In December 2019, an outbreak of atypical pneumonia was discovered in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.Reference Zu, Jiang and Xu1 A novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified as the cause of atypical pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan and has spread quickly around the world.Reference Rothan and Byrareddy2 First confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported on February 19, 2020 in Iran and at the end of February, the virus had spread to most provinces of the country.Reference Tuite, Bogoch and Sherbo3 On June 6, 2020, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) overall reported 167,156 coronavirus cases, 8134 deaths, and 129741 recovered cases.Reference Roy, Tripathy and Kar4 Iran has struggled to control the outbreak since it announced the country’s first coronavirus cases nearly 4 mo ago at the time of this writing, and the incidence rate of coronavirus is still high among Iranian people.Reference Takian, Raoofi and Kazempour-Ardebili5
Like other countries, a special focus of the Iranian government has been reducing transmission of the disease to flatten the peak of outbreak.Reference Abdi6 Achieving this goal can be difficult in the case of novel coronavirus due to its power of transmissibility and severity, asymptomatic carriers of novel coronavirus, lack of specific drugs or vaccines, and high mortality rate particularly among older adults with chronic disease.Reference Yuan, Li and Lv7,Reference Leung, Wu and Liu8 However, the success of these measures rely mostly on quickly changing human behaviors, which are based on populations’ ability to understand risks associated with the novel coronavirus and adjust their behaviors accordingly.Reference Qian, Wu and Wu9 Protective behaviors are the main options to prevent transmission of the virus as vaccination or specific treatments are not available.Reference Fetzer, Witte and Hensel10 Protective behaviors recommended in response to outbreak of novel Coronavirus include mask wearing, staying at home, quarantine restrictions, keeping social distance from others, washing hands for at least 20 s, cleaning surfaces, covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding crowds and public transportation.11
Novel coronavirus is continuing its spread across the world, and there is no evidence right now as to when it will really be over.Reference Rothan and Byrareddy2 Prolonged quarantine, isolation, uncertainty over health, jobs, finances, and listening to negative news are usually accompanied by unpleasant side effects, including anxiety, stress, fear, hopeless, depression, and posttraumatic stress.Reference Wang, Pan and Wan12,Reference Duan and Zhu13 Although low level stressors help individuals to prepare to face challenges and behave according to what the situation demands, usually long-term stressors can lead to emotional exhaustion and burnout. Emotional exhaustion can affect behavior and may lead to apathy.Reference Glanz14 According to previous studies, perceived risk and experienced stress affect people’s behavior during a pandemic.Reference Khosravi15-Reference Brewer, Chapman and Gibbons17 In the face of pandemic novel coronavirus, it is crucial to figure out how populations behave to reduce the risk of virus transmission. Public preventive behaviors are expected to change over the period of the novel coronavirus outbreak because government policies, information about disease and psychological situation of people change as the virus pandemic develops. However, few studies pay attention to the dynamic changes of individuals’ preventive behavior over the novel coronavirus outbreak. It is unknown how preventive behaviors in Iranian people have changed during first 3 mo of outbreak. This study aimed to investigate Iranian preventive behaviors separately for each month after the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Iran and understand the dynamic changes of behaviors over this period.
METHODS
Design and Sampling
A cross-sectional survey of 1477 adults aged 18 y and older in 31 provinces of Iran was conducted to assess individuals’ preventive behaviors during the first 3 mo of the outbreak. Data were collected by an anonymous online questionnaire and was compiled over 7 days from May 21, 2020, to May 28, 2020. Inclusion criteria were: ages above 18 y, ability to read Persian, and access to social networks. After data collection, incomplete questionnaires were excluded. A snowball and convenience sampling were adopted. The major platforms for distribution of the online questionnaire were social networks, including WhatsApp, Telegram, and Instagram. These applications are the most popular social media sites in Iran. First, the online questionnaire was disseminated to news, educational, entertainment, and university students’ groups in social media apps and then members were encouraged to pass it on to their friends and other groups. To prevent duplicate responses to our online questionnaire, we chose Internet provider (IP)-based duplicate protection.
Data Collection Tool
Data were collected with an anonymous online questionnaire, including 2 parts; Part 1 was related to demographic characteristics data were collected on age, gender, province, level of education, employment status, and history of the infection with COVID-19 (Table 1).
TABLE 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Sample (N = 1477)
Part 2 was the preventive behaviors against COVID-19 questionnaire (PBCQ). A 3-point Likert scale, “never,” “sometimes,” and “always” was developed to evaluate individuals’ preventive behaviors against COVID-19. The PBCQ was a self-administered questionnaire and consisted of 12 items, including wearing a face mask in public places; staying at home; avoiding public places as much as possible; keeping social distance; washing hands for at least 20 s; washing or disinfecting bought items; covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing; discarding gloves, mask, tissues, and all infected things into closed bag; avoiding shaking hands, hugging, or kissing people; avoiding use of public transport; avoiding reusing disposable gloves and masks; and avoiding going to parties or relative’s/friends’ houses. To assess individuals’ protective behaviors against COVID-19 in each month separately, all the PBCQ items were rated never to always separately for 3 mo. The first cases of novel coronavirus were officially announced in Iran on February 19, 2020. So, we assessed individuals’ preventive behaviors against COVID-19 from February 19 to May 20: “February 19 to March 19 (first month)”, “March 20 to April 19 (second month)”, and “April 31 to May 20 (third month).”
Content validity was used to determine the validity of the PBCQ. We asked 10 infectious disease doctors and health faculty members who had expertise in novel coronavirus to revise and validate PBCQ, and all of their recommendations were implemented. Finally, content validity index was calculated for the PBCQ and all items were higher than 0.8. The internal consistency method was used to ensure the reliability of the PBC scale. We asked 30 individuals to fill out the PBCQ, and then we calculated Cronbach’s alpha which was equal to 0.89.
Ethical Approval
The medical ethics committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences approved the study (approval number: IR.MUBABOL.REC.1399.152). An electronic informed consent was obtained from research subjects before collecting data and they were assured of confidentiality and anonymity.
RESULTS
Preventive Behaviors
Our analyses indicate that engagement in all preventive behaviors had a peak in the second month (March 20 to April 19). Engaging in the most of preventive behaviors obviously declined during the third month (April 31 to May 20), such as “wearing a face mask in public places,” “staying at home and avoiding public places as much as possible,” “keeping a safe distance from others,” “washing or disinfecting the bought items,” “avoiding use of public transport,” and “avoiding going to party or relatives/friends’ houses” (Figures 1 and 2).
FIGURE 1 Distribution of Responses to the 5 Items with the Lowest Level of Reported Engagement in Preventive Behavior.
FIGURE 2 Distribution of Responses to the 7 Items with the highest Level of Reported Engagement in Preventive Behavior.
The percentage of respondents’ engagement in preventive behaviors was calculated by 3 mo separately and overall. Overall, engagement in preventive behaviors was relatively acceptable and more than 45% of participants always carried out all preventive behaviors (Table 2). Engagement in some preventive behaviors, such as wearing a face mask in public places; keeping a safe distance from others; avoiding reusing disposable gloves and mask and discarding gloves, masks, and infected things into a closed bag; was observed lees than other behaviors. The highest level of engagement was related to some behaviors such as avoiding shaking hands, hugging, or kissing; avoiding going to restaurant and café; and covering the mouth and nose when coughing (Figures 1 and 2).
TABLE 2 Percentage of Responses to Items Regarding Preventive Behaviors Over Time
The subjects reported engaging in the 3 most important protective behaviors stratified by demographic variables. There was no statistically significant difference in the engaging in preventive behaviors by age, education level, and infection with COVID-19 (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the engagement in preventive behaviors by gender and occupation, as shown in Table 3. Engagement in the preventive behaviors was significantly higher in females and health workers than other participants (P < 0.001).
TABLE 3 Percentage of Engagement in the Most Important Preventive Behaviors in Iranian Population Stratified by Gender and Occupation
DISCUSSION
The noticeable global impact of COVID-19 not only has a strong effect on people who were infected with the coronavirus, but also extends to all people in the affected countries. Iran, being among the first countries after China to deal with the COVID-19 outbreak, and almost 4 mo after the government confirmed the first known case (February 19, 2020), the incidence of the disease in some cities of Iran remains high.Reference Abdi6 The (Iranian) government has expressed serious concern about the new waves of the outbreak, during October, November, and December 2020. Given the ongoing rampant nature of COVID-19 and in the absence of special pharmaceutical interventions, changing behavior is the main key to preventing transmission of the virus.Reference Tuite, Bogoch and Sherbo3 Understanding the public response and preventive actions to break the transmission chain of COVID-19 during first 3 mo after confirmation COVID-19 in Iran, may help government and health ministry to improve their implication about new waves of the outbreak and new infectious diseases in the future.
Based on the results of this study, engagement in preventive behaviors in the second month of outbreak (March 20 to April 19) considered better than first and third months. Nowruz is the name of the Iranian New Year and occurs on March 21. For 13 days, Iranians celebrate with various traditions, and most importantly, with visiting family and traveling around Iran. Iranian authorities stated that the most important way to control the outbreak on Nowruz is social distancing by reducing traveling, and canceling unnecessary trips, as well as staying at home under voluntary home quarantine.Reference Kaffashi and Jahani18,Reference Heidari and Sayfouri19 The health ministry announced that public screening to detect coronavirus would be underway at airports, railway stations, and the city entrances and exits during Nowruz. Also, restrictions have been put in place for all travelers arriving from outside the province and all travel deemed unnecessary has been prohibited.Reference Heidari and Sayfouri19 Imposing severe restrictions on traveling during Nowruz is a justifiable reason for improving the respondents’ compliance toward some preventive behaviors such as “staying at home” in the second month of the outbreak. Moreover, improving the respondents’ compliance toward preventive behaviors coincided with a first peak of COVID-19 deaths and new cases in Iran.
According to a report released by the Iranian Health Ministry, the COVID-19 epidemic trend in Iran raised from March 22, 2020, and reached a peak during March 24, 2020, to April 8, 2020. The highest number of coronavirus deaths was recorded during March 15, 2020 to April 15, 2020.Reference Roy, Tripathy and Kar4 A study carried out in the United Kingdom found that fear of COVID-19 and its morbidity or mortality rates was an important predictor of positive behavior change.Reference Harper, Satchell and Fido20 In the other studies, an association has been found between the perceived severity of disease during an outbreak and carrying out preventive behaviors.Reference Morrison and Yardley21,Reference Lau, Yang and Tsui22 In addition to the high morbidity and mortality rate over this period, the government imposed the most restrictions on people traveling, quarantine in cities, and closing public place during this time. Government pressure also seems to have been effective in improving preventive behaviors during second month. Social and governments pressure has been shown to be related to wearing face masks during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Reference Tang and Wong23 and in term of other preventive behaviors, such as personal cleanliness and home hygiene among adults.Reference Tang and Wong24 A relationship has been found in Canada between social pressure and compliance with quarantine.Reference Cava, Fay and Beanlands25
Engagement in most of preventive behaviors obviously declined during third month. Engaging in the preventive behaviors is expected to change over the period of the novel coronavirus outbreak because government policies, information about disease, and psychological situation of people change as the virus pandemic develops.Reference Wise, Zbozinek and Michelini16 Researches on past outbreaks have shown that negative emotions, such as fear of disease and anxiety, motivate a range of preventive behaviors that reduce the engagement in precarious behaviors. It should be noted that, gradually people cope with fear of new virus and they deal with feelings of anxiety; therefore, a reduction in preventive behavior due to coping of people with fear is predictable. Other studies have shown that anxiety, stress, and fear of infection in the time of pandemic have a functional role, and are related to increased compliance of preventive behaviors. However, long-term stress and fear of corona virus was related to decreased psychological, physical, and social well-being.Reference Harper, Satchell and Fido20,Reference Pakpour and Griffiths26 In terms of the psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak in Iran, a study showed that the severity of psychological distress, such as stress, depression, and mental exhaustion, was high among the Iranian population.Reference Vahedian-Azimi, Moayed and Rahimibashar27 It seems that, emotional exhaustion during first 2 mo of coronavirus isolation and easing restrictions during third month played an important role in reducing compliance toward preventive behaviors.
Our analyses indicate that overall compliance toward preventive behaviors was relatively acceptable, and more than 45% of participants always carried out all preventive behaviors. A study carried out in the United States characterized people’s engagement in preventive behaviors over the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the results indicated that most of the subjects reported carrying out the protective behaviors with increasing frequency.Reference Wise, Zbozinek and Michelini16 A study carried out in Myanmar found that Myanmar adults have low knowledge and inadequate preventive behaviors to prevent spread of the novel coronavirus. According to their study, only 22% reported good preventive behaviors, 45% of participants frequently wash their hands, 47% of participants always cover the mouth and nose during sneezing or coughing, and just 34% of participants avoided travel. This study indicated that the differences in carrying out protective behaviors between Myanmar and other countries might be due to the lack of knowledge toward the novel coronavirus in this country.Reference Murugeswari and Rajeswari28
Our findings indicate that wearing a face mask in public places and avoiding reusing disposable gloves and masks were in the lowest levels of compliance. It may be due to shortage of face masks and gloves and rising cost of face masks in Iran. In addition to this problem, contradicting recommendations were provided by health authorities on the efficacy of face masks to limit the transmission of COVID-19.Reference Marasinghe29 It has been found that there is association between perceived efficacy of behavior and carrying out preventive behaviors during the outbreak of swine flu.Reference Rubin, Amlôt and Page30 Studies have found a relationship between perceived efficacy of wearing face masks to protect against influenza and SARS and intentions to carrying out this behavior.Reference Lau, Kim and Tsui31-Reference Lau, Yang and Tsui33 An association also has been found between the perceived barriers and costs to protective behaviors and carrying them out. A qualitative study carried out in the United Kingdom found that people experienced some barriers to carrying out protective behaviors in the event of a pandemic, such as shortages of sanitary products or lack of space to keep social distance from other people.Reference Abdi6
Our findings demonstrated that engagement in the preventive behaviors was significantly higher in females and health workers than other participants. Our results were similar to another study during COVID-19.Reference Imtiaz, Hossain and Khan34 According to some studies, during a pandemic, compliance rates were associated with some demographic characteristics: females and health-care workers had higher overall compliance scores than males and other occupational groups.Reference Imtiaz, Hossain and Khan34,Reference Bish and Michie35 Compared with the general population, health-care providers have higher health literacy as well as, due to duty calls, they are more likely to come in contact with COVID-19 carriers, putting them at a greater risk of contracting the infection and spreading it to others.Reference Naser, Dahmash and Al-Rousan36 Therefore, it is to be expected that engagement in the preventive behaviors was significantly higher in the health-care providers than other occupational groups. Moreover, psychological studies showed that the level of COVID-19-related anxiety was higher among women and health-care providers. Studies showed that disease-related anxiety is a powerful motivating factor that increases the engagement in preventive behaviors.Reference Wang, Pan and Wan12,Reference Naser, Dahmash and Al-Rousan36
CONCLUSIONS
The importance of this study lies in providing insights into public response and preventive actions during a critical phase in the developing situation. Our findings indicated that, although public compliance toward preventive behaviors was relatively acceptable during the first 2 mo, it has declined gradually. This is a warning for public health decision makers. COVID-19 is still a crucial issue in Iran, and it is necessary that government decisions be based on the fact that Iranian people must live with the coronavirus for months, with full caution and compliance toward all preventive care protocols. The government should focus on reducing the anxiety and stress associated with COVID-19, managing emotional exhaustion, increasing the risk awareness and encouraging appropriate behavioral change. Also, it is important that the government effectively explain the preventive measures to all citizens if it is to improve public response.
Acknowledgments
Our research was supported by the Babol University of Medical Sciences. We thank all of the respectful individuals who helped us in this study.
Funding
This study supported by Babol University of Medical Sciences study (Approval number: IR.MUBABOL.REC.1399.152).
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualization: S.M., A.S. Data collection: S.M., T.A., F.G., A.S. Formal analysis: S.M. Funding acquisition: A.S. Methodology: S.M., F.G., T.A. Project administration: A.S., S.M. Writing - original draft: S.M., T.A. Writing - review & editing: A.S., F.G., T.A.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this study.
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