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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2025

Edited by
Jonathan Cylus ,
George Wharton ,
Ludovico Carrino ,
Stefania Ilinca ,
Manfred Huber  and
Sarah Louise Barber
Jonathan Cylus
Affiliation:
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
George Wharton
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science
Ludovico Carrino
Affiliation:
University of Trieste
Stefania Ilinca
Affiliation:
World Health Organization
Manfred Huber
Affiliation:
World Health Organization
Sarah Louise Barber
Affiliation:
World Health Organization
Type
Chapter
Information
The Care Dividend
Why and How Countries Should Invest in Long-Term Care
 , pp. 367 - 380
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

absenteeism, 303
accessibility, 21, 361
care quality, 221, 226
eligibility, 53, 56, 85–86, 89–91
families, 270, 285, 291
health system benefits. see health system benefits
societal wellbeing, 299, 301 see also financing long-term care; service delivery
accountability, 142, 170, 186
activities, interactive, 309
activities of daily living (ADL)
future drivers, 24, 26, 27
health system benefits, 239, 252see also demand drivers
actor relationships, care system, 217–218
adult children, 28
Adult Social Care Outcomes Framework (ASCOF), 206
affordability (unaffordability), 56, 210, 360
families, 275, 278
financing long-term care, 165, 166, 188
future drivers, 21, 30
service delivery, 121, 122, 125, 129, 142
societal wellbeing, 299, 331
age, 18, 36
ageing in place, 212–214, 226
ageing populations, 123 see also population ageing
Ahn, T., 302
aides, health care, 340see also professionals
algorithm-based systems, 55
allowances, personal, 271
Andersen, R., 17, 239
Ando, M., 339
Araujo de Carvalho, I.(17), 253
artificial intelligence, 32, 215
machine learning, 32
assessment, care quality, 219
assessment of needs, 55–59
asset-related payments, 273–276
assets, 78, 80, 293
financing long-term care, 163–164, 167, 168, 179
assistive devices, 207 see also devices, assistive
assumptions, 36, 37
Austria, 183, 311
eligibility, 58
eligibility and care coverage, 70, 77
eligibility and informal care, 64
eligibility and means testing, 78
families, 272, 274, 275, 288, 290
autonomy
care quality, 208, 209
eligibility, 52, 57, 92, 96
eligibility and care coverage, 69
eligibility defining and measuring, 61
Barthel, D, 24
Belgium, 126, 283
eligibility, 57, 58, 59
eligibility and care coverage, 70
eligibility and informal care, 64
eligibility and policy experiment, 92
eligibility and potential coverage, 77
eligibility and wellbeing, 93
beliefs, health, 18
Birrel, D., 251
Bolin, K., 30
bonding, 306
Bonsang, E., 30
Bristol Activities of Daily Living (BADL), 25
British Household Panel Study (BHPS), 333
Brody, E. M., 24
Brookings Institute, 36
budget share method, 282
budgeting, 36
Buenos Aires Commitment, 351, 353
Bulgaria, 126
bureaucracy, 223, 360
Buurtzorg model, 213
Canada, 58, 78, 127, 254, 303
capital, 326, 357, 363
Care Compare, 221
care coverage, 68–73
potential, 74–77
care homes, 214
access and older users, 242, 243
Covid-19 in UK, 255, 256
impact, 245–246
care imaginary, 306
care policies, 38
care poverty, 28
care processes, 246–247
care professionals, 25 see also professionals
care providers, 18
care provision, regularity of, 246
care quality, 125, 142, 150, 203–204, 246–247
actors and their relationships, 217–218
ageing in place, 212–214
care organisations, 212
changing the culture, 214–215
conceptualising, 204–207
conclusion, 225–228
delivering high-quality care, 207
empowering care users, 207–209
health system benefits, 246–247
management of quality, 216–217
markets, 218–219
oversight for quality, 219–220
procurement, 223–225
professionalisation and workforce investment, 209–211
public reporting, 220–222
standardisation, 222–223
technologies, 215–216
user-carer relationship, 207 see also standards, quality
Care Quality Commission, 357
care utilisation, 85–91
care workers, 40, 352 see also professionals
caregivers, 67, 135, 359, 363
future drivers, 17, 21, 38, 39
future drivers and availability, 28
future drivers and theoretical perspectives, 18, 19, 20
health, 335
policies to support, 338–342
professionals, 37, 49, 91
societal wellbeing, 300
carer-blind systems, 64, 65, 66, 70
carer-sighted systems, 64, 65, 66, 67
Carmichael, F., 334
Carrino, Ludovico, 30, 69
Casado-Marin, D, 333, 334
case-managed systems, 55
cash for care schemes (benefits), 208, 209, 290, 291
cash payments, 223
catastrophic payments, 268, 277, 282–285, 291, 293, 359
change, socialsee social innovation
changing the narrative, 351–352
bankrupting the welfare system, 354–355
care value and cost of inaction, 362–363
effects on resource, 356–358
intergenerational inequality, 358–359
long-term care as sunk cost, 356
private markets, 359–361
right to care, 353–354
charitable funding, 168–169
Charles, S., 334
childcare programmes, 330, 335–336
childlessness, 39
children, 300, 321, 335
adult, 28, 29
China, 67, 179–182, 187, 208
future drivers, 25, 29, 30, 36
Choi, K., 302
chronic conditions, 123
circles of care, 305
Clemens, S., 210
co-payments, 163, 167–168, 178, 219
Cochrane review, 241
cognitive impairment, 25
cognitive limitations (status), 51, 57, 73
cohabitation, 290
collaboration
service delivery, 125, 137, 146, 150
social innovation, 310
societal wellbeing, 300, 307, 309
Colombo, F., 71
communication, 137, 149, 150, 216
communication devices, 215
communities, 39, 93, 212, 363
families, 257, 258
service delivery, 122, 125, 129, 143, 147
societal wellbeing, 308, 310
community-based care, 128–129, 150, 151, 300
community care, 243, 258
community support centres, 307
compassion, 306
competition, 137, 356
care quality, 212, 218, 219, 223, 225
Consumer Quality Index Long-term Care, 206
contexts, 205, 240, 258, 282, 356
continued professional development, 139, 209, 210
contracts, employment, 211
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 60
cooperation, 310
cooperatives, 307
coordination, 186
health system benefits, 248–249
service delivery, 126, 151
service delivery, Germany, 137
service delivery, implementing and planning, 150
service delivery, Norway, 140
service delivery, Sweden, 146 see also health system benefits
Coordination Reform, 140
costs, 163, 312
care quality, 214
economic growth, 328, 334, 335–336
eligibility, 67, 74, 77, 93, 97
future drivers, 37, 38
health system benefits, 243, 257
of inaction, 362–363
OOP, 51, 59
service delivery, 128, 144 see also changing the narrative; fragmentation
counselling, 134
coverage, care, 170
universal, 171–172 see also eligibility
Covid-19 pandemic, 2, 40, 215, 352
economic growth, 319, 320, 344
economic growth and caregivers, 341
economic growth and strong long-term care, 325
financing long-term care, 167, 173, 184, 186, 189
health system benefits, 237, 238, 259
service delivery, 122, 127, 129, 150
societal wellbeing, 308
cream-skimming, 219, 224
crises, health, 237
criteria, eligibility, 53
cultures, 254
care facilities, 210
changing of, 214–215
cures, 69
Czech Republic, 78, 288, 290
Daly, M., 255
data, 203, 357, 361, 362
care quality, 206, 217, 227
economic growth, 332, 333
families, 268, 278, 292
health system benefits, 247, 253, 259
societal wellbeing, 301, 303
daughters, 29
de-institutionalisation, 128, 144, 145–148, 151
Decade of Healthy Ageing, UN, 351, 353
deferred payment agreements, 80
deficit accumulation model, 61
demand drivers, 16–17
caregivers, 28
conclusion and policy implications, 37–40
definition of needs, 24
empirical application, 31–36
population ageing, 20
projecting future demand, 36–37
socioeconomic status, 30–31
theoretical perspectives, 17–20
dementia, 57, 214
dementia care, 16, 37, 216, 311
financing long-term care, 158, 159, 163
Denmark, 57, 168, 311
families, 278, 281, 283, 290
tax-funding, 175
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN, 351
dependence, 226, 245, 301, 327
eligibility, 52, 57
eligibility, defining and measuring need, 60, 61, 63
depression, 93–94, 163, 302
devices, assistive, 207, 273
medical, 343
wearable, 215
diagnostic inequity, 183
digital literacy, 130, 149, 215
digital technologies, 141, 149, 151, 217
dignity, personal, 96
disability, 36, 222, 309
eligibility, 72–73 see also eligibility
eligibility and wellbeing, 93
financing long-term care, 159, 169, 184, 187
future drivers, 20, 24, 37
service delivery, 138, 139
disease management, 215
diseases, 26, 302
doctors, specialised, 58
Donabedian, A, 204, 205
Dutch Exceptional Medical Expenses Act (AWBZ), 183
dynamic equilibrium hypothesis, 26
earnings, 292, 293
women’s, 337
economic growth, 318–322, 356
background, 325
concluding comments, 342–344
policies to support caregivers, 338–342
why countries need it, 326–330
women labour supply, 330–338
economies, countries, 169, 188–189
education, 89, 160, 355, 358
care quality, 209, 210, 319, 326
economic growth, 338, 340
effectiveness, 126, 205, 251, 303
efficiency, 180, 207, 358, 360
eligibility, 53, 56, 66, 78
service delivery, 126, 147, 151
Elderly Guide, 206
eligibility, 18, 49–52, 240, 331, 362
assessment of needs, 55–59
care coverage, 68–73
care utilisation and wellbeing, 85–91
conclusions, 96–101
defining and measuring long-term care, 60–64
families, 269, 270, 291
financing long-term care. see financing long-term care
informal care for need assessment, 64–68
means testing, 78–84
need for long-term care, definition, 52–55
policy experiment, 91–96
potential coverage, 74–77
empathy, 304, 305, 306
employment, 310
economic growth, 325, 328, 330
families, 285, 286–288, 292
financing long-term care, 160, 167
empowerment, 226
enforcement, 142, 219
England, 275
care quality, 205, 208, 211, 224
eligibility, 58, 65, 77, 78
financing long-term care, 163, 182, 183
future drivers, 26, 36, 37
health system benefits, 253, 254
means testing, 172–173
English Longitudinal Survey of Ageing (ELSA), 32, 35
entitlement, 166
needs-based, 324
environments, 24, 148, 210, 214, 226
built, 57
urban, 212
equality, 30, 351 see also inequality
equity, 131, 299, 355
eligibility, 53, 56, 66–68, 78
families, 268, 269, 273, 275
financing long-term care, 172, 188
intergenerational, 351 see also eligibility
Esping-Andersen, G., 77
Estonia, 58, 59, 79
ethics, 149, 150, 151
ethnic populations, 160
ethnicity, 18, 221
European Care Strategy, 189, 351, 353
European Centre for Social Welfare Policy, 311
European Council, 351
European Pillar of Social Rights, 121
European Union, 60
Economic Policy Committee, 36
evidence, 352, 362
care quality, 223, 224, 225, 227
health system benefits, 238, 241, 242
exams, licensing, 340
exclusion, 212
exemption thresholds, 275
expectations, 247
expenditure, 37, 38, 354, 355, 363
expertise, 141, 210, 217, 309
Extreme Gradient Boosting (AGBoost) algorithm, 32
Fahle, S., 333
Fair Deal scheme, 274, 275
fairness, 30, 172 see also equality; equity; families
families, 260, 302, 359, 361
care quality, 208, 211, 219
economic growth, 322, 325, 331–335
eligibility, 52, 54, 66, 91–96
financing long-term care, 160, 177, 178, 179, 181
future drivers, 18, 28, 29, 39
service delivery, 122, 124, 128–129 see also sharing the burden; unpaid carers
fees, 164
females, 28, 39
Fernández, J.-L., 54, 56, 207
fertility, 17, 21, 22, 122, 158, 312
financial protection, 352
financial resources, 18
financing long-term care, 158–159
case study, China, 179–182
case study, Denmark, 175
case study, England, 172–173
case study, India, 163
case study, Jamaica, 161–162
case study, Japan, 178–179
case study, United States, 166–167
charitable funding, 168–169
co-payments, 167–168
comparing systems, 184–186
conclusions, 189
coverage, 171–172
financial protection, 182–183
impacts of underfunding, 186–188
income, savings and assets, 163–164
private financing, 159–160
private in-kind resources, 160–161
private insurance schemes, 165–166
public financing, 169–170
relationship to health care, 183–184
revenue raising, 174
social insurance, 175–177
tax-funded, 174
financing mechanisms, 352
Finland, 58, 78, 126 see also Nordic countries
flexibility, 360
forecasts, 36
formal care, 29 see also professionals
fragmentation, 352
financing long-term care, 184, 189
health system benefits, 248, 254, 255
service delivery. see service delivery
frailty, eligibility, 97
assessment of needs, 57, 61
defining need, 52
implications for assessment, 62, 63, 64
frameworks, 38
France
eligibility and disabilities, 72
eligibility and potential coverage, 77
eligibility and wellbeing, 93
eligibility, assessment of needs, 58
eligibility, informal care, 64, 65
eligibility policy experiment, 92
families, 272, 276
friends, 325
functional ability (functionality), 25, 123
functional capability (functionality), 33, 158, 252, 358
eligibility, 53, 54, 65
functional health, 86
funding, 125, 150, 227, 354
charitable, 168–169
funding, public, 170, 325
health system benefits, 251, 252
service delivery, 128, 131, 144, 147, 148
gender, 66, 330, 351, 363
future drivers, 18, 28, 36
general practitioners (GPs), 58
Germany, 276
care quality, 209, 211
case study, 134–137
eligibility, 57
eligibility and care coverage, 70
eligibility and disabilities, 72, 73
eligibility and informal care, 64
eligibility and means testing, 78
eligibility and potential coverage, 77
eligibility and wellbeing, 93
eligibility, assessment of needs, 58
financing long-term care, 168, 177, 187–188
future drivers, 36
service delivery, 129, 131
Glasby, J., 254
Golding, C., 325
Good Life in Old Age, A, 204
Gori, C., 56
governance, 189, 204, 254, 313, 352, 359
governments, 22, 353, 359, 362
Gray, A. M., 251
Greece, 126
Grossman, M., 18
growth, economic, 164, 211
guidelines, 223 see also standardisation
Gulliford, M., 239
Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 333
health care, 21
health care, relationship to financing, 183–184
health, caregivers,’, 335 see also caregivers
health insurance, 335–338
health surveillance systems, 60
health system benefits, 237–238
accessibility, 239, 245
conclusions, 259–260
coordination and integration, 248–249
Covid-19 in UK, 255–256
implications, 256–259
macro integration, 250–252
meso integration, 252–253
micro integration, 253–254
older long-term care users, 238–243
prevention, 239–240
processes and quality, 246–247
regularity of care provision, 246
substitution, 240
summary, 247, 254–255
type of care, 245–246
Hébert, R., 253
Heitmueller, A., 333
hierarchical-compensatory theory, 19
holistic approaches, 25, 124, 141, 148
home-based care, 205
eligibility, 85–91, 93–94
health system benefits, 242, 245
service delivery, 128–129, 140 see also home care services; sharing the burden
home care model, 214
home care services, 38, 213, 241, 245–246, 258
Hong Kong, 36
horizontal equity, 66
hospitalisation (admissions and readmissions), 135, 170, 187, 242
hospitals, 140, 141
household care model, 214
households, 28, 36, 359
housing, 24, 129, 141, 273, 355
care quality, 213, 226
Hu, Bo, 29, 67
Hungary, 79, 80
Iceland, 78
implementation, service delivery, 150
impoverishment, 269, 362
families, 286, 288, 289, 291, 292
impoverishment, strategic, 80
in-kind contributions, 268 see also informal carers
inaction, costs of, 362–363
inadequacies, 189
InCARE project, 310, 311
incentives, 167, 274, 355, 361
care quality, 224, 225
economic growth, 328, 341
service delivery, 131, 136, 145, 148
inclusion, 309, 310, 311
income-related payments, 271–273
incomes, 221, 318
eligibility, 74, 80
families, 277, 285, 286–288, 292
financing long-term care, 163–164, 168, 179
future drivers, 30, 31, 36
OOP payments, 278–282
independence, 310
care quality, 209, 216, 226
eligibility, 51, 54, 63, 64
financing long-term care, 178, 187
health system benefits, 239, 240, 256, 257, 259 see also instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)
India, 163
Individual Budgets, 208
individual freedom, 53
inefficiencies, 357
inequality, 85–86, 351, 361, 362
financing long-term care, 159, 160, 164, 182
future drivers, 16, 31
intergenerational, 358–359
service delivery, 148, 149
wellbeing, 300, 301, 304
inequity, 172
informal care, 19, 29, 49, 51
eligibility, 64–68 see also caregivers
informal caregivers, 28, 147, 151
informal carers, 352, 356
care quality, 211, 227
eligibility, 59, 66, 67
families, 285, 292
service delivery, 123, 124
information and communication technology, 216
information (information systems), 18, 186, 221, 255
infrastructure, 57, 135, 149, 189, 255, 358
inheritance tax, 274
innovations, 354, 355, 356, 358, 360
economic growth, 319, 326, 343
inspections, 219
institutional care, 241, 245 see also care homes
institutionalisation, 62
instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), 123, 252
eligibility, 56, 57, 92
eligibility and care coverage, 69
eligibility and disabilities, 72
eligibility defining and measuring, 61
future drivers, 24, 26
insurance, 50, 128, 131, 147, 273
insurance schemes, private, 165–166
integration
financing long-term care, 170, 184
health system benefits, 237, 238, 248–249, 254
health system benefits and macro integration, 251, 252
health system benefits and substitution, 240
service delivery, 136, 139, 146, 150, 151
interactive activities, 309
interdependence, 304, 357
health system benefits, 237, 239, 248, 259
health system benefits and implications, 256
health system benefits, Covid-19 in UK, 256
International Alliance of Carer Organizations (IACO), 162
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), 60
internet (IT), 18, 130
interRAI (resident assessment instrument), 222
Interval Need scale, 25
intervention, 33, 73, 355, 356
early, 71
investment, 226, 355, 357, 362, 363
economic growth, 319, 322, 326, 328
health system benefits, 240, 247, 257, 258, 260
Ireland, 274, 77, 79, 80, 131, 242
isolation, 312
Israel, 208
Italy, 36, 290
eligibility, 58, 59, 92
eligibility and care coverage, 70
eligibility and disabilities, 72, 73
eligibility and informal care, 64, 65, 67
eligibility and means testing, 78
eligibility and potential coverage, 77
families, 282
families and catastrophic payments, 284
families and poverty, 288
families, employment and incomes, 286
Jagger, C., 26
Jamaica, 161–162
Japan, 208
case study, 137–139
economic growth, 339
eligibility, 58, 64, 79, 80
financing long-term care, 168, 176, 178–179
Older Person’s Cooperative Union (Koreikyo Union), 312–313
service delivery, 129, 131
wellbeing, 307, 312
jobs, secure, 224
Katz, S., 24
Kihon checklist, 138
Kingston, A., 27
Konetzka, T. R., 221
labelling, 19
labour, 326, 328
cheap, 211
labour force, 160, 161, 320 see also economic growth; workforce
labour markets, 124, 302, 356, 358
financing long-term care, 177, 189
future drivers, 17, 39
labour policies, 189
labour supply, 318
women, 330–338
Latvia, 58, 78
Lawton, M. P., 24
leave, parental, 335–338
legislation, 144
leisure, 96
Levesque, J.-F., 239
licensing exams, 340
life expectancy, 122, 312, 327, 354
future drivers, 16, 21, 24–27
life, quality of, 123, 187, 323, 358, 362, 363
care quality, 205, 208, 209, 216
eligibility, 51, 77, 94
health system benefits, 237, 252, 257, 260
Lithuania, 78
living standards, 21, 318
Llena-Nozal, Ana, 56, 74, 273
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), 36
loneliness, 57, 94, 213, 216
long-term care, 3, 4, 38
characteristics of strong, 325
defining and measuring needs, 60–64
definition, 5–6, 52–55
‘good’ system, 6–7
longevity, 158, 342 see also population ageing
Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), 163
low and middle income countries (LMICs), 49, 122, 301, 302
Low, G., 208
Luxembourg, 57, 58, 79
Lynch, Kathleen, 305
Ma, S. A. I., 67
machine learning, 31
macro integration, 250–252
Mahoney, F., 24
Majority World, 158, 160, 161, 185
Malley, Juliette, 207
Marikyan, D., 215
marital status, 33
market failures, 166
marketisation, 135, 144, 146, 208, 225
markets, 212, 217, 218–219, 360
Mason, A., 254
McGarry, K., 333
means testing, 30, 240, 324
eligibility, 54, 78–84
families, 276, 284, 291
financing long-term care, 168, 172, 179, 182
measurement, 220
measuring, 216
measuring and assessing, 205, 206, 222
Medicaid, 166
medical visits, virtual, 215
Medicare, 166, 184, 343
medicine (medical science), 21
mental health, 93, 94
mental illness, 25
Mercier, J., 71
meso integration, 252–253
micro integration, 253–254
migrants, 211, 272
migration, 39, 142, 161
misconceptions, 352
mobility, 56, 57, 61, 69
models, economic, 18, 19
models, prediction, 31
monitoring, 131, 145, 149, 215, 216
Moody, E., 273
morbidity, 20, 123, 240
morbidity compression hypothesis, 26
morbidity expansion theory, 26
mortality, 21
mortality rates, 22, 26, 36, 37, 62, 255
multidisciplinary teams, 252
myths, 352, 354
negative carer-sighted systems, 65
neighbours, 307
Netherlands, Kingdom of, 183, 271
care quality, 211, 213, 214
eligibility, 64, 77, 78, 80
The Hogeweyk, 311
service delivery, 128, 129
networks, 151, 214, 305, 306, 307, 313
New public Management reforms, 218
non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 168
Nordic countries, 58, 61, 270, 276, 282, 286
North Macedonia, 311
Northern Ireland, 250, 251, 252
Norway, 131
case study, 141 see also Nordic countries
Nurse Home Compare, 221
nurses (nursing), 205
nursing homes, 17, 38, 135
care quality, 205, 210, 221, 324
obligations, 160
OECD, 53
Older Person’s Cooperative Union (Koreikyo Union), 312–313
Oliveira Hashiguchi, Tiago Cravo, 56, 69, 274
OOP, 80
organisations, care, 212
out of pocket (OOP) costs, 59, 163, 166, 324, 359
asset-related payments, 273–276
family payments, 276
income-related payments, 271–273 see also sharing the burden
outcomes, 31, 128, 208, 259
clinical, 210
conclusions, 355, 358, 361
oversight, 148–149, 151, 218
for quality, 219–220
parental leave, 335–338
participation, 335, 337, 362
wellbeing, 309, 310, 313
partnerships, 224
pay, 363 see also wages
payment barriers, 240
payment mechanisms, 137
pensions, 169, 293, 334
personal allowances, 271
personcentredness, 208
physical frailty, 61, 62 see also frailty, eligibility
physicians, 139
planning services, 36, 150, 353, 357, 358, 361
pleasure, 94
Poland, 70, 72, 73, 92, 169
policies, 36
to support caregivers, 338–342
policy interventions, 355
policy makers, 89, 259, 353, 355, 363
accessibility for wellbeing, 99–100
care quality, 225
equity, 100–101
future drivers, 16, 31, 38
future drivers and long-term need, 25, 26, 27
individual needs, 98–99
range of criteria, 97–98 see also economic growth
political will, 188–189
politicians, 255, 256, 259
population ageing, 354
future drivers, 20, 37, 38, 39
future drivers and definition of needs, 24 see also longevity
populations
ethnic, 160
insured, 180
Portugal, 188
positive carer-sighted systems, 65
post-acute care, 323–325
poverty, 359, 363
care, 28
eligibility, 51, 52, 78, 96
families, 292, 293
families and effects of caregiving, 288–291
families and financial impacts, 285, 286
families and OOP payments, 269, 278–282
financing long-term care, 160, 161, 164, 182
wellbeing, 303
practitioners, care, 16, 31
prediction models, 31, 32, 33
preferences, personal, 29, 39, 207, 361
prejudices, social, 312, 313
prevention, 33, 148, 311, 355, 357
eligibility, 56, 71, 97
financing long-term care, 159, 170, 178
health system benefits, 239–240, 258
prices, 219
privacy, 18
private providers, 130–131, 359–361
privatisation, 148–149, 151
processes and quality, 246–247
procurement, 223–225, 227, 360
productivity, 318, 319, 327 see also economic growth
professionalisation, 209–211, 227
professionals, 18, 28, 124, 125, 150, 321 see also care workers
Program of Research to Integrate the Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy (PRISMA), 127, 252
programmes, 321, 326, 328
protection, 209
financial, 170
psychological status, residents, 214
public expenditure, 319
public financing, 169–170
public fundingsee funding, public
public reporting, 218, 219, 220–222, 225, 226
public service providers, 135
quality control systems, 220
quality management systems, 216–217, 352
quarantine, 308
reciprocity, 312
recruitment, 40, 210, 227
reforms, 188–189, 218, 259, 355
regulations (regulatory frameworks), 17, 255, 274, 341, 360, 361
care quality, 214, 217, 219
financing long-term care, 185, 186, 189
service delivery, 128, 131, 145, 148–149, 151
regulators, 219
rehabilitation, 39, 62, 97, 141, 148, 352
relationships, 304, 305, 306, 310, 312
care staff and residents, 246 see also care homes
social solidarity, 309
religious institutions, 168
Republic Of Korea, 29, 79, 131
financing long-term care, 168, 176
health system benefits, 251, 252
wellbeing, 302, 303, 313
Yeomindongrak, 307–309
Yoyanghohosa, 313
research, 258, 319, 322
comparative, 227
researchers, 26, 27, 259
resident assessment instrument (interRAI), 222
Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI), 206
residential care, 38
private, 144 see also nursing homes
resources, 355, 356, 357, 359, 360, 363
changing the narrative, 356–358
eligibility, 54, 96
families, 291
financing long-term care, 160, 185
future drivers, 18, 38
health system benefits, 251, 252, 256
service delivery, 142, 143
resources, private in-kind, 160–161
respect, 313
responsibilities, 302, 304, 305, 306
distribution of, 276
retention, workforce, 210, 211, 246
revenue raising, 174
right to care, 351–352
Roemer’s Law, 38
Romania, 131
case study, 142–145
Rushey Green Time Bank, 312
safety, 209
saving behaviours (savings), 81, 301, 334
families, 274, 276, 291, 293
financing long-term care, 163–164, 167, 169 see also asset-related payments
security, 96, 216
self-care, 353
self-esteem, 312
self-independence, 18
self-payers, 275
self-respect, 96
self-sufficiency, 57 see also independence
sensors, 215
Seoul Supporting Centre for Workers in the Care of Older People, 313
service delivery, 121–123, 151
case study, Germany, 134–137
case study, Japan, 137–139
case study, Norway, 141
case study, Romania, 142–145
case study, Sweden, 145–147
challenges, 123–125
digital technologies, 129–130
home and community-based care, 128–129
main lessons, de-institutionalising care system, 147–148
main lessons, digital solutions, 149
main lessons, implementation, 150
main lessons, regulation and oversight, 148–149
private providers, 130–131
trends, 125
sharing the burden, 266–269
average OOP payments, 278–282
catastrophic payments, 282–285
financial impact on families, 285–291
OOP payments, 269–276
OOP payments and home care, 277
policy implications and conclusions, 291–293
sick pay, 256
Silverstein, M, 29
skills, 353, 356
economic growth, 321, 342, 343
economic growth, necessity for, 326, 328
economic growth, parental leave and childcare, 338
professionals, 129, 130
service delivery, 124, 126
Slovak Republic (Slovenia), 78, 79
smart home technology, 215
smoking, 28
social assistance, 270
social capacity, 309
social care, 173
social change, 309
social connections, 94, 216
social inclusion, 63
social innovation, 309–313
social insurance, 21, 52, 171, 175–177, 325 see also social security systems
social interactions, 216, 302
social justice, 53, 300–304
social networks, 38, 59, 129, 148
social norms, 18
social programmes, 328 see also programmes
social protection, 355, 360
social security systems, 21
social services, 357
social solidarity, 309, 353
social workers, 58
socialisation, 216
societal changes, 39
societal welfare, 66
societal wellbeing, 299–300, 355
social innovation, 309–313
social justice, 300–304
social solidarity, 309
socioeconomic status, 291, 301, 359
financing long-term care, 158, 162
future drivers, 19, 30–31
solidarity, social, 309
Spain, 36, 211, 311, 334
eligibility and care coverage, 70, 71, 72
eligibility and means testing, 78, 80
eligibility and potential coverage, 77
eligibility and wellbeing, 93
eligibility policy experiment, 92
families, 282, 284, 286, 288, 290
financing long-term care, 168, 188
staffing, 122, 147, 208, 214, 246, 256
stakeholders, 50, 150, 310, 313
standardisation, 218, 222–223, 227, 247, 340
standards, quality, 148, 219, 220
states, 310, 361
status, 343
social, 18 see also socioeconomic status
strategic commissioning, 224
stress, 255, 320, 334, 335
subsidiarity, 270
subsidies, 179
substitution, 240, 243
supply sources, 19
support networks, 29, 49, 65, 213
surveillance, 219, 220
Survey of Health Ageing And retirement in Europe (SHARE), 69, 85, 333
families, 268, 277, 285, 291
sustainability, 269, 299, 351, 355
financing long-term care, 188–189
financing long-term care and private insurance schemes, 166
financing long-term care and social insurance, 176, 177
financing long-term care and underfunding, 186
financing long-term care and universal coverage, 171
financing long-term care, case study China, 181
Sustainable Development Goals, UN, 282
Sweden, 79, 131
care quality, 211, 218
case study, 145–147
families, 290
families and financial impacts, 285
families and OOP payments, 271, 278, 281
families, employment and incomes, 288 see also Nordic countries
Switzerland, 286, 290
Taiwan, 29, 208
task-specific theory, 19, 20
tax-funding, 174
taxation (taxes), 319
economic growth, 319, 320, 321, 322, 342
economic growth and families, 335
economic growth and why it’s needed, 326–330
economic growth, long-term care versus post-acute care, 325
economic growth, parental leave and childcare, 338
financing long-term care, 171, 188
teams, multidisciplinary, 252
technologies, 26, 65, 355
care quality, 212, 215–216, 226
economic growth, 326, 328, 329
ter Meulen, R., 306
Thailand, 127
The Hogeweyk, 311
time banks, 311, 312
TioHundra, 146
training, 40, 356
care quality, 209, 210, 211
economic growth, 340, 342, 343
service delivery, 126, 139
staff, 215
transparency, 54, 221
Tront, Joan, 300, 301
trust, 304, 305, 306
Tubbe model, 311
unaffordabilitysee affordability (unaffordability)
uncertainties, 320, 344
underfunding, 186–188
unemployment, 177
United Kingdom
care quality, 213, 223, 226
Covid-19 pandemic, 255–256
economic growth, 334, 341
financing long-term care, 158, 166, 169, 187
future drivers, 27, 30, 36
wellbeing, 303, 312
United States of America (United States), 272, 312
care quality, 205, 226
care quality and procurement, 225
care quality and public reporting, 221
care quality, culture of residential care, 214
care quality, user and carer relationships, 208
economic growth, 319, 331, 343
economic growth and families, 334
economic growth, long-term care versus post-acute care, 323, 325
economic growth policies and to promote caregivers, 341
eligibility, 52, 58, 80
financing long-term care, 165, 166–167, 183
future drivers, 26, 29, 30, 36
universal care coverage, 171
universalism, 240, 270
unmet needs, 172, 292
future drivers, 28, 30 see also eligibility
unpaid carers, 211
financing long-term care, 160, 167, 169, 187–188
health system benefits, 240, 245, 257, 260 see also informal carers
user-carer relationship, 207
users, care, 207–209
values, social, 18
Van Houtven, C. H., 333, 334
Vanguard programme, 253, 254
virtual medical visits, 215
virtual wards, 141
volunteers, 168
vulnerability, 65
wages, 40, 292, 334, 335, 337 see also pay
Walsh, B, 242
wealth, 74, 275, 277, 322
wearable devices, 215
Wei, M., 29
welfare, 65, 67
welfare, societal, 66
welfare systems, 77
changing the narrative, 354–355
wellbeing, 28, 63, 126, 361, 362, 363
care quality, 205, 214
eligibility for home care, 93–94
financing long-term care, 160, 163, 167
psychological, 94–96 see also eligibility; health system benefits; societal wellbeing
will, political, 188–189
Wittenberg, Raphael, 27
women, 124, 363
families, 279, 287
financing long-term care, 160, 161, 188 see also economic growth; young women
workers, 124, 137, 187, 211, 356
retention, 144
workforce, 256, 353, 356, 361, 363
care quality, 209, 226, 227
economic growth, 326, 327, 344
financing long-term care, 162, 187, 189
future drivers, 17, 39
investment in, 207, 209–211
service delivery access, affordability and quality, 126
service delivery and de-institutionalising, 148
service delivery and digital technologies, 130
service delivery challenges and trends, 124, 125
service delivery implementation, 150 see also labour force; professionals
working conditions, 187, 209, 356, 363
flexible, 325
service delivery, 124, 147
working conditions, flexible, 321
working hours, 333, 334
flexible, 335, 341
World Economic Report 2023, 351
World Health Organization, 52
World Health Organization (WHO), 61, 353
young adults, 302
young caregivers, 303
young women, 160

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