Hostname: page-component-669899f699-vbsjw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-24T14:08:26.750Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Negotiation, adoption and domestic implementation of the annex on liability to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2024

Luis V. Ferrada Open the ORCID record for Luis V. Ferrada [Opens in a new window]  and
Diego A. Caldera Open the ORCID record for Diego A. Caldera [Opens in a new window]
Luis V. Ferrada*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Chile, Law School, Department of International Law, Providencia, Santiago, Chile Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
Diego A. Caldera
Affiliation:
Independent researcher
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Rules on liability are essential to ensuring the enforcement of an international agreement. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting's adoption of Measure 1 (2005), which contains Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection, is the first step towards complying with Article 16 of the Environmental Protocol on Liability. However, the approval process has been slow, and Measure 1 (2005) is still not in force. Here, we show a need for more momentum in its approval and that its domestic implementation varies significantly. Only 19 states have approved Measure 1 (2005) out of the 28 Consultative Parties required to enter into force. Ten have incorporated national provisions anticipating its entry into force. Our study suggests that the perceived inadequacy of Annex VI, the cost of response actions to environmental emergencies and the misplaced importance of Antarctic matters within many states’ priorities contribute to the slow approval process. This analysis provides insights into the Antarctic Treaty System's governance mechanisms, particularly the liability regime and its implementation. The domestic legislation related to Antarctic liability is also analysed. This paper aims to explain the cumbersome approval process of Annex VI and to serve as a cautionary tale for future liability developments.

Keywords

Antarcticadomestic implementation of international standardsdomestic law about Antarcticaenvironmental emergencyenvironmental liabilityEnvironmental Protocol
Type
Social Sciences
Information
Antarctic Science , Volume 36 , Issue 5 , October 2024 , pp. 419 - 438
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antarctic Science Ltd

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References

Akehurst, M. 2018. Modern introduction to international law, 8th edition. Edited by Orakhelashvili, A.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Aust, A. & Shears, J. 1996. Liability for environmental damage in Antarctica. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 5, 10.1111/J.1467-9388.1996.TB00295.X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barboza, J. 2010. The environment, risk and liability in international law. Leiden: Brill/Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Bederman, D. & Keskar, S. 2005. Antarctic environmental liability: the Stockholm Annex and beyond. Emory International Law Review, 19, 1383–1405.Google Scholar
Blay, S. & Green, J. 1995. The development of a liability annex to the Madrid Protocol. Environmental Policy and Law, 25, 10.3233/EPL-1995-251-203.Google Scholar
Bobo, J. 1997. The effect on Antarctic science of an Antarctic liability regime. Polar Record, 33, 10.1017/S0032247400025468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, A.E. 1990. State responsibility and international liability for injuries consequences of acts not prohibited by international law: necessary distinction. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 39, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brölmann, C. 2005. Law-making treaties: form and function in international law. Nordic Journal of International Law, 74, 10.1163/157181005774939887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldera, D.A. 2021. Responsabilidad por daños al medioambiente antártico: Anexo VI sobre Responsabilidad Emanada de Emergencias Ambientales y la Ley Chilena Antártica [Liability for damage to the Antarctic environment: the Annex VI on liability arising from environmental emergencies and the Chilean Antarctic Law]. In Ferrada, L.V., ed., Reflexiones sobre la nueva Ley Chilena Antártica. Santiago: Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile, 45–53.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. 2013. Historical development. In State responsibility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, J., Pellet, A., Olleson, S. & Parlett, K., eds. 2010. The law of international responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1296 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choksi, S. 2001. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal: 1999 Protocol on Liability and Compensation. Ecology Law Quarterly, 28, 509–539.Google Scholar
Dobelle, J.-F. 1997. Bilan des Travaux du Groupe Wolfrum sur le Régime de la Responsabilité en Cas de Dommages Causés à l'Environnement dans l'Antarctique [Review of the Wolfrum Group's work on liability for environmental damage in the Antarctic]. Annuaire Français de Droit International, 43, 10.3406/AFDI.1997.3478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudeney, J. & Walton, D. 2012. Leadership in politics and science within the Antarctic Treaty. Polar Research, 31, 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrada, L.V. 2012. Evolución del Sistema del Tratado Antártico: Desde su génesis geoestratégica a sus preocupaciones ambientalistas [Antarctic Treaty System evolution: since its geostrategic origin to its environmental concerns]. Revista de Derecho, Universidad San Sebastian, 18, 131–151.Google Scholar
Ferrada, L.V. 2014. Iniciativa privada y estatal en la actividad antártica: Pasado, presente y futuro [Private and public initiative in Antarctic activities. Past, present and future]. In Estado, Sociedad y Participación. XLIII Jornadas Chilenas de Derecho Público. Toronto: Thomson Reuters, 539–558.Google Scholar
Ferrada, L.V. 2017. Participación e incidencia de los Estados latinoamericanos en la discusión de un régimen de responsabilidad ambiental para la Antártica [Participation and incidence of Latin American states in the discussion of an environmental liability regime for Antarctica]. In Acosta Alvarado, P. & del Piano Lira, C., eds, América Latina y el Orden Mundial Contemporáneo Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia - Sociedad Latinoamericana de Derecho Internacional (SLADI), 75–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrada, L.V. 2018. Antarctic Environment Protocol challenges and achievements: 20 years in force. European Journal of International Law. Retrieved from https://www.ejiltalk.org/antarctic-environment-protocol-challenges-and-achievements-20-years-in-forceGoogle Scholar
Ferrada, L.V. 2021. Reflexiones sobre la nueva Ley Chilena Antártica [Reflections on the new Chilean Antarctic Law]. Santiago: Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile.Google Scholar
Ferrada, L.V. 2022. El Sistema del Tratado Antártico como régimen internacional medioambiental [The Antarctic Treaty System as international environmental regime]. In Ferrada, L.V., ed., Estudios de Derecho Antártico. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria, 15–43.Google Scholar
Ferrada, L.V. 2023. Fuentes para el estudio de la Ley Chilena Antártica [Sources for the study of the Chilean Antarctic Law]. Santiago: Thompson-Reuters.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, G. 1957. Second report on the Law of the Treaties. UN Doc. A/CN.4/107. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1957, Vol. II. Retrieved from https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_107.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fitzmaurice, M. 2008. International responsibility and liability. In Bodansky, D., Brunnée, J. & Hey, E., eds, The Oxford handbook of international environmental law, 1st edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552153.013.0044.Google Scholar
Francioni, F. 1996. Liability for damage to the Antarctic environment. In Francioni, F. & Scovazzi, T., eds, International Law for Antarctica, 2nd edition. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 581–602.Google Scholar
Francioni, F. 2006. Liability for damage to the common environment: the case of Antarctica. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 3, 223–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García, T. 2007. El principio de la reparación del daño ambiental en el derecho internacional público. Una aproximación a su recepción por parte del derecho mexicano [The principle of reparation of environmental damage in public international law. An approach to its reception by Mexican law]. Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, 7, 10.22201/iij.24487872e.2007.7.207.Google Scholar
Gautier, P. 2006. L'annexe VI Au Protocole de Madrid Relatif à La Protection de l'environnement de l'Antarctique: responsabilité Découlant de Situations Critiques Pour l'environnement [Annex VI to the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection in the Antarctic: liability arising from environmental emergency situations]. Annuaire Français de Droit International, 52, 10.3406/AFDI.2006.3938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddis, E. 2006. Liability for environmental emergencies in Antarctica. The New Zealand Yearbook of International Law, 3, 201–206.Google Scholar
Hemmings, K. 1995. Antarctica's liability regime. Environmental Law Reporter, 1, 89–92.Google Scholar
Hernández, C. 2012. Los confines de la responsabilidad ambiental en los ecosistemas dependientes y asociados al medio ambiente antártico [The boundaries of environmental liability in the dependent and associated ecosystems to the Antarctic environment]. Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales (REEI), 23, 1–25.Google Scholar
Holdgate, M. 1997. Los factores ambientales en la explotación de la Antártica [Environmental factors in the exploitation of Antarctica]. In Orrego Vicuña, F., ed., La Antártica y sus recursos. Problemas científicos, jurídicos y políticos, 2nd edition. Santiago: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile - Editorial Universitaria, 107–137.Google Scholar
Horbach, N. 1991. The confusion about state responsibility and international liability. Leiden Journal of International Law, 4, 47–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, J. 2011. The Antarctic Treaty: toward a new partnership. In Berkman, P.A., Lang, M.A., Walton, D.W.H. & Young, O.R., eds, Science diplomacy: Antarctica, science, and the governance of international spaces, edited by. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 89–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, K. & Convey, P. 2014. Alien invasions in Antarctica - is anyone liable? Polar Research, 33, 10.3402/POLAR.V33.22103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Infante, M.T. 2009. El Sistema Antártico y el desarrollo del Derecho Internacional. Principios e Instituciones [The Antarctic System and the development of international law. Principles and institutions]. In Cardona, J., ed., Cursos Euromediterráneos Bancaja de Derecho Internacional, vol. VIII–IX, 2004–2005. Castellón: Tirant Lo Blanch, 281–347.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. 2006. Liability for environmental damage in Antarctica: the adoption of Annex VI to the Antarctic Environmental Protocol. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 19, 33–56.Google Scholar
Karl, D. 1992. The grounding of the Bahia Paraiso: microbial ecology of the 1989 Antarctic oil spill. Microbial Ecology, 24, 77–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lefeber, R. 2000a. The legal need for an Antarctic environmental liability regime. In Vidas, D., ed., Implementing the environmental protection regime for the Antarctic, edited by. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 181–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefeber, R. 2000b. The prospects for an Antarctic environmental liability regime. In Vidas, D., ed., Implementing the environmental protection regime for the Antarctic, edited by. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 199–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llanos, H. 1977. Teoría y práctica del derecho internacional público. De las fuentes y de las relaciones con el derecho interno [Theory and practice of public international law. Sources and relations with domestic law]. Santiago: Editorial Jurídica de Chile, 714 pp.Google Scholar
MacKay, D. 2000. The proposed Antarctic treaty on environmental damage. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, 6, 473–483.Google Scholar
Mariño, F. 2013. La protección internacional del medio ambiente (I): Régimen General [International Environmental Protection (I): General Regime]. In Díaz de Velasco, M., ed., Instituciones de Derecho Internacional Público, reprint 18th edition. Madrid: Tecnos, 780–809.Google Scholar
Mulville, K. 1999. How the Antarctic Science, Tourism, and Conservation Act of 1996 fails Antarctica. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 23, 649–682.Google Scholar
Nicchia, G. 2014. Environmental liability in Antarctica: the 2005 Annex VI to the Madrid Protocol and the Italian legal system. In del Vecchio, A., ed., International law of the sea, current trends and controversial issues. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 405–430.Google Scholar
Orlando, E. 2015. From domestic to global? Recent trends in environmental liability from a multi-level and comparative law perspective. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 24, 10.1111/REEL.12136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, M. 1992. Liability for environmental damage in Antarctica. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 10, 10.1080/02646811.1992.11432929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redgwell, C. 1994. Environmental protection in Antarctica: the 1991 Protocol. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 43, 10.1093/iclqaj/43.3.599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, M. 2017. International law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1308 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shibata, A. 2009. How to design an international liability regime for public spaces, the case of the Antarctic environment. In Komori, T. & Wellens, K., eds, Public Interest Rules of International Law. Toward an Effective Implementation. Farnham: Ashgate, 347–373.Google Scholar
Shibata, A., ed. 2014. International liability regime for biodiversity damage. The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol. New York: Routledge, 336 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, M.K. 2008. Implementation of the Madrid Protocol on the Environmental Protection of Antarctica in the Indian legal system. In Tamburelli, G., ed., The Antarctic legal system: the protection of the environment of the polar regions. Milan, Giuffrè Editore, 208–226.Google Scholar
Skåre, M. 2000. Liability annex or annexes to the Environmental Protocol: a review of the process within the Antarctic Treaty System. In Vidas, D., ed., Implementing the environmental protection regime for the Antarctic. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 163–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sucharitkul, S. 1996. State responsibility and international liability under international law. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal, 18, 821–839.Google Scholar
Vigni, P. 2006. A liability regime for Antarctica. The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online, 15, 10.1163/221161305X00126.Google Scholar
Voigt, C. 2021. International environmental responsibility and liability. In Rajamani, L. & Peel, J., eds, The Oxford handbook of international environmental law, 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0058.Google Scholar
Vöneky, S. 2008. The Liability Annex to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. In König, D., Stoll, P.-T., Röben, V. & Matz-Lück, N., eds, International law today: new challenges and the need for reform? Amsterdam: Springer, 165–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, A.D. 1990. The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities 1988. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 39, 10.1093/iclqaj/39.1.169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, A.D. 1992. International law and the Antarctic Treaty System. Cambridge: Grotius Publications, 483 pp.Google Scholar
Wolfrum, R. 2008. Liability for environmental damage in Antarctica: supplement to the rules on state responsibility or a lost opportunity? In Buffard, I., Crawford, J., Pellet, A. & Wittich, S, eds, International law between universalism and fragmentation. Leiden: Brill/Nijhoff, 817–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfrum, R. 2011. Obligation of result versus obligation of conduct: some thoughts about the implementation of international obligations. In Arsanjani, M.H., Cogan, J., Sloane, R. & Wiessner, S., eds, Looking to the future. Leiden: Brill/Nijhoff, 363–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfrum, R. & Wolf, S. 2008. The Antarctic liability regime. In Tamburelli, G., ed., The Antarctic legal system: the protection of the environment of the polar regions, edited by. Milan: Giuffrè Editore, 161–183.Google Scholar
Zweigert, K. & Kötz, H. 1998. An introduction to comparative law, 3rd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 742 pp.Google Scholar
Antarctic Treaty Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES). 2022. Parties Permanent Information. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/InformationExchange/LatestReports?lang=eGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1989. Final Report of the XV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Paris, 9–20 October 1989. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM15/fr/ATCM15_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1991. Final Report of the XI-4 Special Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Madrid, 22–30 April 1991; 17–22 June 1991; 3–4 October 1991. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/SATCM11_4/fr/SATCM11_4_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1992. Final Report of the XVII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Venice, 11–20 November 1992. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM17/fr/ATCM17_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1998. Final Report of the XXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Tromsø, 25 May–5 June 1998. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM22/fr/ATCM22_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2005. Final Report of the XXVIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Stockholm, 6–17 June 2005. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM28/fr/ATCM28_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2017. Final Report of the XL Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Beijing, 22 May–1 June 2017. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM40/fr/ATCM40_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2019. Final Report of the XLII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Prague, 1 July 2019–11 July 2019. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM42/fr/ATCM42_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2021a. Final Report of the XLIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Paris, 14–24 June 2021. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM43/fr/ATCM43_fr011_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2021b. Paris Declaration on the occasion of the Sixtieth anniversary of the entry into force of the Antarctic Treaty and on the Thirtieth Anniversary of the signing of the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Final Report of the XLIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Appendix 2, Paris, 14–24 June 2021. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Documents/92?tab=additionalGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2022. Final Report of the XLIV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Berlin, 23 May–2 June 2022. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM44/fr/ATCM44_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2023. Final Report of the XLV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Helsinki, 29 May–8 June 2023. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM45/fr/ATCM45_fr011_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Background Paper 4 (The Netherlands). XLIII ATCM (Paris, 2021). Recent amendments in Antarctica legislation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Documents/92Google Scholar
Decision 1 (2005). Annex VI (Liability). Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/336Google Scholar
Decision 2 (2022). Liability arising from environmental emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/770Google Scholar
Decision 3 (1998). Liability Annex to the Environmental Protocol. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/253Google Scholar
Decision 3 (2001). Elaboration of draft liability annex. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/280Google Scholar
Decision 3 (2022). Multi-Year Strategic Work Plan for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/771Google Scholar
Decision 4 (2010). Liability arising from Environmental Emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/469Google Scholar
Decision 5 (2015). Liability arising from Environmental Emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/610Google Scholar
Decision 5 (2021). Multi-Year Strategic Work Plan for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/737Google Scholar
Decision 5 (2023). Multi-Year Strategic Work Plan for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/803Google Scholar
Information Paper 16 (Ukraine). XLI ATCM (Buenos Aires, 2018). Ukraine's Approval of Measure 4 (2004), Measure 1 (2005), and Measure 15 (2009), which inform about Decision of the Government of Ukraine No. 441. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 43 (USA). XX ATCM (Utrecht, 1996). Proposal of the United States Delegation. Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Liability for Emergency Response Action. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM20/ip/ATCM20_ip043_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 48 (Australia). XLVI ATCM (Kochi, 2024). Summary Report on an Informal Intersessional Process to Share Information on Domestic Implementation of Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 61 (India). XLVI ATCM (Kochi, 2024). The Indian Antarctic Environmental Protection Rules, 2023: A step towards enforcement of Indian Antarctic Act 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 87 (IGP&I Clubs). XL ATCM (Beijing, 2017). Liability Annex: Financial Security. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 88 (IOPC Funds). XL ATCM (Beijing, 2017). The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 101 (IGP&I Clubs). XLII ATCM (Prague, 2019). Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty: Financial Security. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 141 (India). XLV ATCM (Helsinki, 2023). National Measures on Antarctic Legislation. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=e.Google Scholar
Information Paper 144 (Russian Federation). XL ATCM (Beijing, 2017). Russian legislation on regulation of activities in the Antarctic. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 155 (IOPC Funds). XLII ATCM (Prague, 2019). The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Measure 1 (2005). Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection - Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/e/liability.htmlGoogle Scholar
Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. n.d.a. Liability arising from environmental emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/e/liability.htmlGoogle Scholar
Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. n.d.b. Measure 1 (2005) - ATCM XXVIII - CEP VIII, Stockholm. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/331?lang=e&id=331Google Scholar
Working Paper 1 (Norway). XXII ATCM (Tromsø, 1998). Report of the Group of Legal Experts on the work undertaken to elaborate an annex or annexes on liability for environmental damage in Antarctica. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM22/wp/ATCM22_wp001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Working Paper 11 (Chile). XVII ATCM (Venice, 1992). Basic elements for an annex on the liability envisaged by the Antarctic Treaty Protocol. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM17/wp/ATCM17_wp011_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Working Paper 30 rev. 2 (Australia, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Uruguay). XLV ATCM (Helsinki, 2023). Proposal for an Informal Intersessional Process to Share Information on Domestic Implementation of Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. 1999. Retrieved from http://archive.basel.int/pub/protocol.htmlGoogle Scholar
Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile [Library of the Chilean National Congress]. 2020. Ley 21.255 de 2020 que establece el Estatuto Chileno Antártico [Law 21.255 of 2020 That Establishes the Antarctic Chilean Statute]. Retrieved from https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1149631Google Scholar
Bundesgesetzblatt [German Federal Gazette]. 2017. Gesetz zur Ausführung der Anlage VI des Unweltschutzprotokolls zum Antarktis-Vertrag com 14. Juni 2005 über die Haftung bei umweltgefägrdenden Notfällen [Law on the Implementation of Annex VI of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty of 14 June 2005 on Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies]. Retrieved from https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&start=//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl117s2262.pdf%27%5D#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl117s2262.pdf%27%5D__1632668566471Google Scholar
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. 2017. Resolution No. 441, on approving the Measures adopted at the meetings of the Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty, 21 June 2017. Retrieved from https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/250094512Google Scholar
Congreso de la República del Perú [Congress of the Republic of Peru]. 2007. Resolución legislativa que aprueba la Medida 1 (2005) Anexo VI del Protocolo al Tratado Antártico sobre Protección del Medio Ambiente [Legislative Resolution That Approves Measure 1 (2005) Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty]. Retrieved from https://www..congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/RelatAgenda/proapro.nsf/ProyectosAprobadosPortal/3AA6D9B0EB291BB805257306006295C2/$FILE/368RESOLUCIONMEDIOAMBIENTE.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cortes Generales de España [Parliament of Spain]. 2008. Boletín Oficial [Official Gazette]. Retrieved from https://www.congreso.es/busqueda-de-publicaciones?p_p_id=publicaciones&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_publicaciones_mode=mostrarTextoIntegro&_publicaciones_legislatura=IX&_publicaciones_id_texto=CGA200810240066.CODIGoogle Scholar
Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on Environmental Liability With regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage, 2004 O.J. (L 143/56) 1. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32004L0035&from=ENGoogle Scholar
Federal Register of Legislation (Australian Government). 2012. Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Amendment Act 2012. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2012A00090Google Scholar
Government Gazette (South African Government). 2022. Antarctic Treaties Regulations, 2021 (N° 1751) (complementing the Antarctic Treaties Act, 1996, Act No. 60 of 1996), 11 February 2022. Retrieved from https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislation/2023-09/ata_antarctictreatiesregulations_g45903gon1751.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Law Commission (ILC). 2001. Responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. Resolution A/RES/56/83. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/9_6.shtmlGoogle Scholar
International Law Commission (ILC). 2006. International liability in case of loss from transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities. Resolution A/RES/61/36. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/9_10.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Kancelaria Sejmu [Parliament of Poland]. 2016. Internetowy system aktów prawnych [Internet System Acts]. Retrieved from https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/search.xspGoogle Scholar
Klima-Og Miljødepartementet [Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment]. 2013. Regulations relating to the protection of the environment and safety in Antarctica. Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/protection-environment-safety-antarctica/id724506/Google Scholar
Ministerio de Justicia de Colombia [Colombian Ministry of Justice]. 2018. Ley 1880 de 2018 por medio de la cual se aprueba el ‘Protocolo al Tratado Antártico sobre Protección del Medio Ambiente, su Apéndice y sus Anexos I, II, III y IV’, hecho en Madrid el 4 de octubre de 1991, su ‘Anexo V’, adoptado en Bonn, el 17 de octubre de 1991, y su ‘Anexo VI’, adoptado en Estocolmo, el 17 de junio de 2005. [Law 1880 of 2018, Approving the ‘Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, its Appendix and Annexes I, II, III, IV’, Made in Madrid, 4 October 1991, Its ‘Annex VI’, Adopted in Bonn, 17 October 1991, and Its ‘Annex VI’, Adopted in Stockholm, 17 June 2005]. Retrieved from http://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/30034446Google Scholar
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Uruguay [Ministry of Foreign Affairs]. 2017. Dirección Nacional de Impresiones y Publicaciones Oficiales, Ley 19.491 de 2017 [National Department of Official Printings and Publications, Law 19.491 of 2017]. Retrieved from https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes-originales/19491-2017Google Scholar
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR). 2022. Indian Antarctic Act, 2022. Retrieved from https://ncpor.res.in//files/The%20Indian%20Antarctic%20Act,%202022.pdfGoogle Scholar
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR). 2023. Indian Antarctic Environmental Protection Rules, 2023. Retrieved from https://ncpor.res.in//files/247926_Indian_Antarctic_Environmental_Protection_Rules%20(1).pdfGoogle Scholar
New Zealand Parliament. 2012. Antarctica (Environmental Protection: Liability Annex). Retrieved from https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/bills-and-laws/bills-digests/document/49PLLawBD16931/antarctica-environmental-protection-liability-annexGoogle Scholar
Normattiva (Congress of Italy). 2016. Il portale della legge vigente [Gateway to the Applicable Law]. Retrieved from http://www.normattiva.it/Google Scholar
Oikeusministeriö [Finnish Ministry of Justice]. 2010. Protection of the Antarctic environment. Retrieved from https://finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2010/20101020Google Scholar
Parliament of South Africa. 2013. Report of the Portfolio Committee on Water and Environmental Affairs on Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Retrieved from https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/16780/Google Scholar
Polarforskningssekretariatet [Swedish Polar Research Secretariat]. 2006. Acts and Ordinances. Retrieved from https://www.polar.se/en/visit-antartica/the-antarctic-treaty/the-antarctic-act-2006924/Google Scholar
Rijksoverheid [Government of the Netherlands]. 2014. Wet bescherming Antarctica [Antarctica Protection Act]. Retrieved from https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2014-159.htmlGoogle Scholar
The National Archives (UK). 2013. Antarctic in legislation. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/15/contentsGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 1989. Resolution A 44/124 B. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/548/83/IMG/NR054883.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2012. Treaty Handbook. New York, Treaty Section of the Office of Legal Affairs. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/publications/THB/English.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2021a. Provisional application of treaties. General Assembly, International Law Commission, Seventy-second Session. Geneva, 26 April–4 June and 5 July–6 August 2021. A/CN.4/L.952/Rev.1. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G21/191/06/PDF/G2119106.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2021b. Resolution A/RES/76/113. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/389/47/PDF/N2138947.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
United States Department of State, Office of Treaty Affairs. 2024. Depositary Information. Annex VI on Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, done at Stockholm 14 June 2005 (Information on 18 November 2021). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/annex-vi-antarctic-treaty/Google Scholar
Antarctic Treaty Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES). 2022. Parties Permanent Information. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/InformationExchange/LatestReports?lang=eGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1989. Final Report of the XV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Paris, 9–20 October 1989. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM15/fr/ATCM15_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1991. Final Report of the XI-4 Special Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Madrid, 22–30 April 1991; 17–22 June 1991; 3–4 October 1991. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/SATCM11_4/fr/SATCM11_4_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1992. Final Report of the XVII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Venice, 11–20 November 1992. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM17/fr/ATCM17_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1998. Final Report of the XXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Tromsø, 25 May–5 June 1998. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM22/fr/ATCM22_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2005. Final Report of the XXVIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Stockholm, 6–17 June 2005. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM28/fr/ATCM28_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2017. Final Report of the XL Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Beijing, 22 May–1 June 2017. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM40/fr/ATCM40_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2019. Final Report of the XLII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Prague, 1 July 2019–11 July 2019. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM42/fr/ATCM42_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2021a. Final Report of the XLIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Paris, 14–24 June 2021. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM43/fr/ATCM43_fr011_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2021b. Paris Declaration on the occasion of the Sixtieth anniversary of the entry into force of the Antarctic Treaty and on the Thirtieth Anniversary of the signing of the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Final Report of the XLIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Appendix 2, Paris, 14–24 June 2021. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Documents/92?tab=additionalGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2022. Final Report of the XLIV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Berlin, 23 May–2 June 2022. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM44/fr/ATCM44_fr001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2023. Final Report of the XLV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Helsinki, 29 May–8 June 2023. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM45/fr/ATCM45_fr011_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Background Paper 4 (The Netherlands). XLIII ATCM (Paris, 2021). Recent amendments in Antarctica legislation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Documents/92Google Scholar
Decision 1 (2005). Annex VI (Liability). Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/336Google Scholar
Decision 2 (2022). Liability arising from environmental emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/770Google Scholar
Decision 3 (1998). Liability Annex to the Environmental Protocol. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/253Google Scholar
Decision 3 (2001). Elaboration of draft liability annex. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/280Google Scholar
Decision 3 (2022). Multi-Year Strategic Work Plan for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/771Google Scholar
Decision 4 (2010). Liability arising from Environmental Emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/469Google Scholar
Decision 5 (2015). Liability arising from Environmental Emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/610Google Scholar
Decision 5 (2021). Multi-Year Strategic Work Plan for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/737Google Scholar
Decision 5 (2023). Multi-Year Strategic Work Plan for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/803Google Scholar
Information Paper 16 (Ukraine). XLI ATCM (Buenos Aires, 2018). Ukraine's Approval of Measure 4 (2004), Measure 1 (2005), and Measure 15 (2009), which inform about Decision of the Government of Ukraine No. 441. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 43 (USA). XX ATCM (Utrecht, 1996). Proposal of the United States Delegation. Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Liability for Emergency Response Action. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM20/ip/ATCM20_ip043_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 48 (Australia). XLVI ATCM (Kochi, 2024). Summary Report on an Informal Intersessional Process to Share Information on Domestic Implementation of Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 61 (India). XLVI ATCM (Kochi, 2024). The Indian Antarctic Environmental Protection Rules, 2023: A step towards enforcement of Indian Antarctic Act 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 87 (IGP&I Clubs). XL ATCM (Beijing, 2017). Liability Annex: Financial Security. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 88 (IOPC Funds). XL ATCM (Beijing, 2017). The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 101 (IGP&I Clubs). XLII ATCM (Prague, 2019). Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty: Financial Security. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 141 (India). XLV ATCM (Helsinki, 2023). National Measures on Antarctic Legislation. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=e.Google Scholar
Information Paper 144 (Russian Federation). XL ATCM (Beijing, 2017). Russian legislation on regulation of activities in the Antarctic. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Information Paper 155 (IOPC Funds). XLII ATCM (Prague, 2019). The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Measure 1 (2005). Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection - Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/e/liability.htmlGoogle Scholar
Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. n.d.a. Liability arising from environmental emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/e/liability.htmlGoogle Scholar
Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. n.d.b. Measure 1 (2005) - ATCM XXVIII - CEP VIII, Stockholm. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/Measure/331?lang=e&id=331Google Scholar
Working Paper 1 (Norway). XXII ATCM (Tromsø, 1998). Report of the Group of Legal Experts on the work undertaken to elaborate an annex or annexes on liability for environmental damage in Antarctica. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM22/wp/ATCM22_wp001_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Working Paper 11 (Chile). XVII ATCM (Venice, 1992). Basic elements for an annex on the liability envisaged by the Antarctic Treaty Protocol. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM17/wp/ATCM17_wp011_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Working Paper 30 rev. 2 (Australia, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Uruguay). XLV ATCM (Helsinki, 2023). Proposal for an Informal Intersessional Process to Share Information on Domestic Implementation of Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Meetings/DocDatabase?lang=eGoogle Scholar
Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. 1999. Retrieved from http://archive.basel.int/pub/protocol.htmlGoogle Scholar
Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile [Library of the Chilean National Congress]. 2020. Ley 21.255 de 2020 que establece el Estatuto Chileno Antártico [Law 21.255 of 2020 That Establishes the Antarctic Chilean Statute]. Retrieved from https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1149631Google Scholar
Bundesgesetzblatt [German Federal Gazette]. 2017. Gesetz zur Ausführung der Anlage VI des Unweltschutzprotokolls zum Antarktis-Vertrag com 14. Juni 2005 über die Haftung bei umweltgefägrdenden Notfällen [Law on the Implementation of Annex VI of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty of 14 June 2005 on Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies]. Retrieved from https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&start=//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl117s2262.pdf%27%5D#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl117s2262.pdf%27%5D__1632668566471Google Scholar
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. 2017. Resolution No. 441, on approving the Measures adopted at the meetings of the Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty, 21 June 2017. Retrieved from https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/250094512Google Scholar
Congreso de la República del Perú [Congress of the Republic of Peru]. 2007. Resolución legislativa que aprueba la Medida 1 (2005) Anexo VI del Protocolo al Tratado Antártico sobre Protección del Medio Ambiente [Legislative Resolution That Approves Measure 1 (2005) Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty]. Retrieved from https://www..congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/RelatAgenda/proapro.nsf/ProyectosAprobadosPortal/3AA6D9B0EB291BB805257306006295C2/$FILE/368RESOLUCIONMEDIOAMBIENTE.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cortes Generales de España [Parliament of Spain]. 2008. Boletín Oficial [Official Gazette]. Retrieved from https://www.congreso.es/busqueda-de-publicaciones?p_p_id=publicaciones&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_publicaciones_mode=mostrarTextoIntegro&_publicaciones_legislatura=IX&_publicaciones_id_texto=CGA200810240066.CODIGoogle Scholar
Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on Environmental Liability With regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage, 2004 O.J. (L 143/56) 1. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32004L0035&from=ENGoogle Scholar
Federal Register of Legislation (Australian Government). 2012. Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Amendment Act 2012. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2012A00090Google Scholar
Government Gazette (South African Government). 2022. Antarctic Treaties Regulations, 2021 (N° 1751) (complementing the Antarctic Treaties Act, 1996, Act No. 60 of 1996), 11 February 2022. Retrieved from https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislation/2023-09/ata_antarctictreatiesregulations_g45903gon1751.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Law Commission (ILC). 2001. Responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. Resolution A/RES/56/83. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/9_6.shtmlGoogle Scholar
International Law Commission (ILC). 2006. International liability in case of loss from transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities. Resolution A/RES/61/36. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/9_10.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Kancelaria Sejmu [Parliament of Poland]. 2016. Internetowy system aktów prawnych [Internet System Acts]. Retrieved from https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/search.xspGoogle Scholar
Klima-Og Miljødepartementet [Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment]. 2013. Regulations relating to the protection of the environment and safety in Antarctica. Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/protection-environment-safety-antarctica/id724506/Google Scholar
Ministerio de Justicia de Colombia [Colombian Ministry of Justice]. 2018. Ley 1880 de 2018 por medio de la cual se aprueba el ‘Protocolo al Tratado Antártico sobre Protección del Medio Ambiente, su Apéndice y sus Anexos I, II, III y IV’, hecho en Madrid el 4 de octubre de 1991, su ‘Anexo V’, adoptado en Bonn, el 17 de octubre de 1991, y su ‘Anexo VI’, adoptado en Estocolmo, el 17 de junio de 2005. [Law 1880 of 2018, Approving the ‘Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, its Appendix and Annexes I, II, III, IV’, Made in Madrid, 4 October 1991, Its ‘Annex VI’, Adopted in Bonn, 17 October 1991, and Its ‘Annex VI’, Adopted in Stockholm, 17 June 2005]. Retrieved from http://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/30034446Google Scholar
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Uruguay [Ministry of Foreign Affairs]. 2017. Dirección Nacional de Impresiones y Publicaciones Oficiales, Ley 19.491 de 2017 [National Department of Official Printings and Publications, Law 19.491 of 2017]. Retrieved from https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes-originales/19491-2017Google Scholar
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR). 2022. Indian Antarctic Act, 2022. Retrieved from https://ncpor.res.in//files/The%20Indian%20Antarctic%20Act,%202022.pdfGoogle Scholar
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR). 2023. Indian Antarctic Environmental Protection Rules, 2023. Retrieved from https://ncpor.res.in//files/247926_Indian_Antarctic_Environmental_Protection_Rules%20(1).pdfGoogle Scholar
New Zealand Parliament. 2012. Antarctica (Environmental Protection: Liability Annex). Retrieved from https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/bills-and-laws/bills-digests/document/49PLLawBD16931/antarctica-environmental-protection-liability-annexGoogle Scholar
Normattiva (Congress of Italy). 2016. Il portale della legge vigente [Gateway to the Applicable Law]. Retrieved from http://www.normattiva.it/Google Scholar
Oikeusministeriö [Finnish Ministry of Justice]. 2010. Protection of the Antarctic environment. Retrieved from https://finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2010/20101020Google Scholar
Parliament of South Africa. 2013. Report of the Portfolio Committee on Water and Environmental Affairs on Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Retrieved from https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/16780/Google Scholar
Polarforskningssekretariatet [Swedish Polar Research Secretariat]. 2006. Acts and Ordinances. Retrieved from https://www.polar.se/en/visit-antartica/the-antarctic-treaty/the-antarctic-act-2006924/Google Scholar
Rijksoverheid [Government of the Netherlands]. 2014. Wet bescherming Antarctica [Antarctica Protection Act]. Retrieved from https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2014-159.htmlGoogle Scholar
The National Archives (UK). 2013. Antarctic in legislation. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/15/contentsGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 1989. Resolution A 44/124 B. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/548/83/IMG/NR054883.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2012. Treaty Handbook. New York, Treaty Section of the Office of Legal Affairs. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/publications/THB/English.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2021a. Provisional application of treaties. General Assembly, International Law Commission, Seventy-second Session. Geneva, 26 April–4 June and 5 July–6 August 2021. A/CN.4/L.952/Rev.1. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G21/191/06/PDF/G2119106.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2021b. Resolution A/RES/76/113. General Assembly. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/389/47/PDF/N2138947.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
United States Department of State, Office of Treaty Affairs. 2024. Depositary Information. Annex VI on Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, done at Stockholm 14 June 2005 (Information on 18 November 2021). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/annex-vi-antarctic-treaty/Google Scholar