Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:31:15.087Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A new protein evaluation system for horse feed from literature data*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2015

Annette Zeyner ,
Susanne Kirchhof ,
A. Susenbeth ,
K.-H. Südekum  and
Ellen Kienzle
Annette Zeyner*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
Susanne Kirchhof
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
A. Susenbeth
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
K.-H. Südekum
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
Ellen Kienzle
Affiliation:
Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
*
†Corresponding author: Professor Dr A. Zeyner, email [email protected]

Abstract

Few data on apparent pre-caecal digestibility (APCD) of crude protein (CP) and particularly amino acids (AA) are available from studies with horses. Protein bound in cell walls (i.e. neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP)) is unlikely to be decomposed by digestive enzymes in the small intestine. In contrast the corresponding analytical fraction of neutral detergent soluble CP (NDSCP) (NDSCP = CP−NDICP) is likely to be available for auto-enzymatic digestion. A literature analysis on the relationship between NDICP/NDSCP and pre-caecal indigestible/digestible CP was carried out. There was a strong positive relationship between NDICP and pre-caecal indigestible CP, which suggests that NDICP can be used to estimate the part of protein that is not available for digestion in the small intestine. There was also a correlation between NDSCP and pre-caecal digestible protein. The slope of the linear regression line between NDICP and pre-caecal digestible CP was 0·9, suggesting an APCD of NDSCP of 90 %. Thus pre-caecal digestible CP may be predicted by multiplying NDSCP by 0·9. Because the literature identifies a similar AA profile in NDICP and NDSCP within a given feed the presented concept may preliminarily be transferred to AA. The proposed system can at any time be adapted to the scientific progress without altering its structure. Such adaptations would be necessary particularly when new knowledge exist on the distribution of AA onto NDICP/NDSCP, the APCD of individual AA from NDSCP, and the impact of feed processing and chewing on particle sizes and protein digestibility.

Keywords

Pre-caecal digestibilityProtein evaluationAmino acidsHorse feed
Type
WALTHAM Supplement
Information
Journal of Nutritional Science , Volume 4 , 2015 , e4
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015

For the horse, the exclusive source of amino acids (AA) are derived from protein digested in the small intestine( Reference McMeniman, Elliot and Groenendyk 1 – Reference Schubert 3 ). Ideally, protein evaluation of feeds for horses should be based on small intestinal protein and AA digestibility. There are, however, not enough data on the apparent pre-caecal digestibility (APCD) of crude protein (CP) in horses to establish such a system based on experimentally determined APCD of CP from different feeds. Protein bound in plant cell walls is unlikely to be available for pre-caecal digestion in monogastric animals. This protein fraction can be analysed as neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP) by the ‘Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System’ for cattle( Reference Licitra, Hernandez and Van Soest 4 ). NDICP may be used to estimate the soluble part of the protein (neutral detergent soluble CP (NDSCP)) as the difference between CP and NDICP. NDSCP is equivalent to protein of the cell content that can potentially be decomposed by digestive enzymes in the small intestine after being released from plant structures by the chewing process.

AA profiles of both, NDICP and the corresponding fraction NDSCP, appear to be similar within a given feed( Reference Rebolè, Treviño and Caballero 5 , Reference Tedeschi, Pell and Fox 6 ). Thus based on the present knowledge it seems to be justified to transfer the AA profile of the whole feedstuff to both protein fractions NDSCP and NDICP. The aim of the present study was to investigate on the basis of a literature analysis whether a concept of protein evaluation on the basis of soluble and insoluble protein might be applicable to horse feed.

Material and methods

The following literature was used to investigate whether the NDSCP/NDICP concept can be applied to estimate apparent pre-caecal digestible CP (APCDCP) and apparent pre-caecal digestible AA (APCDAA) in horse feed: NDICP and NDSCP in feedstuffs( 7 – Reference Kirchhof 9 ); pre-caecal digestible CP from studies with horses( Reference Reitnour, Baker and Mitchell 10 – Reference Gibbs, Potter and Schelling 19 ); pre-caecal digestible AA from experiments with horses( Reference Almeida, Valadares Filho and Queiroz 20 , Reference Coleman, Mathison and Hardin 21 ).

For statistical analyses, the relationship between the intakes of (i) NDICP and pre-caecal indigestible CP, and (ii) NDSCP and pre-caecal digestible CP was determined by means of linear regression analysis (SPSS 18.0 for Windows, Chicago, IL, USA). For this, literature that reported the ingested quantities, not only the concentrations of NDICP, NDSCP and the pre-caecal digestible and indigestible parts of CP in the feed were used. Furthermore, data from experiments where the feed intake was considerably below the maintenance level were not included because results were presumed to be compromised by endogenous losses. According to these both preconditions, a total of nine digestibility trials were identified to be suitable for statistical analysis( Reference Reitnour, Baker and Mitchell 10 , Reference Hintz, Hogue and Walker 11, Reference Krull 16 , Reference Gibbs, Potter and Schelling 17 ). Data from these studies were based on digestibility trials with meadow grass, roughages (grass hay and lucerne hay), cereal grains (oats, barley and maize) and rations containing hay and cereal grains in ratios being 1:0, 3:2 and 1:4.

Results

The intake of NDICP was positively correlated with the intake of experimentally determined pre-caecal indigestible CP (Fig. 1) over the earlier described wide range of horse feed. There was also a strong positive correlation between the intake of NDSCP and pre-caecal digestible CP (r 0·895; P < 0·001). The slope of the corresponding linear regression line was 0·9 suggesting an APCD of NDSCP of 90 %.

Fig. 1. Relationship between the intake of neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and experimentally determined apparent pre-caecal indigestible CP in different feedstuffs and rations for horses (n 9(10,11,16,17)).

Discussion

The results of the literature analysis indicate that the analytical fraction of NDICP in the feed can be used to estimate the parts of CP, which are not available to the horse, and, vice versa, those which are available for digestion in the small intestine (equation 1):

(1) $${\rm NDSCP} = {\rm CP} - {\rm NDICP}$$

Assuming an APCD of NDSCP of 90 % estimated by the slope of the regression line between intakes of NDSCP and APCDCP, the content of APCDCP in any feedstuff in question can be calculated as given in equation (2):

(2) $${\rm APCDCP} = 0\! \cdot\! 9 \times {\rm NDSCP}$$

The concept might even be extended to AA, provided the AA pattern of the feed is known. For this, equation (3) can be used to determine APCDAA:

(3) $${\rm APCDAA} = 0\! \cdot\! 9 \times {\rm AA}_{{\rm NDSCP}}$$

where AANDSCP represents the content of the AA in question in the soluble protein fraction assuming that it is nearly the same as in the total CP( Reference Rebolè, Treviño and Caballero 5 , Reference Tedeschi, Pell and Fox 6 ). Until further evidence is available it is especially important to characterize feedstuffs for horses with different characteristics (brood mares, growing horses, high-performance horses and geriatric horses) particularly according to the feedstuffs' content of APCD lysine and threonine followed by methionine and cysteine( Reference Zeyner, Ellis, Longland, Coenen and Miraglia 22 , Reference Krumbiegel, Raue and Fritz 23 ).

When the method is applied to three fairly typical horse feeds such as oats, fresh grass and grass hay (1st cut), e.g. CP and NDICP contents of 123, 144, 107 and 17, 21, 44 g/kg DM, respectively, the corresponding content of APCDCP is 106, 123 and 63 g/kg DM. This looks like a promising start for an improved protein evaluation system based on NDICP in horses. The database is small, the concept is still rather hypothetical, and it needs further development. For instance, the AA distribution into NDICP and NDSCP needs to be specified, and the absorbability of individual AA from the soluble part of CP identified and considered in the system. Furthermore, in silages ammonia must be taken into account (NDSCP = CP − NDICP − 6·25 NH3-N). Other non-protein N compounds may lead to an overestimation of APCDCP. Free AA are likely even more available than AA from NDSCP, it is instead recommended to assume an APCD of 100 %. NDICP describes an important chemical and physical barrier to protein digestion. There may be mechanical barriers to protein digestion in the small intestine such as plant structures. This was demonstrated for starch digestion( Reference Kienzle, Pohlenz and Radicke 24 ) and may also be true for protein digestion. Sample preparation by grinding in the laboratory will destroy most of the mechanical barriers to protein digestion but chewing by the horse may not. Processing of feed may also induce Maillard-reactions leading to the production of protein compounds which may not be digestible in the small intestine but will not appear in NDICP. Nevertheless, the use of this preliminary system in practice is likely to give important impetus to the research on protein and AA availability in horses. Therefore the German Committee for Requirement Standards of the Society of Nutrition Physiology( 25 ) decided to use the method as a future protein evaluation system in Germany.

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to the Committee for Requirement Standards of the Society of Nutrition Physiology in Germany for encouraging the development of this protein evaluation system.

A. Z. had the initial idea, assessed literature data and wrote the manuscript with contributions from all other authors. All authors further developed the idea together during team sessions of the Committee for Requirement Standards of the Society of Nutrition Physiology in Germany. In particular, S. K. provided literature data on contents of NDICP/NDSCP in feeds and on digestibility trials with horses, and K.-H. S. emphasised the idea of an fairly equal contribution of AA onto NDICP and NDSCP by relevant literature. E. K. developed the regression equations and A. S. discussed the model critically.

Footnotes

*

This article was published as part of the WALTHAM International Nutritional Sciences Symposium Proceedings 2013

References

1. McMeniman, NP, Elliot, R, Groenendyk, S, et al. (1987) Synthesis and absorption of cysteine from the hindgut of the horse. Equine Vet J 19, 192–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Bochröder, B, Schubert, R & Bödeker, D (1994) Studies on the transport in vitro of lysine, histidine, arginine and ammonia across the mucosa of the equine colon. Equine Vet J 26, 131–133.Google Scholar
3. Schubert, R (1995) Untersuchungen zum Stickstoff- und Aminosäuren-Stoffwechsel laktierender Stuten am Modelltier Shetland-Pony unter Verwendung oraler Gaben von 15N-Harnstoff. Habilitation Thesis, Martin-Luther-University Halle.Google Scholar
4. Licitra, G, Hernandez, TM & Van Soest, PJ (1996) Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 57, 347–358.Google Scholar
5. Rebolè, A, Treviño, J, Caballero, R, et al. (2001) Effect of maturity on the amino acid profiles of total and nitrogen fractions in common vetch forage. J Sci Food Agric 81, 455–461.Google Scholar
6. Tedeschi, LO, Pell, AN, Fox, DG, et al. (2001) The amino acid profiles of the whole plant and of four plant residues from temperate and tropical forages. J Anim Sci 79, 525–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. NRC (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th rev. ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
8. Gruber, L, Stögmüller, G, Taferner, K, et al. (2005) Protein- und Kohlenhydrat-Fraktionen nach dem Cornell System sowie ruminaler Trockenmasseabbau in situ von energie- und proteinreichen Kraftfuttermitteln. Übers Tierernährg 33, 129–143.Google Scholar
9. Kirchhof, S (2007) Kinetik des ruminalen in situ-Nährstoffabbaus von Grünlandaufwüchsen des Alpenraumes unterschiedlicher Vegetationsstadien sowie von Maissilagen und Heu – ein Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung der Rationsgestaltung für Milchkühe. Doctoral Thesis, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel.Google Scholar
10. Reitnour, CM, Baker, JP, Mitchell, GE, et al. (1969) Nitrogen digestion in different segments of the equine digestive tract. J Anim Sci 29, 332–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Hintz, HF, Hogue, DE, Walker, EF, et al. (1971) Apparent digestion in various segments of the digestive tract of ponies fed diets with varying roughage-grain ratios. J Anim Sci 32, 245–248.Google Scholar
12. Wootton, JF & Argenzio, RA (1975) Nitrogen utilization within equine large intestine. Am J Physiol 229, 1062–1067.Google Scholar
13. Haley, RG, Potter, GD & Lichtenwalner, RE (1979) Digestion of soybean and cottonseed protein in the equine small intestine. Proc 6th Equine Nutrition Physiology Symp, pp. 85–98.Google Scholar
14. Klendshoj, C, Potter, GD, Lichtenwalner, RE, et al. (1979) Nitrogen digestion in the small intestine of horses fed crimped or micronized sorghum grain or oats. Proc 6th Equine Nutrition Physiology Symp, pp. 91–94.Google Scholar
15. Muuß, H (1980) Untersuchungen über Entleerung sowie Zusammensetzung des Ileumchymus beim Pferd. Doctoral Thesis, Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover.Google Scholar
16. Krull, HD (1984) Untersuchungen über die Aufnahme und Verdaulichkeit von Grünfutter beim Pferd. Doctoral Thesis, Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover.Google Scholar
17. Gibbs, PG, Potter, GD, Schelling, GT, et al. (1988) Digestion of hay protein in different segments of the equine digestive tract. J Anim Sci 66, 400–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. Farley, EB, Potter, GD, Gibbs, PG, et al. (1995) Digestion of soybean meal protein in the equine small and large intestine. Proc 14th Equine Nutrition Physiology Soc, pp. 24–29.Google Scholar
19. Gibbs, PG, Potter, GD, Schelling, GT, et al. (1996) The significance of small vs large intestinal digestion of cereal grain and oilseed protein in the equine. J Equine Vet Sci 16, 60–65.Google Scholar
20. Almeida, FC, Valadares Filho, SC, Queiroz, AC, et al. (1998) Digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira pré-cecal e total da proteína em dietas com diferentes níveis protéicos em eqüinos. R Bras Zootec 27, 521–529.Google Scholar
21. Coleman, RJ, Mathison, GW, Hardin, RT, et al. (2001) Effect of dietary forage and protein concentration on total tract, prececal and postileal protein and lysine digestibilities of forage based diets fed to mature ponies. Proc 17th Equine Nutrition Physiology Symp, pp. 461–463.Google Scholar
22. Zeyner, A (2010) Evaluation of nutritional functional ingredients for improvement of digestive tract health and performance. In The Impact of Nutrition on the Health and Welfare of Horses, pp. 254–265 [Ellis, AD, Longland, AC, Coenen, M and Miraglia, N, editors]. EAAP publication no. 128. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
23. Krumbiegel, C, Raue, T, Fritz, J, et al. (2012) Effect of protein and amino acid supplementation on growth and serum parameters in weaned Warmblood foals. Proc Soc Nutr Physiol 21, 35.Google Scholar
24. Kienzle, E, Pohlenz, J & Radicke, S (1997) Morphology of starch digestion in the horse. J Vet Med Series A 44, 207–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. GfE (2014) Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung von Pferden. Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere Nr. 11. Frankfurt (Main): DLG-Verlag.Google Scholar
Figure 0

Fig. 1. Relationship between the intake of neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and experimentally determined apparent pre-caecal indigestible CP in different feedstuffs and rations for horses (n 9(10,11,16,17)).