. According to the Ontario Asthma Surveillance Information System (OASIS), the cumulative prevalence of asthma in Ontario in 2009 was approximately 10%, along with an incidence of ~5 (per 1000 population),Reference To, Stanojevic, Feldman, Moineddin, Atenafu and Guan 55 which is far less than what has been reported in our NF1 patients. Only a small number of groups have documented immune system involvement in NF populations previously. In a case-control study in Japan, 47% of 227 NF1 patients suffered from such allergic diseases as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis or atopic dermatitis.Reference Koga, Koga, Nakayama and Imafuku 56 A previous study has also shown elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in samples derived from NF1 patients.Reference Geller, Ribeiro, Araujo, de Oliveira and Nunes 20 , Reference Geller, Ribeiro, Araujo, Higino, Varella and Oliveira 57 Several studies have indicated the increase in mast cells (and other T-cell subsets) and their infiltration in NF1 neurofibromas, both in human NF1 samplesReference Jett and Friedman 58 - Reference Baratelli, Le, Gershman and French 62 and also in genetically engineered animal models of NF1.Reference Ryan, Klein, Neuberger, Leftwich, Westin and Kauma 63 - Reference Hiatt, Ingram, Huddleston, Spandau, Kapur and Clapp 65 This is intriguing, as mast cells are the key sources of histamines,Reference Claman 66 playing a crucial role in airway hyper-responsiveness and the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Interestingly, there are reports showing the positive effects of histamine stabilizers (e.g., ketotifen) on both pruritus and on the growth of neurofibromas in NF1 patients,Reference Riccardi 67 suggesting a role for a dysregulated immune system in NF1 and a potential explanation for the reported immune-related complications in our population. The molecular cascade of autoimmune disorders and their association with NF1 warrants further attention and in-depth research. This is an evolving area, gaining more recognition as an associated medical condition and one that would benefit from further dedicated clinical care and research investigation. Through collaboration with geneticists and immunologists, this is an area we seek to address in the future.

STUDY LIMITATIONS

Although the identification of other published adult NF1 clinic experiences was performed through an extensive review, not all relevant reports are necessarily identified and indexed as per our search criteria. Additionally, not all groups have published on the structure and outcomes of their established NF clinics, and, as such, there are likely multidisciplinary NF clinics in different centres that were not included in our review as there is no report of them in the literature. Nonetheless, a diverse set of clinical experiences from a range of geographical regions and sample sizes was identified.

While this study adds a unique information set to the small but growing literature on the NF1 population, some substantial limitations exist. First of all, the NF1 data were collected from patients of the clinic only, who may not be an accurate representation of all individuals with NF1. Such a backdrop confines certain aspects of the reported data to the particular clinic environment, which might render our statistics less optimal for generalizability to all adult NF1 populations in Canada. Furthermore, a control population was not available for comparison of responses. However, it underpins the need to raise awareness about capturing the maximal number of NF patients within the community. We have utilized this resource to improve collaboration and more efficiently link with NF communities across Canada to facilitate the process of primary data collection from all affected individuals through a secure online platform. Second, more frequent clinics provide patients with greater flexibility to arrange and make their appointments. Lastly, many of the patient-reported conditions were not ascertained; therefore, similar to other epidemiological studies, we have had potential reporting and/or recall biases in our data, perhaps affecting the patient statistics. Efforts are currently underway to minimize these biases by revising and simplifying the questionnaire design, which in its current form requires approximately 30 minutes to complete.

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Through this cross-sectional assessment of the patient demographics and the dynamic critical evaluation of our clinic structure, we have learned that, in addition to neurosurgery and neurology, the incorporation of a genetics team as well as neuropyschology and social work services as integral components of the clinic are of high clinical value. Having direct involvement of neuro-oncology has been invaluable in managing benign and malignant tumours in the population. Unmasking the under-recognized immune-associated manifestations is valuable to focus our clinical care and direct future research attention to this area as well.

Though our knowledge regarding this complex disorder has significantly expanded in recent times, many challenges remain. Although several clinical trials are already underway tasked with addressing some of the most pressing clinical queries in NF1, 68 - 70 the clinical manifestations are heterogeneous and disease prevalence is low. A concerted effort to capture all patients within the provincial and national community is necessary. Central coordination of several regional multidisciplinary clinics, each with an infrastructure that is capable of supporting high patient volumes, is critical. To aid in the collection and analysis of large volumes of data, including molecular and genetic information, initiatives involving internet-based registries are underway, and early success has been attained.Reference Johnson, Hussain, Williams, Santens, Mueller and Gutmann 16 , 71 Awareness and cooperation with such initiatives will be an important responsibility of NF multidisciplinary clinics.

Beyond the need for collaboration among regional centres, close partnership with patient advocacy groups is a further component that must be established and fostered. In addition to introducing patients and their families to the clinical resources available, advocacy groups allow patients to connect and serve as sources of support for one another. Unfortunately, more than 80% of the patients in the current study did not know any person with NF1 other than their own family members. Through further strengthening of our partnerships with the NFSO and ANAC, it is our goal to improve upon this statistic.

DISCLOSURES

Alireza Mansouri, Saber Ghadakzadeh, Talha Maqbool, Carolina Barnett, Karolyn Au, Paul Kongkham, Vera Bril and Zadeh Gelareh hereby declare that they have nothing to disclose.

Statement of Authorship

AM and SG adapted the intake questionnaire, collected and analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. AM and TM conducted the systematic review. AM, SG, CB, PK, VB and GZ conceived of and designed the study. All authors were involved with critically editing and finalizing the text, figures and tables. In addition, all authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

To view the supplementary material (Appendix I) for this article, please visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.326

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Figure 0

Table 1 Structure of UHN NF clinic

Figure 1

Table 2 Demographic data of 66 NF1 patients who completed the questionnaire

Figure 2

Table 3 Associated clinical manifestations

Figure 3

Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram summarizing our search results.

Figure 4

Table 4 Summary of study characteristics for included publications and rationale for study exclusion

Supplementary material: File

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