Index
10th WTO Ministerial Conference, 209
15th China-EU Summit, 459
16th China-EU Summit, 459
1995 Taiwan Strait Crisis, 405
2005 Hong Kong Declaration, 239
2007 Corporate Income Tax Law, 436
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, 86
2008 financial crisis, 33
2015 Paris Accord, 522
2021 Global Innovation Index, 89
Administrative Litigation Law (“ALL”), 118
African Swine Fever, 154
African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, 35
Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), 517
Agreement on Services (GATS), 518
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM), 24, 59, 60, 237, 241, 261, 282, 284, 285, 517, 527
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), 517
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, 27
agriculture, 9, 24, 51, 99, 147, 153, 191, 192, 208, 209, 214, , 259, 278, 309, 389, 398, 409, 414, 419, 420, 422, 433, 516,
Albania, 76
Alstom, 190
American business community, 408
American imperium, 197
Ansung v. China, 473
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), 102
antidumping (AD), 417
Appellate Body, 40, 125, 152, 155, 183, 196, 199, 252, 280, 284, 285, 387, 401, 404, 417, 484, 515, 520
Armenia, 85
ASEAN-China Investment Agreement, 477
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 211
AsiaPhos v. China, 473
Australia, 13, 40, 60, 67, 89, 127, 133, 144, , 236, 237, 239, 268, 308, 334, 341, 342, 348, 474, 494
authorization procedures, 459
automobiles original equipment manufacturing (OEM), 502
Beijing Arbitration Commission (BAC), 488
Beijing Commerce Bureau, 172
Beijing Model, 52
Beijing Shougang et al. v. Mongolia, 471,
benign neglect, 99
Big Tech, 230
bilateral analysis, 335
bilateral economic threats, 343
Bilateral Evaluation and Dispute Resolution Office, 390
bilateral trade policy interactions, 351
Bilaterals I, 309
Bilaterals II, 309
blanket flexibilities, 60
Bloomberg News, 174
Bombardier, 190
“bottom–up” approach, 233
Brazil, 11, 36, 37, 51, 102, , 191, 194, 211, 217, 220, 229, 231, 232, 243, 245, 453, 463, 464, 494, 502
Brazilian submission, 235
Broches test, 479
BUCG v. Yemen, 479
Build Back Better plan, 425
Build Back Better World Partnership, 529
“build-operate-transfer” projects, 435
business activity, 503
Catalogue, 172
Catalogue of laws, 30
Catalogue of Sensitive Sectors for Overseas Investment, 442
Catholicism, 109
causality, 351
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 254
Center on Inclusive Trade and Development (CITD), 400
central government, 473
China, , , 21, 22, 29, 34, 36, 38, , 45, 61, 62, , 81, 82, 86, 87, 91, 92, 94, 110, 121, 164, 165, 176, 183, 217, 219, 236, 244, 268, 279, 310, 336, 340, 346, 348, 463, 468, 477, 494
agricultural exports, 132
approach, 264
challenge for, 291
economic growth of, 83
exclusion of, 374
export growth, 376
fisheries sector, 243
foreign trade, 46
impact on TRIPS, 99
imports, 499
innovative turn, 92
inward and outward FDI, 34
livestock production, 139
national security, 474
paradox, 186
participation, 227
perception of, 334
regulation of FDI, 432
regulation of ODI, 438
strategy, 261
tariff rates of, 23
trade and agricultural policy, 140
trade war, 152
trajectory of, 408
TRIPS impact on, 98
withdrawal of, 373
China – AD/CVD on Barley (Australia), 152
China – AD/CVD on Wine (Australia), 152
China – Agricultural Producers, 151
China – Certain Measures on the Transfer of Technology, 96
China – Measures Affecting Financial Information Services and Foreign Financial Information Suppliers, 96
China – Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum, 164
China – Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, 164
China – Publications and Audiovisual Products, 263
China – Raw Materials and China – Rare Earths, 263
china anniversary, 90
China Business Climate Survey Report 2020, 30
China Business Climate Survey Report 2021, 28
China Economic Net, 29
China Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Gazette, 30
China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC), 488
China Programme, 210
China Trade Policy Review Report, 24
China WTO Tribune, 52
China-Canada BIT, 477
China – Canola Seed (Canada), 152
China – Certain Measures affecting Imports of Sugar, 151
China-Peru BIT, 481
China-Publications Case, 64
China-Switzerland PTA, 12
China-US investment agreement, 458
China-US trade war, 393
China-USA trade frictions, 39
Chinese
administrative law, 123
assertiveness, 174
behavior, 8
compliance, 9
culture, 2
economic coercion, 174
export exposure, 378
fiscal policy, 165
government policy, 363
greenfield FDI,
incentives, 361
industry, 42
laws and regulations, 160
legal system, 2
politics, 121
respondents, 281,
service sector, 362
Chinese company law, 437
Chinese Economic Stimulus Program, 87
Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 46
Chinese renminbi (RMB), 412
Chinese-Foreign cooperative enterprises, 27
Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures, 27
City of London Corporations’ Green Finance Initiative, 446
clauses on expropriation, 455
coherent rules, 230
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, 100
Common Concern of Humankind (CCH), ,
compensation hypothesis, 327
compensation thesis, 305
competition policy, 291
Complaining Party, 388
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the EU (CETA), 482
compulsory licensing, 517
computable general equilibrium models (CGE), 498
Confucian thought, 116
consumer boycotts, 168
consumer goods, 187
consumer protection, 235
contemporary world economy, 351
Contract Law of the PRC, 435
contracting parties, 456
Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 484
Convention on Settlement of International Investment Disputes between States and the Nationals of Other States, 482
cotton exports, 137
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 100
Council of States, 326
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 400
Covax, 522
cross-border digital transactions, 277
cross-border investment, 37
cyber sovereignty, 235
cybersecurity laws, 235
data blocs, 279
data localization requirements, 235
Data Security Law, 172
Declaration on the Right to Development, 188
developed country, 11, 29, 34, 51, , 143, 207, 211, 214, 216, 218, 219, 221, 236, 240, , 280, 282, 455, 456
developing country, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 16, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, , 47, 51, 54, 60, 96, , 143, 171, 184, 186, , , , , , 229, , , , 280, 281, 287, 288, 292, 293, 337, 455, 456, 462, 463,
digital profits tax, 230
digital services tax, 230
digital technologies, 279
digital transformation, 231
dispute settlement crisis, 292
distributional effects of trade, 313
Doha Development Round, 222
domestic grain production, 144
domestic industrial development, 236
donor pool B, 8, ,
Eastern Europe, 515
economic coercive strategy, 175
economic development, 198
economic insecurity, 306
economic reform, 46, 49, 111, 113, 114, 120, 123, 125, 128, 129, 138, 161, 162, 252, 254, 266, 269, 408, 460
economic resilience, 396
economic strategy, 93
Economic Vulnerability Index, 217
economy, , 8, 13, 22, , 39, , 45, , 53, , 59, 69, , , , 87, 89, , , 115, 119, 121, 124, , 138, 153, , , , 190, 193, 197, 204, 213, 220, 230, 236, 248, 253, , 277, , 286, , , 305, 309, 312, 328, 351, 361, 376, , , , , , 410, 412, , 418, 420, , , 443, 455, 458, 462, 468, , 498, 501, 510, 515, 521, 524, 530
education, 350
Egypt, 501
Ekran v. China, 473
Electronic Commerce Work Programme, 234
electronic components, 502
electronic transmissions, 235
Emerging Markets, 247
employment protection regulation, 306
Enabling e-commerce initiative, 64
Enquiry Points, 31
Entity List, 170
Environmental Goods Agreement, 286
Environmental Impact Assessment Law, 444
equal countermeasures, 172
Estonia, 85
Eurasia, 38
European Chamber, 29
European Economic Area, 309
European Economic Community (EEC), 127
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 326
European investment treaty,
European labor markets, 306
European Parliament, 459
European Union (EU), 11, 36, 39, 40, 58, 60, 62, 96, 164, 195, 227, 241, 279, 301, 309, 364, 367, 371, 373, 391, 498, 515
Expansion of the Information Technology Agreement, 215
Export Control Law (ECL),
export orientation, 313
extensive evidence, 277
external benchmark, 27
fair and equitable treatment (FET), 455
fair use, 517
Financial Express, 244
Finland, 89
flanking measures, 309
food and beverages, 502
forcing technology transfer, 268
foreign business share, 313
foreign competition, 192
foreign direct investment (FDI), 6, 15, 28, 32, 87, , , 442, 443, 447, 454, 458, 491, 500, 501, 503, 505
foreign discrimination, 376
Foreign Exchange Administration, 439
foreign insurance institutions, 29
foreign intellectual property assets, 93
Foreign Trade Law, 169
Foreign Trade Law of the People’s Republic of China, 66
foreign trade policy, 486
foreign trade rights, 23
foreign trade vitality, 23
foreign-capital enterprises, 27
Fourteenth Five-Year Plan (2021–2025), 448
Fourteenth National Congress of the Communist Party, 47
Fourth Amendment to the Patent Law, 94
France, 367
Free Trade Zone (FTZ), 63
full compliance, 69
G-20, 425
G-7, 425
Gazette of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, 30
GE (General Electric), 190
General Administration of Customs, 31
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 46, 47, 53, , , 175, 184, 197, 227, 241, 246, 278, 516, 518
General Customs Administration, 46
Geneva, 214
Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 418
German citizens, 348
German respondents, 348
Glasgow Climate Pact, 521
global economic cooperation, 43
global economic growth, 41
global fishing, 241
Global Innovation Index, 94
global prices, 144
Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi), 204
global trade community, 16
global trade flow matrix, 368
global trade policy community, 8
Go Out policy, 497
Goh v. China, 473
Going Abroad Strategy, 487
going out strategy, 439
Great Leap Forward, 111
Green Finance Committee, 446
Green Investment Principles, 446
Green Party, 326
GTA database,
ideological divide, 523
idiosyncratic factors, 247
illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU), 239
import materials, 41
independent intellectual property, 93
India, 11, 40, 48, 51, 54, , 141, 151, 191, , , , 217, 220, 223, , 231, 233, , , 247, 283, , 304, 425, 453, 463, 474, 491, 501
India’s Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal, 244
Informal Dialogue on Plastics Pollution, 294
informal empire, 197
Informal WTO Ministerial Meeting, 38
Information Office of the State Council, 261
Information Technology Agreement, 286
Initiative on Investment Facilitation, 38
intellectual property (IP), 89
intellectual property courts, 30
intellectual property right (IPR), 2, 7, 8, 21, 29, 59, 89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 100, 104, 259, 366, 410, 414, 420, 514
intellectual property system, 93
interdisciplinary approach, 3
Interim Measures for the Administration of Approval of Overseas Investment Projects, 440
International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology, 96
international competitiveness, 49
international health, 522
international monetary relations, 453
international political competition, 334
international power, 351
International Registration of Marks, 94
International Relations (IR), 334
International Standard Classification of Occupations, 311
International Table Tennis Federation, 61
international trade economists, 366
internet censorship, 235
interpretive errors, 61
Investment Court System, 461
investment liberalization, 291
investment related agenda, 16
investor-state arbitration (ISA), 469,
ISA plus model, 488
Japanese government, 128
Joint Ministerial Statement, 464
Joint Ministerial Statement on Investment Facilitation for Development, 38
JSI 2017, 234
judicial sovereignty, 480
labor standards, 291
Law Against Unfair Competition, 94
Law of the PRC on Chinese-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures, 435
Law of the PRC on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, 435
Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, 96
lawlessness, 117
Layne, Christopher, 197
League of Nations, 126
legalism,
Legislation Law of the People’s Republic of China, 30
Lithuania, 85
low education, 311
Lucky Goldstar (LG), 494
Macro v. China, 473
Made in China 2025 plan, 423
Majority Chief Trade Counsel, 111
Malta, 457
Marine Science, 244
market access, 1, 6, 27, 32, 48, 63, 92, 97, 123, 124, 130, 140, 153, 175, 192, 206, 211, 218, 219, 232, 235, 259, 260, 288, 308, 361, 369, , 376, , 410, 423, 437, , 462, 493, 516, 518
Measurement and Observation of Social Attitudes in Switzerland survey (MOSAiCH), 308
media exposure, 313
Members of Parliament (MPs), 326
Memorandum on China’s Foreign Trade Regime, 47
middle-income trap, 93
Mid-east and Latin America, 38
Ministerial Luncheon Meeting on Investment Facilitation for Development, 38
Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM), 52, 58, 65, 66, 68, 170, 264, 267, 431, 439, 440, 442, 446, 447, 469, 472, 483, 484
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, 431
multilateral investment rules, 37
multilateral trade cooperation, 39
multinational corporations, 230
Myitsone project, 446
Nairobi Ministerial Conference, 219
Nairobi Ministerial Declaration, 193
National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 288
National Economic Council, 495
National Intellectual Property Administration, 30
National Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Program, 93
National People’s Congress Legislative Affairs Commission, 118
national-populist reactions, 302
Negotiating Group on Rules, 239
Nepal, 77
Nicaragua, 304
NME methodology, 58
non-agricultural market access (NAMA), 228
non-Chinese
export exposure, 377
Normal Trade Relations (NTR), 406
nullification impairment remedy, 127
occupational training, 307
Oilseeds panel, 128
One Belt One Road initiative, 497
One Country Two Systems (OCTS), 475
Opinions on Encouraging and Regulating Foreign Investment and Cooperation, 440
Opium War, 51
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 145, 194, 195, 211, 292, 305, 425, 448, 452, 458
Ottawa Group proposal, 294
Pacific Ocean, 243
Paraguay, 232
partial withdrawal, 120
Party hierarchy, 121
per capita food supply, 138
Peru, 239
The Phase One Economic and Trade Agreement, 153
Phase One trade agreement, 490
Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, 482
planned commodity economy, 47
policy autonomy, 236
political freedom, 111
political pluralism, 404
political stalemate, 520
poor financial situation, 311
population and income growth, 138
Portugal, 475
private property, 120
Proclamation of the Ministry of Finance, 31
Proclamation of the People’s Bank of China, 31
Pro-CN PTA, 310
Producer Support Estimate (PSE), 145
Pro-EU PTA, 310
pro-globalization compensation, 312
Protocol of Accession, 164
purchasing power parity (PPP), 187
rail equipment, 190
Raw Materials, 164
reciprocal provision, 456
reciprocal trade policy acts, 367
Regional Economic Cooperation Partnership, 40
Regulations for the Protection of Computer Software, 29
Regulations for the Protection of Layout-design of Integrated Circuits, 29
Regulations on Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, 91
Regulations on Procedures for the Formulation of Administrative Regulations, 30
Regulations on Procedures for the Formulation of Rules, 30
Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China, 21
Republic of China, 46
Republic of Korea, 40
Request for Information, 390
respondents, 36, 133, 147, 252, 254, 264, 275, 281, , , , 308, , 316, 321, 325, 335, , 348, 350, 352, 387, 485
right ideology, 312
Road and Belt Initiative of China, 529
rule-making power, 197
Russo-Georgian War, 84
Rwanda, 233
safeguards, 26, 27, 51, 53, 65, 67, 68, 122, 151, 220, 228, 260, 269, 280, 383, , 439, , 515, 520, 529
Samsung, 494
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Committee, 147
sanitary registration, 41
Sanum v. Laos, 474,
Schedule of Concessions, 22
science and technology, 93
Second World War, 197
security, 14, 40, 65, 111, 116, 120, 170, 171, 174, 219, 230, 235, 239, 260, , , 334, 351, 392, 396, , , 411, 413, , , , , 444, 446, 474, 494, , 514, 518, 520
selective adaption, 99
service sectors, 29
services, 1, 6, , 27, 29, 41, 54, 64, 97, 153, 170, 175, 230, 233, 235, 259, 262, 267, 277, 286, 310, 311, 313, , 397, 407, , 414, 420, 422, 458, 460, 493, 504, 516, 518, 521,
Shenzhen Court of International Arbitration (SCIA), 488
Siemens, 190
Silk Road initiative, 243
Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures Law, 433
small-scale fisheries (SSF), 238
South China Morning Post (SCMP), 213
Southeast Asia, 491
special administrative region (SARs), , 489
special and differential treatment (SDT), 2, 10, 11, 60, 188, 189, , 199, 205, , 229, 231, 239, 240, , 287, 288
special safeguard mechanism (SSM), 192
specific trade concerns (STCs), 283
Sri Lanka, 232
Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, 27
State Administration for Industry and Commerce, 431
State Administration of Foreign Exchange, 431
State Council Gazette, 30
State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, 171
State Economic Commission, 46
State Intellectual Property Office, 93
state-invested enterprises (SIEs), 267
state-trading-enterprises (STE), 151
strategic intentions, 49
structural reform, 39
subcentral governments, 60
subsidies, 11, 24, 27, 130, 143, 151, , 198, 219, 237, 239, 278, 282
amber box, 26
Australian, 126
blue box, 26
domestic, 244
fossil fuel, 294
green box, 26
irrational, 244
non-litigable, 279
war-time, 127
Supreme People’s Procuratorate, 91
surrogate country, 27
sustainable and equitable fisheries, 237
Swiss National Council, 326
systematic impact, 474
Taiwan-invested enterprises, 27
tariffs, 22, 24, 40, , , 63, , 69, 97, 122, , 130, 132, , 143, 146, 155, , 166, 184, , 236, 264, 286, 333, , , 346, 348, 350, 360, 367, 374, , 388, 393, 398, 401, 404, 409, , , , 514, , 519, , 528, 530
tax avoidance, 230
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), 517
technological de-coupling, 176
technological progress, 41
technological revolution, 39
technology diffusion, 516
Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, 440
textiles and chemicals, 502
Third Amendment to the Copyright Law, 94
Third Amendment to the Trademark Law, 94
top-down approach, 233
Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), 305
Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions, 294
trade discrimination, , , 374,
trade enforcement, 387
Trade Expansion Act, 492
trade liberalization, 5, 12, 42, 138, 193, 205, 227, 238, 239, 292, 301, 302, , 310, , 316, 323, , 411
Trade Monitoring Database (TMDB), 366
trade policy, 351
Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB), 288
Trade Policy Review Mechanism, 282
trade politics, 339
trade war, 1, 3, 6, 9, 15, 55, 63, 66, 73, 90, 97, 133, 147, 152, 153, 155, 160, 184, 254, 333, , 339, 341, 351, 361, 374, 378, 383, 385, , 486, , , 510
trade-distorting policies, 188
trading partner, , 5, , , 16, 103, , , 184, 283, 285, 290, 293, 306, 309, 312, , , 346, 348, , , , , 385, 415, 425, 485
transparency, 11, 21, 22, , 37, 111, 123, 153, , 244, 261, , 276, , 286, 292, 294, 366, , 414, , 426, 459, , 464, 472, 483, 516
transportation and warehousing, 502
Trilateral Group, 196
TRIM Agreement, 27
Ukraine, 515
UN human Development Index (HDI), 238
undernourishment, 138
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, 36
unfair competition law, 94
unfavourable panel rulings, 269
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 124
unilateral commercial policy, 362
unilateral economic sanctions, 167
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 521
United Sates Census Bureau Foreign Trade Division, 66
United States – Tariff Measures on Certain Goods, 97
United States (U.S./US), , 5, 11, 13, 14, 16, 48, 58, , 68, , , 110, 127, 128, 151, 153, 164, 165, 169, 171, 176, 211, 227, 239, 244, 253, 277, 294, 306, 334, 341, 342, 364, 367, 371, 373, 374, 385, 388, 393, 409, 425, 490, 501
-China Economic and Security Commission, 421
–China Economic and Security Review Commission, 411
-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue, 384
-China tariff war, 514
-China trade, 173
-China Trade and Economic Agreement, 391
-China trade frictions, 174
-China trade relations, 381
Congress, 112
Department of Commerce’s Entity List, 170
-EU Trade and Technology Council, 280
House of Representatives, 110
Navy spy plane, 48
negotiator, 110
political parties, 111
respondents, 284
Senate Finance Committee, 111
Treasury Department, 495
United States Trade Representative (USTR), , 67, 68, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 110, 193, 254, 259, 266, 268, 281, , 385, 386, 388, 391, 405, 410, 411, 413, 414, 493, 495
Unreliable Entities List (UEL), 169
untargeted trade discrimination, 374
urban residence, 312
Uruguay, 232
US – Countervailing Measures, 62
US Export Controls Act of 2018, 170
US Mission in Geneva, 230
USDA’s Economic Research Service, 140
US-Mexico-Canada Agreement, 234
value proposition, 284
Vattenfall AB and others v. Federal Republic of Germany, 482
vignette treatments, 340
Warwick Commission, 186
Ways and Means Committee, 110
West European countries, 454
Western Europe, 457
Western Heaven, 48
Western sanctions, 168
Western trade attitudes, 335
White Paper on China’s IPR Protection, 30
worker-centric trade policy, 242
Working Group, 233
Working Party, 232
Working Party on the Accession of China, 435
World Bank and Development Research Center of the State Council, 34
World Health Organization (WHO), 522
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 89
World Trade Forum, 275
World Trade Organization (WTO), , 10, 21, 22, 39, 58, 68, 73, 75, 76, 89, 91, 95, , 109, 111, 112, 124, 127, 227, 252, 260, 275, 278, 360, 400, 468, 490, 492, 531
accession, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 21, 24, 26, 32, 40, 42, 49, 62, 73, 74, , 87, 89, 90, 93, 98, 99, 104, 110, 112, 113, 119, 120, 123, 162, 183, 219, 263, 266, 268, 292, 361, 363, 366, 376, 378, 382, 411, 429, 431, 432, 435, 436, 438, 439, 447, 448, 461, 485
Committee on Trade and Environment, 239
dispute settlement, 11, 16, 40, 50, 55, 65, 90, 92, 101, 102, 128, 131, 176, 206, 333, 337, 364, 384, 414, 495, 520
Enquiry Point, 31
health regulations, 521
membership, 45
Negotiating Group on Rules, 239
operations, 11
Public Forum, 245
regime, 248
Xi Jinping Thought, 121
Yugoslavia, 48
Open access