Index

doi:10.1017/9781108633628.017

Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to Figures; those in bold refer to Tables

Abercromby, Ralph, cloud expert 260, 271

cyclone diagram 261, 262

Adams, George, the Younger, electrometer (Wh.6648) 161, 162

Adelaide Gallery, London 125

Agar, Jon 293

Airy, George, Astronomer Royal 136

Åkerman, Anders, globe pairs 76

Alberti, Samuel 240

Allaun, Charles, patent for mechanical monkey calculator 242

almanacs

late medieval 52

see also calendars

Ampère, André-Marie 166

Anderson, Edgar, botanist 227

Anderson, Katharine 262

Anderson, Robert, Stereometrical Propositions 95

Angeli, Jacopo, renaming of Ptolemy’s Geography as Cosmography 58, 61

Antikythera mechanism 214

Antinori, Vincenzo 132

antiquaries, reconstruction of medieval instruments 41

Antique Art Galleries 200

Apian, Peter

Cosmographicus Liber (1524) 58, 59, 60–63, 67

navicula sundial (Wh.0731) 62, 62

and paper universal altitude sundial (organum Ptolomei) 59, 60, 62

and Ptolemy 60

Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (1975) 302

archaeology, and identification of astronomical instruments 40–44

arithmometers 154

Colmar’s 138, 148

armillary spheres 66, 68, 70

astrolabe Wh.0305 (Joannes Bos fake) 202, 204, 207, 208

astrolabe Wh.1264 (late medieval English astrolabe) 12–31, 13

calendar of feast days 18, 21–22, 22

dating 15

material 15

practicality of 30

and St George 28

settings (almucantars) 16, 17

size 15

stars marked on rete 19, 20

tympans (absent) 16

astrolabes 11

Chaucer’s Treatise on 19

instructions for making 36, 71

latitudes 16, 45

modifications and repairs 14

owners of 44–45

paper or wooden 41, 51

role in medieval culture 30

sale prices 198

Sloane 21, 26

Sutton’s universal 84

reverse print from 85

for timekeeping 17

astrological medicine 51

astrology

Arabic star names 19, 20

and Christianity 14

astronomical instruments

and archaeology 40–44

manuscripts and texts 35–41

owners 36

portable 33

practical uses for 35, 52

for teaching and reference 34

of wood 41

astronomical staff (Apian) 68, 71

astronomy 77see also cosmography

atlases 70

cosmographic 75

augrim (calculating) stones 39

Augustine of Canterbury, St 27

Automatic Coil Winder and Electrical Equipment Co. 182

auxanometer, self-recording (Wh.2766) 104, 105

Ayrton, William 176

Babbage, Benjamin Herschel 149

drawing 127

guidebook to difference engine model 126, 131

models by 125

Babbage, Charles

analytical engine project 128

autobiography 134

death 141

doctrine of immortality 143

house in Dorset Street 136–137, 144

inspired by Jacquard loom 129

and manufacturing 123, 128, 141

and memory 122, 128–129

and Polytechnic Institution 120

preservation of brain 142, 142

public funds for calculating engine 122

Treatise 129, 143

see also difference engine

Babbage, Charles Whitmore 149

Babbage, Henry

commemoration of father 143

and construction of mill of analytical engine 144–146, 151

construction of parts of father’s models 135, 140, 146, 148–150

early career 135–137

family 144

gifts to Cambridge 132

instructions for model 131, 150, 156–157

Memoirs 149–150

model of difference engine (Whipple Museum) (Wh.2339) 130, 131, 135, 154–155

move to Bromley 144

move to Cheltenham 150

and technical notation of drawings 139, 139

Babbage, Nevil Francis 130

Balfour, Arthur 285

Ball, Robert 153

Barbosa, António, Elementos de cosmografia (1926) 76

Barker, D.W. 270

Barozzi, Francesco 70

Bateson, William 276, 282

and Punnett 277, 283, 285

battery, Volta’s invention 160–161

Baxandall, David 152

Belleforest, François de 74

Bennett, Abraham 161

Bennett, Jim, on sundials as cosmographical instruments 55, 60, 81

Bergman, Tobern 75

Berkeley, Revd Miles Joseph 110

Bernal sale (1855) 203

Bernstein, Ralph 302

Biancani, Giuseppe 70

Biffen, Rowland 286

Bion, Nicolas, Stone’s translation of The Construction … of Mathematical Instruments 97

Birminghan Philosophical Society 148

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon 75

Blundeville, Thomas, Exercises 69

Bond, Wilfred Noel, cloud camera 265, 266

Bos, Joannes 214see also astrolabe (Wh.0305)

botanical instruments 103–107

botany

collectors 109, 113

cryptogamia (non-flowering plants) 104

systematic 107

taxonomic systems 102, 104

Botulph, St 25

Bowditch, Henry Ingersoll 125

Bowditch, Nathaniel 128

Boys, Charles Vernon 151, 153

Bradshawe, Mary (Min), wife of Henry Babbage 137, 141, 144

Bragg, Lawrence 207

brain, and terminology of intellectual labour 142

Brand, Stewart, Whole Earth Catalog (1968) 297, 311

Bredon, Simon, Oxford scholar 37

Bree, Revd William, botanist 113

British Association (for the Advancement of Science) 140

and analytical engine 145

Babbage’s models at 125

Committee on Electrical Standards 170

Henry Babbage’s lecture (1888) 151

British Broadcasting Company (BBC) 183

British Museum, acquisition of antique scientific instruments 190, 193, 203

Brooker, Arthur 172

Brunel, Isambard, Great Eastern 137, 140

Brunel, Marc 124

Bryden, David 84, 95, 154

and Babbage’s difference engine 135

Buxton, Harry 130

calculating machines 148see also calculators; Consul, the Educated Monkey; difference engine

calculators

hand held electronic calculator collection (Wh.4529) 291–311, 292

and ephemera 295, 295

HP-35 ‘electronic slide rule’ 295–299, 299

HP-65 programmable 291, 300–303, 301, 303

personalisation 295

programmable 302

programming infrastructure 304–306

user communities 310

calendars

on astrolabes 23

choice of, for astrolabes 26

of feast days, on Whipple astrolabe 18, 21–22, 22

use of saints’ days 22

Cambridge Philosophical Society 3

Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company 2, 103

galvanometers 159, 177–179

Cambridge University

1944 exhibition of Whipple collection 205

Department of History and Philosophy of Science 4, 188

genetics research at 285

Gotham Loan Chest 36

Canterbury, quadrant found in 47, 48

Carrington, Benjamin, botanist 102

Casella, L. P. 2

Castlemaine, Earl of, globe (Wh.1466) 78, 79

cataloguing projects, post-war 203

Catherine, St 28

Cave, Captain C. J. P. 257, 264, 272

Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge 132, 178, 204

Cedillo Díaz, Juan, professor of cosmography 72

Celtis, Conrad 63

Central Institution, South Kensington 176

Ceruzzi, Paul 310

Chad, St 25

Chaucer, Geoffrey

Canterbury Tales 38, 51

Treatise on the Astrolabe 19, 25, 36

Chaves, Alonso de 73

Chetham’s Library, Manchester 117

Chetwode, Buckinghamshire, quadrant found in 47, 48

chicken breeding 284, 286

and epistasis in comb types 278

chicken heads, plaster models (Wh.6547) 275, 276

limitations of 288

as teaching aid 282

for visualisation 282–285

chimpanzees, performing (US vaudeville) 249–253

Christianity, and astrology 14, 15

chronogram, on fake sundial 196

Clark, Constance 252

classification, of collections 207

Clement, Joseph

master engineer 123

workshop 124, 147

Clement, St 29

Clifford, William 142–143

clocks, mechanical 33, 66

cloud cameras (Wh.4416) 257–259, 258

early pinhole 264

fish-eye lens 257

obsolescence 273

translation from distortion to conventional image 265–268, 267

clouds 260–262

Abercromby’s cyclone diagram 261, 262

classification 260, 269

reference images of 271

and relation to pressure systems 263

universality of forms 261

see also meteorology

Cold War, and computers 301

collecting and collectors

and anomalous objects 214

botanical 109, 113

changing nature of 214–216

and classification 207

factors in Whipple’s interest in 210–212

as hobby 191

and visibility and legibility of objects 207

Collins, John

descriptions of quadrants 91–94

The Sector on a Quadrant … 86–90

Colmar, Charles Thomas de, arithmometer 138, 148

compass dials

diptych (Wh.1681) 68, 69

with nocturnals 45

portable 45–47, 51

compasses, magnetic 68

computers, mainframe 296

computers, personal

Altair 8800: 291

appeal of early 293

microcomputers and PCs 304, 310

and microprocessor technology 297

origins 291

ownership and autonomy 301

prices 302

Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) 296, 298

and social politics 297

and synthetic programming 309–310

Consul, the Educated Monkey, calculator toy (Wh.5821) 237–255, 238

advertisement for 253

appeal of 252–254

appearance 237, 252

as calculator 241–243

development of 241

fragility 243, 248

instructions 243, 245, 246, 249

mathematical puzzle in 246, 246

and Multe game 247–248

as teacher 241–248, 246

as toy 238, 248–254

Consul, trained chimpanzee 249

news coverage 250

Cooke, John, and Piltdown forgery 217

Cooke, William Fothergill 175

Coronelli, Vincenzo Maria 75, 79

Corrie, Susannah, moss collector 114

cosmographers 64

encyclopaedic cosmographies 70, 74

manufacture of sundials 63

cosmographical instruments 66–74

sundials as 55, 58–65

cosmography

historical use of term 79

school textbooks 76

textbooks 69–70

use of term in English 77

cosmography, Renaissance 55

apparent decline after 1600: 57, 74–79

and geography 61

and mathematics 69

and Ptolemy’s Geography 58, 69

Coulomb, Charles-Augustin, law of electrostatic force 163, 168

Crop, John 39

Curie, Pierre and Marie, electroscope 164

cylinder dials 38, 41

Dalton, James, copy of Hobson’s Musci Britannici 117

Danti, Egnatio 60

manufacture of instruments 64–65

Darwin, Charles, Académie des Sciences, Paris 103

Darwin, Francis 104

Darwin, Horace 2

botanical instruments 103

Daston, Lorraine 107, 240

Dawson, Charles, and Piltdown forgery 216

De la Rue, Warren 173

Delcambre, Colonel 264

Devonshire Commission on scientific instruction (1876) 127

Dewey, John 240, 244

Dick, Stephanie 294

difference engine (Babbage’s)

addition and carriage mechanisms 124, 140, 149

deemed a failure 147

demonstration models 125

displays 124, 136, 148

drawings by Benjamin Babbage 125

fragments of, as gifts 130

Henry Babbage’s models 146

machine tools for 123

at Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge 134

modern working version of second engine 154

public funds for 122, 136

relics on display 126

Whipple Museum segment (Wh.2339) 130, 131, 135

Digital Equipment Corporation, minicomputers 296

diptych compass dial (Wh.1681) 68, 69

Dobbys, Robert, owner of astrolabe 37

Dorsey, Noah Ernest 164

Drummond, Thomas, moss collector 110, 115

Duddell, William Du Bois 179–181

Dunn, Leslie Clarence 287

Dunstan, St 27–28

Dupin, Charles 125

Edinburgh, analytical engine mill on display 153

Edney, Matthew 80

education

mathematics 255

progressive theories of 240, 244–245, 254

see also teaching

Educational Novelty Company, Dayton, Ohio 239, 241, 243

Educational Toy Manufacturing Co. 243, 253

educational toys 241–248, 254

Edward I, King 29

Edward III, King 29

electrical measuring instruments 159

black-box technologies 159

development of 183–185

incomplete, in Whipple collection 184

see also electrometers; galvanometers

electricity, early detection of 161

electromagnetism, measurement of 160, 165

electrometers 161–165

Adams (Wh.6648) 161, 162

calibration 163

Curie-type gold-leaf (Wh.1353) 162, 164

gold-leaf 161

principles of 161

electroscopes 161, 163

to measure radioactivity 164

use for atmospheric electricity 165

Elliott Brothers, galvanometer 169, 170

Eton College, Musci Britannici copy 107

Evans, Lewis, collector of antique scientific instruments 48, 187

annotation of sales catalogues 188, 188, 192, 196

collection 189, 203

identification of fakes 196, 197, 203

and sundials 199

Evans, Sir Arthur 187

evolution, teaching of 252

exhibitions

1851 Great 122, 137

1862 South Kensington 121

1876 South Kensington 127

1911 Coronation 153

1944 Cambridge 205

1976 Science Museum 135

analytical engine mill in 153

exsiccatae (sets of dried specimens) 101

observational function of 103, 117

production of 110

Farr, William, General Register Office 121, 138, 143, 145

Ferguson, Richard Saul 22

Findlay, Sir John, collector 191

Finé, Oronce 60

De cosmographia sive mundi sphaera 69

De solaribus horologiis … 64

Finsbury Technical College 175

First World War, and meteorological research 259, 264

Fisher, William, bookseller 86

Fitzgerald, William, journalist 152

Fleming, John Ambrose 170

forgers, and response to market 220

forgery, detection of 201

difficulties of 212

international cooperation and data 202, 213, 220

metallurgical analysis 206–207

visibility and legibility 207, 214, 218

Foster, Professor George Carey 176

France, Office National Météorologique de 263

Franklin, John, Arctic expedition 155

Franks, Augustus Wollaston, collection of scientific instruments 203

Frederik Muller & Co., dealers 204, 208

Frisius, Gemma 60, 67

Froissart, Jean, L’orloge amoureus 33n2, 33

Fusoris, Jean, of Paris, astrolabe maker 21

Gallucci, Giovanni Paolo, Della fabrica et uso di diversi stromenti … 71

galvanometers 159–186

and astatic needle 167

AVOmeter 182

Ayrton–Mather type 169

D’Arsonval type 167

development of 166

and electromagnetism 165

‘Lineman’s Detector’ (Wh.3090) 169, 171–172

to measure strength of electrical current 160

and measurement of alternating currents (AC) 180

moving-coil 167

moving-coil pointer multimeter 179, 181–183

moving-coil reflecting (Wh.4190) 177–178, 177

moving-coil reflecting (Wh.4292) 184

moving-magnet 167

moving-magnet pointer (Helmholtz tangent type) (Wh.1347) 166

moving-magnet reflecting (Wh.0939) 169, 169–171, 185

standardised and bespoke 178–183

thermal reflecting (Wh.4045) 179, 179–181

and torsion balance 168

see also electrometers

Garton, William, engineer 136

Gatty, Margaret, The Book of Sun-dials (1872) 199

General Post Office, Telegraphic School of Science 172

Genetical Society of Great Britain 285

genetics 275–290

developments in 285–290

inheritance patterns 279

see also Mendel’s laws

geography 70, 77

and cosmography 61, 80

textbooks 75

George, St 27–28

Ginzburg, Carlo, ‘semiotic paradigm’ 204, 219

globes 76

celestial 66

cosmographical 67, 67

‘English’ or ‘Castlemaine’ (Wh.1466) 78, 78

pairs 76, 78

terrestrial 66

Goclenius, Rudolf, Cosmographiae seu sphaera mundi descriptionis 70

Gonville, Edmund 29

Good, John, account of Sutton quadrants 96–97

Gould, Rupert 134

Gower, John, Confessio Amantis 39

Gravatt, William 126, 138

Gray, Asa, botanist 103

Gray, John Edward, naturalist 114

Great Exhibition (1851) 122, 137

Gregorian calendar, on Sutton’s quadrant 98, 99

Gregory, Sir Richard 273

Greville, Robert Kaye, botanist 113

Gunther, Robert T. 188

Early Science in Cambridge 3

Guthrie, Edwin 148

hagiographies 27

Hall, Rupert, first director of Whipple Museum 202, 205

and Bos astrolabe 204

Halske AG, volt-ammeter 182

Hamilton, Gertrude 200

Harding, George, dealer in antique scientific instruments 192

Harris, John 99

The Description and Uses of … Globes 95

Hartree, Douglas 133–134

Harvard University, Babbage fragment in 149

Harvie, Thomas, commission for quadrant 88–89

Heilbron, John 161

Hele-Shaw, Henry, professor of engineering 146

Henley, William 161

Henryson, Robert 39

Hewlett-Packard Calculator Digest 311

Hewlett-Packard (HP) (Wh.4529) 296

HP-35 ‘electronic slide rule’ 295–299, 299

HP-41C 305, 309

HP-65 programmable calculator 291, 300–303, 301, 303

and HP-9100A 295, 298

library of user-submitted programs 304, 307

newsletter 304–307

and PPC (HP-65 Users Group) 307–310

support material 302, 303

Heylyn, Peter, Cosmographie in Foure Bookes 75

Hill, Robin

cloud camera (Wh.4416) 257–258, 258, 265–268, 271–272

and International Survey of the Sky 257

History of Science Lectures Committee 3

Hobson, Edward 107

Hooker and 108, 110, 113–114

Musci Britannici (Wh.4577) 101–118, 112

preparation of exsiccatae 110, 114

suppliers of specimens 113

home electronics hobby 183 see also calculators; computers

Hondius, Jodocus 75

Hooker, Joseph 142

enthusiasm for mosses 116

Hooker, R. H. 269

Hooker, William Jackson, botanist 104

copy of Hobson’s Musci Britannici 117

and Hobson 108, 110, 113–114

Muscologia Britannica with Thomas Taylor 105, 106, 115

Hookham, Francis, calculator collection (Wh.4529) 291, 292, 295

Hopwood, Arthur 251

Hopwood, Nick 276, 283

Hornaday, William 250, 252

Howard, Luke, cloud classification 260, 270

Humboldt, Alexander von 79

Babbage and 125

Hunterian Museum, Charles Babbage’s brain in 142, 142

Hurlock, George, bookseller 86

Hurt, John, will (1476) 36

Iberian Union (1580–1640) 73

IBM, System/360 mainframe 296

IEEE Computer Society, Computer Elements Technical Committee (1974) 304

Institution of Civil Engineers 140

International Cloud Atlas (1891) 260, 263, 270–271

International Survey of the Sky 257, 260, 269

importance of Hill’s cloud camera 263, 271

Janssonius, Johannes 75

Jardine, Boris 84

Jarvis, Charles, draughtsman 124, 136

Jesuits, Madrid, and cosmography 72

Jobs, Steve 291

John de Manthorp, vicar of Hayton 36

John of London, star list 19

Johnson, Boris 291

Jordanova, Ludmilla 4, 11

Journal of Genetics 285

Julian calendar, use on Sutton’s quadrant 97

Kant, Immanuel 75

Keith, Arthur, and Piltdown forgery 216, 217

Kelty, Chris 310

Kelvin, Lord see Thomson, William

Kennedy, John 309

King’s College, London 126, 136

Kiralfy, Imre, exhibitions 153

klinostat, botanical instrument 104

Lardner, Dionysius, science lecturer 122, 124, 138

latten (alloy) 15

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 303

Lennard-Jones, John 133

Les systèmes nuageux (French meteorological office) 263–265

Lestringant, Frank 74

Ley, Revd Clement 263, 270

Leyland, Roberts, botanist 114

libraries, medieval, astronomical instruments and manuscripts 40

Linnaeus, Carl, taxonomic system 105

Linnean Society of London 116

Lockyer, Norman 127

Lucy, St 28

Ludgate, Percy 153

Lyell, Charles 114–115

machine tools, for Babbage’s components 123

Macleay Museum, Sydney 130

Macock, J., printer 86

Maddison, Francis 34

Madrid

Imperial College (Jesuit) 72

Royal Mathematical Academy 72

Manchester Society of Chartered Accountants 148

manufacturing

artisan 120, 122, 129

Babbage and 123, 128

Margaret of Antioch, St 27, 29

Marke, John, instrument maker 95

Marshall, William Prime 148

Martin of Tours, St, hagiographies 28

Marx, Karl 128

mathematical authors 64, 70

mathematics

and cosmography 69

early modern culture of 56

Maurolico, Francesco 70

Maxwell, James Clerk 132

Mayer, Tobias, lunar globe 76

medicine, astrological 51

memory

mechanical (Babbage) 122, 128–129

and museums 119–121

Mendel, Gregor, hybridisation experiments 277

Mendel’s laws of genetics 276, 279, 286

of dominance 281

and epistasis 278

of independent assortment 281

role of factors (genes) 278

of segregation 281

Mensing, Anton, collector and dealer 201, 204, 208

astrolabe collection 211

Mercator, Gerard 60

Atlas 70, 75

Merrifield, Charles 145, 147

Merton College, Oxford, library 40

metallurgical analysis 12

and detection of forgeries 206–207

Meteorological Office 270

meteorology

amateur photographic contributions to 257, 259, 269–273

cloud study 260–262

coordination of photographs and synoptic charts 268–271

international cooperation in 257

synoptic mapping 262–265

and weather maps 264

see also cloud camera; clouds

microprocessor technology 297

microscope, Ellis aquatic (Hooker’s gift to Hobson) (Wh.1824) 108, 109

Mizauld, Antoine, De mundi sphaera sive cosmographia 69

models 275

and practical investigative strategies 289

as teaching aid 282, 290

see also chicken heads; Punnett square

Montessori, Maria 240, 244, 247

Moray, Sir Robert 94

Morden, Robert, globe-maker 95

Morgan, T. H., and fruit flies 288

Morland, Samuel 148

mosses see Musci Britannici

Moulton, John Fletcher 147

Mount, Richard, bookseller and publisher 96

Mount, William 96

Mountbatten, Earl 134

Moxon, Joseph, globe 78, 79

Munro, Robert William, instrument maker 146, 151–152, 152

Münster, Sebastian 60, 64, 70, 74–75

Musci Britannici (Edward Hobson) (Wh.4577) 101–118, 112

copies in public institutions 117

Hooker’s copy 117

making of 107–112

presentation of (exsiccatae) 101, 102

price 109

publication circuit 113–116

subscribers 113

Muscologia Britannica, Hooker & Taylor 105, 106

second edition 115

museums

acquisition of scientific instruments 190–192

and historical narratives 120

and memory 119–121

navicula sundials 48–50

in Apian (Wh.0731) 62, 62

Geneva 48

Greenwich 48

Oxford 48

provenance locations 49, 50

reconstructed (Wh.5902) 41, 42

Yorkshire 49

navigational charts, Spanish 72–73

Needham, Dorothy 280

Nelson, Richard J. 303

and PPC group 307–309

Netherlands, cosmographic atlases 75

New York Times 250, 301

Nicholas of Lynn, astronomer 25

Norwich, Whipple astrolabe associated with 16

Nuñez, Pedro 73, 77

Nuremberg, Kosmographische Gesellschaft 75

Nyburg, Henry, letter to Price 209

Nyhart, Lynn 283

Oakley, Kenneth, and Piltdown forgery 218

objects, as culture-carriers 240

Ohm, Georg Simon 160

Ohm’s law, on electrical resistance 160

Oldenburg, Henry 94

Olszewski, Margaret Maria 283

Opp, C. H., instrument maker 198

Ørsted, Hans Christian 160, 165

Osborne, Tom, and HP-9100A 295

Oughtred, William

circle of proportion 135

‘horizontal instrument’ 83, 89, 93

Oxford University

astronomical instruments 36

History of Science Museum 84

Evans’s collection 188, 203

Page, Thomas 96

Pease, Michael 282

Peel, Sir Robert, Prime Minister 136

Perner, Adam, instrument maker 198

Perse School Hall, Whipple collection in 4

Pestalozzi, Johan 240, 244, 247

‘Peter’, performing chimpanzee 250–251, 251

Philip II, King of Spain 72

Philip IV, King of Spain 72

photography, popularised 272

Pierrepont, Thomas, bookseller 86

Piltdown controversy 201, 216–219, 217

Pitt Rivers, Lt-General Augustus, collection 212

planimeters, Hele-Shaw and 146

Pliny the Elder 70

Plowden, William 137

Pollock, Frederick 132, 147

Polytechnic Institution, Regent Street, London 120

Popular Electronics 291

Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), astronomical instruments 42–44, 44, 46

Portugal, cosmography in 72, 76

Pouillet, Claude 166

Powerhouse Museum, Sydney 149

PPC (HP-65 Users Group) 307–311

Price, Charles, instrument maker 96

Price, Derek J. de Solla 34

and Antikythera mechanism 214

and Bos astrolabe 202, 204, 207, 208, 212

career 205

concept of ‘scientometrics’ 202, 215

‘Fake Antique Scientific Instruments’ (1956 paper) 201, 213

and fake scientific instruments 187, 190, 196

‘International Checklist of Astrolabes’ (1955) 209, 213

and international cooperation 213

methods of identifying fakes 204–210, 209

and Piltdown forgery 216–219

prints

of instruments bound into books 86

Sutton’s engraved reverse 85, 85

Ptolemy, Claudius

Almagest 39, 71

Geography 58

On the Analemma 62

Punnett, Reginald

and Cambar autosexing poultry breed 282

chicken heads 275

experimental poultry breeding 284, 286

Heredity in Poultry 281, 287

Mendelism 279, 286–287

work with Bateson 277–279, 283, 285

Punnett square 276, 279, 280, 281

as conceptual tool 286, 289

dissemination of 287

Puttick and Simpson, Auction Gallery 187, 192

buyers 192–194

catalogues 188, 188, 194

sale prices 195–199

quadrants 66

attribution of Collins’s to Sutton 99

Collins’s ‘small quadrant’ 91

‘great universal’ equatorial (Wh.2754) 91, 91–92

replacement solar declination (Wh.6644) 98, 98

‘horizontal quadrant’ 93

medieval 47–48, 48

projections 89–90

reverted tail 91–93, 92

‘small pocket quadrant’ (Wh.5831) 93, 93

Sutton’s 83–99

Quarterly Review 286

R. & J. Beck, cloud camera 257, 264, 266

radioactivity, measurement by electroscope 164

Rankin, Joy Lisi 294

Rede, William, Oxford scholar 37

Regiomontanus dial 62, 73

research

genetics 285, 289

industrial 173

meteorological 259, 264

Whipple model 4–7

Robertson, William Henry 241

and Consul, the Educated Monkey 238

patents 238, 239, 242, 253

Royal Air Force, and cloud camera 266

Royal Anthropological Institute, and Piltdown forgery 217

Royal Astronomical Society 152

Royal Institution 173

Babbage’s models at 125

Royal Meteorological Society 261, 272

Quarterly Journal 265, 267

Royal Society, Evolution Committee 286

Rutherford, Ernest 133

Ryan, Edward 141

Sachs, Julius 104

Sacrobosco, De sphaera 70

St Andrews, University of 283

saints’ days 22

English 27

and hagiographies 27

sandglasses 66

Sarum calendar 25

Saxton, Joseph, instrument maker 125

Scheutz, Georg and Edvard, difference engine 138, 139

Schneider, Norman 167

Schweigger, Johann 166

Science magazine, advertisements 182

Science Museum 126

1976 exhibition 135

analytical engine mill in 151, 152

Babbage fragment in 149

‘Making the Difference’ exhibition 154

see also South Kensington

scientific instruments

collections 203

deliberate forgeries 200

European manufacturers 196

fake antiques 187, 190, 197

inscriptions on 193–194, 194

instructions for use 194

role in development of science 205

sale prices 195–199

visibility and legibility 207, 214, 218

‘scientometrics’, Price’s concept of 202, 215

Sedgwick, Adam 285

seed herbarium (Wh.6624) 223, 224

for identification of forage crop weeds 225, 230

seed market, international 225, 227, 235

forage crops 231–233

regulations 232

seed testing 228–231, 230, 236

and purity 234

Testing of Seeds Order (1917) 235

seeds

adulteration of commercial supplies 227

and companion seeds 233

red clover 228

reference collection (Canada) 234

‘source indicators’ 224, 233

see also weeds

Seller, John, instrument maker 97

Semphill, Hugh

sundials as cosmographical instruments 55, 66, 74

and other cosmographical instruments 66, 71

Senex, John, instrument maker 97

Seville, Casa de Contratación 72, 76

Sibton Abbey, Suffolk 48–49

Siemens, galvanometer 179, 181–183

Sinnott, Edmund 287

Slingo, William 172

Smith, David 247

The Teaching of Arithmetic (1913) 244

Smith, Grafton Elliot, and Piltdown forgery 216

social politics, and computers as consumer good 297

Somer, John, astronomer 25

South Kensington

1862 international exhibition 121

1876 exhibition 127

Special Loan Collection of Scientific Apparatus 190–191

see also Science Museum

Spain, cosmography in 72–74

speculum cosmographicum (cosmographical mirror) 67, 68

Stanhope, Charles 148

stars, marked on Whipple astrolabe 19, 20

Statistical Society of London 143

Stebler, Friedrich, agronomist 231, 233, 235

Sterne, Dr Richard 94

Stewart, John 113

Stiborius, Andreas 63

Stoeffler, Johannes

astrolabe projections 89

Cosmographicae aliquot descriptiones 71

Stolle, Manuel Burillo, Elementos de cosmografía … (1903) 76

Stone, Edmond, translation of Bion 97

Stovin, Margaret, plant collector 114

Strabo 70

Strand Magazine 151

Sturgeon, William, moving-coil galvanometer 167

sundials 58

as cosmographical instruments 55, 58–65, 74, 81

fake (chronogram identified by Evans) 196

with fake inscription (Wh.0226) 194

ivory diptych (Wh.1681) 69

paper universal altitude (organum Ptolomei) 59, 60, 62

popularity of 199

in Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) 43, 44

Regiomontanus dial 62, 73

ring dials 43

sale prices 198

Sutton, Henry, engraver 83–99

brass quadrant 84

and Collins’s The Sector on a Quadrant 86, 88–89, 92

printed paper quadrants 84

reputation 94–99

Sydney, Macleay Museum 130

Symons’ Meteorological Magazine 269

Taylor, Eva, on Sutton 83

Taylor, Thomas 117

Muscologia Britannica with William Hooker 105, 106

teaching

astronomical instruments for 34

of evolution 252

models and visualisations for 282, 290

technical colleges 175–178

trade-based 174–175

see also education

The Telegraphic Journal 174

telegraphy

training 175

use of galvanometers 167, 171

Testing of Seeds Order (1917) 235

Texas Instruments (TI) 297

Thales of Miletus 38

Thevet, André 70, 74–75

Thomas of Canterbury, St 27

Thompson, Anthony, instrument maker 94

Thompson, Silvanus P. 169, 171

Thomson, J. J. 133

Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin) 146

moving-magnet reflecting galvanometer 169

quadrant electrometer 163

timekeeping

astrolabes for 17

medieval instruments for 33, 51

see also clocks

The Times, argument over mechanised memory (1946) 134

Tissot, Auguste, Précis de cosmographie (1869) 76

toys 249

animal 249

educational 241–248

Turing, Alan 134

Turner, Fred 298

UNESCO 220

United States of America

development of computing 292

educational toy market 243

genetics research 289

public education 239

view of mathematics 255

University College, London

Babbage fragment in 149, 150

engineering wing (1893) 178

physical laboratory 176

Uppsala, Cosmographical Society 75

Varley, Cromwell F. 167

Vatican, Tower of the Winds 65

vaudeville, New York 249

Volta, Alessandro 160–161

electrometer 161

Wallis, John 89, 94

Walter of Elveden, astronomer 25–26, 29

Walter, Herbert 287

waterclocks 66

Waters, Kenneth 289

Watkins, Francis, instrument-maker 124

Webster, Percy, dealer in antique scientific instruments 193, 196

weeds

definition 223, 225

dodder seeds 232

mobility of 226, 231, 235

see also seeds

Weiner, J. S., and Piltdown forgery 217

Weishaupt and Co., dealers in antique scientific instruments 192

Wellcome, Henry, collection 212

Wellington, Duke of, Prime Minister 141

Werner, Johannes, Paraphrases 61

Wheatstone, Charles 175

Whipple collection

early homes of 4, 188

fake scientific instruments 187, 194

Whipple, George Mathews 2, 270

Whipple, Robert Stewart ii, 1–2

and 1944 Cambridge exhibition 205

as collector 199–200, 204, 210–212

and forgeries 212

paper on galvanometers 159–160

Whipple Library 4

Whipple Museum of the History of Science 4

‘Designated’ status 2

founding 1, 204, 206

Price at 202, 204–205

student research on collections (since 1995) 313

Whipple Museum objects

Adams electrometer (Wh.6648) 161, 162

astrolabe Wh.0305 (Joannes Bos fake) 202, 204, 207, 208

astrolabe Wh.1264 (late medieval English) 12–31, 13

auxanometer (Wh.2766) 104, 105

chicken heads, plaster models (Wh.6547) 275, 276

cloud camera (Wh.4416) 257–258, 258

Consul, the Educated Monkey, calculator toy (Wh.5821) 237–255, 238

Curie-type gold-leaf electrometer (Wh.1353) 162, 164

dial with fake inscription (Wh.0226) 194

difference engine (Wh.2339) 130, 131, 135

diptych compass dial (Wh.1681) 68, 69

Ellis aquatic microscope (Wh.1824) 108, 109

‘English’ globe (Wh.1466) 78, 78

galvanometers

‘Lineman’s Detector’ (Wh.3090) 169, 171–172

moving-coil reflecting (Wh.4190) 177–178, 177

moving-coil reflecting (Wh.4292) 184

moving-magnet pointer (Helmholtz tangent type) (Wh.1347) 166

moving-magnet reflecting (Wh.0939) 169, 169–171, 185

thermal reflecting (Wh.4045) 179, 179–181

‘great universal’ equatorial quadrant (Wh.2754) 91, 91–92

‘great universal’ quadrant with replacement solar declination (Wh.6644) 98, 98

hand held electronic calculator collection (Wh.4529) 291–311

Musci Britannici (Wh.4577) 101–118, 112

navicula dial (Wh.0731) 62, 62

navicula dial (Wh.5902) 42

seed herbarium (Wh.6624) 223, 224, 225, 230

‘small pocket quadrant’ (Wh.5831) 93, 93

Whipple research model 4–7

White City exhibition 153

Whitworth, Joseph 123, 138, 149

Whole Earth Catalog (1968) 297, 311

Wilkes, Maurice 133–134, 141, 154

wills and probate inventories, ownership of astronomical instruments 36

Wilson, C. T. R. 165

Wilson, John, antiquarian 48

Wilson, William, moss expert 110

Wimsatt, William 286, 288

Witmer, Dr Lightner 250

Wood, R. W., Physical Optics (1911) 265

Woodward, Arthur Smith, and Piltdown forgery 216

Worcester, William, clerk 39

Wozniak, Steve 310

Wright, Richard

and Charles Babbage 123

and Henry Babbage 144

Würzburg, Sachs botanical institute 104

Zamorano, Rodrigo 73

Ziegler’s wax embryo models 283

zoomorphism, on astrolabes 21

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Index

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Index

Book contents

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Summary

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