Index

Michelle Lynn Kahn

doi:10.1017/9781009486682.012

Index

36 Boys, 206–207

Abadan-Unat, Nermin, 56, 85, 131

abandonment

of the family, 53, 68, 83, 93–94

fears of, 27, 53–54, 56, 93

abortion, 90

activism/activist movement

anti-racist, 197–198, 206, 211

feminist, 70

gay liberation, 70

grassroots, 163

labor, 105

military service by payment (against), 163, 168–173. See also Federal Initiative of Military-Age Youth from Turkey (FEBAG)

adultery, 27, 53, 69, 72, 78–82, 95

advertisement, 73, 127, 132, 143, 155–157, 167

Ağaoğlu, Adalet, 110

Age of Revolutions, 42

agency of migrants, 21, 23, 47, 105, 224

agricultural/agrarian, 115, 146, 150, 259

airline, 134

competition over guest worker travel, 103–104, 107

airport, 19, 103–104, 106–108, 125, 129, 253, 255–256, 275, 315

alcohol, 27, 92, 113, 122, 129, 160, 248

alcoholism, 88, 262

Alevi, 23, 198

Alexopoulou, Maria, 35, 178, 180

Algeria, 231

Allen, Jennifer, 40, 305

Allied occupation, 33

Alman Ekmeği, 139

Almancı, 1, 5–7, 25–27, 29, 40, 43, 90, 99, 120–121, 133, 135, 140, 174, 183, 225, 248, 254, 260–262, 265–267, 276, 287, 291, 295–296, 313–314, 317. See also Germanized, Germanized Turk; returnee

Almanya Acı Vatan, 81

Almanya Dönüşü, 81

Almanya Treni, 55

Almanya – Willkommen in Deutschland, 110

Almanyalı Yarim, 76

Alternative for Germany (AfD), 309

Altun, Cemal Kemal, 224

Americanization, 275

Amsterdam, 101

Anadol, 123

Anadolu Gazetesi, 73, 124

Anatolia, 23, 51, 59, 82, 91, 108, 130–131, 134, 147, 237, 294

Angola, 13, 308

Angst essen Seele auf, 76

Ankara, 87, 140, 171, 206, 240, 257, 262–263, 268, 274, 281, 287

anti-racism, 182, 197–200, 206–207, 211, 224

antisemitism, 44, 181, 191, 217, 317

anti-Zionism, 196

Arbeiterwohlfahrt, AWO. See Workers’ Welfare Organization (Arbeiterwohlfahrt)

Arbeitsplatz Deutschland, 113–114

Armenian, 23, 43, 191, 222

Armenian genocide, 43, 191, 222–223

assimilation, 19, 115, 185, 309

Association for German Women Married to Foreigners (IAF), 76

Association for Greek-German Education, 278

Association of Turkish Chambers of Commerce, 263

AS-Sonnenreisen, 134

Asylum, Migration, and Integration Fund (AMIF), 308

asylum seeker, 36, 187, 191–194, 210, 232–234, 246, 308–310. See also refugee

fake (Scheinasylanten), 77, 192

Kurdish, 24, 166, 192, 213

Syrian, 310

from Turkey, 46, 213, 221, 224

Vietnamese, 187, 194

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 24, 43–44, 56, 61, 69, 87, 157, 276, 282

Athens, 109, 278

Atsu, Mete, 166

Audi car, 116, 123

Audi factory, 231

Auschwitz, 203

Ausländer, 5, 29, 35

Ausländeramt. See Foreigner Office

Ausländerfeindlichkeit, 195–197, 207–209, 219–220

in contrast to Rassismus, 35–36, 180, 215, 223

denial of, 182, 186, 223

in letters to the German president, 187–189, 196–197

opposition to, 201, 208–211, 237

as threat to democracy, 186

Ausländergesetz. See Foreigner Law

Ausländer-Integration ist Völkermord, 184. See also Seeger, Wolfgang

Ausländerkonsolidierungsgesetz. See Foreigner Consolidation Law

austerity, 132, 159–160

Austria, 9, 13, 18, 28, 40, 97, 108, 110–115, 126, 254–256

authoritarianism, 46, 165, 171, 214, 271, 285, 303, 310, 318

Autobahn, 110, 114, 203

Ayim, May, 306

Baden-Württemberg, 216, 230–231

Bahadır, İsmail, 260

Baki, Tahsin, 299

Bakırköy, 255, 294

Balkans, 42, 108, 114–116, 118, 167, 191

bank, 96–97, 153–158, 161, 167, 174, 257

Bank for Trade and Industry, 155

bankrupt, 230, 254, 259–260

Barschel, Uwe, 184

Basic Law (West German constitution), 184

Battle of Vienna, 112, 115, 191

Baum, Gerhart, 226

Bavaria (airline), 103

Baydur, Mehmet, 56

Bedel, 168

beer, 7, 59, 81, 96, 205, 218

Belgium, 13, 214, 232

Belgrade, 102, 108, 134–135

Benim Adım Yabancı, 224. See also Ertan, Semra

Bergbau AG Lippe, 243

Berlin Wall

construction of, 14

crossing of, 101, 104

fall of, 39–40, 303, 305

as symbol of division, 192, 216

Berlin–Baghdad railway, 43

Bible, Christian, 190, 238

Bielefeld, 60, 167

Biess, Frank, 31

birth control. See contraception

birthday, 65, 94, 198, 298, 301

Black, Monica, 31

Black German, 36, 185, 306

Black German Studies, 36

black market, 33, 104, 125, 155, 161

Black Sea, 81, 148, 307

Bleicher, Siegfried, 238

Blüm, Norbert, 237, 240

BMW car, 116, 123

Bochum, 168, 268

Boğazlıyan, 80, 85

Bolu, 78, 162

Bonn, 151, 240

border, 12, 21, 27, 39, 44–46, 75–79, 108–113, 116–120, 173, 198–200, 221–223, 235, 254–257, 306, 308, 316

Austrian-Yugoslav, 112, 115

Bulgarian-Turkish, 110. See also Kapıkule

checkpoint, 18, 40, 125

crosser, 18–19, 75, 100

German, 9, 34, 79, 95, 228, 230, 235, 242, 249, 255–256, 259, 295, 301

guard/official, 107, 112, 116–117, 120, 230, 253, 256–257

Bosphorus Bridge, 64, 145

Bosphorus Tourism, 102

Brandt, Willy, 79

Bremen, 126, 147, 260

bribery, 116–117

brothel, 69, 75. See also prostitution

Brühl, Hanno, 295

Bulgaria, 9, 18, 28, 40, 97–99, 108–110, 115–120, 125, 254–256

Bulvar, 227

Bundesanstalt für Arbeit. See Federal Labor Office

Bundestag, 144, 310

Bundesurlaubsgesetz. See Federal Vacation Law

Burdur, 166, 246

burial, 110, 315. See also funeral

capitalism/capitalist, 28, 46, 99, 130, 132, 146, 174

Cappadocia, 131

car, 8, 73, 97–99, 122–131, 134–136, 220, 233, 247, 250, 253–255, 265, 283. See also Audi car; BMW car; Ford car; Mercedes car; Opel car; Volkswagen car

for bringing consumer goods to Turkey, 125–127, 258

car ride on Europastraße 5, 97, 106, 108–114, 116–119. See also Europastraße 5 (E-5); vacation, to Turkey/to the homeland

as symbol of wealth, status, and Germanization, 28, 74, 81, 99, 116, 122–126, 130

for transportation, 18–19, 40, 51

Carstens, Karl, 187–189, 191, 220–221, 309

cartoon, 5, 157, 168, 227, 233, 245, 272

Catholic Church, 78

Center for Turkish Workers, 56

Central Europe, 97, 108

child allowance (Kindergeld), 90, 182, 189, 234, 240

childcare, 88

children

Almancı, 27, 38, 90–93, 248, 269, 275, 281–282, 303

foreign, 185, 240, 298, 301–302

Germanized, 91–92, 269–271, 281, 302

of guest workers, 22, 24, 27, 29, 38, 46, 53, 83, 87, 90–91, 93, 99, 140, 157, 163–164, 166–167, 173, 177–178, 202, 228–229, 265, 269, 277, 280, 303, 313, 316

lost generation, 270, 281

return children (Rückkehrkinder), 38, 269, 272–273, 275, 279, 284–288, 290–292, 295, 297, 302, 314

suitcase children (Kofferkinder), 53, 83, 86–88, 129, 247, 272, 282

Turkish, 83–84, 87, 89–90, 196, 203–204, 253, 276, 280, 285, 290, 303

Chin, Rita, 16, 34, 71

Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 37, 185, 200, 225, 227–228, 236–237, 241, 296

Christian Social Union (CSU), 185, 225, 228, 236–237, 296, 300

cigarette, 92–93, 117, 120, 129–130, 157, 160, 174

citizenship, 4, 24, 29, 39, 164, 168, 222, 296, 302–303, 311–312

citizenship, dual, 311

citizenship law, 9, 38–39, 302–304. See also Foreigner Law; German Nationality Law

class, 25, 28, 59, 99, 135, 217

middle class, 59, 261

coffee house, 58, 168, 261

Cold War, 9, 13, 18–19, 26–28, 32–33, 38–40, 45–46, 71, 75, 97–99, 104–105, 108–109, 114–116, 120, 133–136, 171, 183, 186, 192–194, 216, 228, 303, 305, 317

East versus West mentalities, 39, 99, 116

as related to the guest worker program, 13, 45–46, 141, 192

collective guilt, 34, 182, 196

Cologne, 56–57, 63, 79, 103, 105–106, 125, 144, 146, 166, 208, 254, 256, 265, 295, 300

communism, 13, 32, 45, 99, 108, 114–117, 120, 142, 166, 215, 307

concentration camp, 112, 223

Condor, 103

Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions, 169

conscientious objection, 168

conservatism/conservative, 71, 189

political, 20, 37, 190, 301

religious, 294

consumer good, 28, 99, 108, 116, 118, 120–122, 125–126, 134, 157, 247, 252, 258

Barbie doll, 129

camera, 59, 61, 101–102, 122, 127, 131

clothing, 132

dishwasher, 122, 134, 233, 265

furniture, 7, 127, 132, 246, 252, 254, 258

gramophone, 122

refrigerator, 122, 132, 134, 233, 258, 265

television set, 7, 127, 131, 233, 252, 258, 260

transitor radio, 7, 121

vacuum cleaner, 127, 132

video recorder, 122, 252, 258

washing machine, 122, 132, 233, 251–252, 258, 265

consumption, 102, 160. See also shopping

conspicuous, 28, 99, 132

contraception, 70, 90, 92–93

contract worker (Vertragsarbeiter), 13, 192, 307–308

convertible Turkish lira deposits, 153, 158

corruption, 69, 116, 118–119

of children, 71, 91, 93

Council of Europe, 45

country of immigration (Einwanderungsland), 1, 186

countryside, 24, 51, 60, 69, 78, 82, 284, 294

criminality, 57, 74, 90, 95, 107, 167, 178, 189

Cuba, 13

cultural difference, 35, 57, 102, 180, 223, 283, 286, 309

culture

German, 26, 132, 208, 220

Muslim, 185

shock, 87, 119

Turkish, 24–26, 81, 252, 271, 276, 281, 292

village, 82

youth, 93

Culture and Assistance Association for the Children of Remigrants, 294

Cumhuriyet, 80, 91, 102, 118–119, 152, 215, 241, 245, 252, 254, 258, 280, 282–283, 285, 287

currency, foreign, 152, 154, 164, 171, 262

Dachau, 205

Dal, Güney, 109, 117, 125

Dayıoğlu, Gülten, 82, 87, 119, 292

death, 2, 33, 109, 111, 134, 141, 200, 203, 224, 254, 262, 274, 315–316

death threat, 205, 208

debt, foreign, 18, 139, 152, 154, 158–159, 165. See also debt crisis

debt crisis, 45, 158–160, 174. See also debt, foreign; economic crisis

decolonization, 12

Demirel, Süleyman, 164

democracy, 32, 39, 40, 46, 54, 116, 120, 171, 183, 203, 214, 216, 221, 228, 286, 289–290, 303–305, 317

denazification, 33

Denmark, 13, 183, 214

deportation, 33, 77, 106, 168, 186, 218, 223–224, 228, 232, 236–238, 299

Deutsche Bank, 96

Deutschmark, 28, 63, 90, 96, 99, 120, 122, 134, 138–140, 145, 148, 150, 152–157, 161–165, 173, 228, 232–233, 260, 312

development aid, 38, 45, 138, 141–142, 145, 149–152, 161, 173, 178–179, 224, 262–263

diaspora, 2, 9, 224, 281, 310, 312–313

dictatorship, 45, 171, 192, 194, 216, 223

discrimination, 14, 23, 35, 54, 76, 90, 100, 107, 177, 180, 182, 201, 216, 225, 284

displacement, 12

dissident, 23, 212–213, 280

divorce, 69, 77–80, 217, 249, 262

Diyanet İşleri Türk-İslam Birliği (DİTİB). See Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs

Documentation Centre and Museum for Migration to Germany (DOMiD e. V.), 47

Dönüş, 81

Dortmund, 72, 74, 129, 157

Dregger, Alfred, 185

Dresdner Bank, 155

Dreßler, Rudolf, 234, 237

drug trade/use, 90, 93, 167, 189

Duisburg, 79, 84, 155, 177, 210, 224, 249–252

Düsseldorf, 19, 106–107, 125, 134, 238–240, 242, 252, 257

duty-free, 122, 125, 129, 146, 160

E-5 (international highway). See Europastraße 5 (E-5)

E-5 (music group), 110

E-5 (novel), 109, 117, 125. See also Dal, Güney

E5 – Die Gastarbeiterstraße (film), 110

East Berlin, 104

East Germany, 13, 38, 75, 101, 104, 108, 192, 194, 303, 305. See also German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Eastern Europe, 34, 117, 142, 193, 202, 251

Ecevit, Bülent, 148, 150, 164

economic crisis, 24, 28, 33, 45, 122, 139, 159, 164, 259, 279. See also debt crisis; hyperinflation; unemployment

economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder), 4, 135, 141

economy

closed, 121

global, 24, 138

local, 28, 148, 252

neoliberal, 28

Turkish, 15, 25, 28, 45, 96, 122, 133, 141, 144, 148, 150–152, 158–159, 162, 164, 173–174, 221, 241, 247, 263

underground, 120. See also black market

village, 53

West German, 14, 104, 140, 264

Edirne, 106, 108, 119, 123, 150

education, 46, 64, 84, 244, 276, 279, 298, 317

Holocaust, 31, 204

religious education, 280–282, 286, 294. See also school, Koran school

for remigrant children, 276, 279–281, 285–287, 290–291

system, 89, 189, 277, 279, 286, 290

EEC. See European Economic Community

Eingliederungsgeld. See money for integration (Eingliederungsgeld)

Einwanderungsland. See country of immigration (Einwanderungsland)

El Kapısı, 81

elections, parliamentary, 103, 171, 313

emigrant, 29, 92, 269

emigration, 21

Emirgan Forest, 64

emotion

anger, 22, 242

envy, 22, 123, 130, 261

fear, 22, 31–33, 40, 80, 105, 152, 182, 187, 191, 204, 224, 240–241, 248, 305

happiness, 66, 77, 119

history of, 31

homesickness, 27, 53–56, 60, 64, 66, 72, 87, 95, 97, 244

joy, 22, 119, 217

sadness, 22, 55

employee, 104, 134, 153, 237, 242–243, 251–252, 259. See also laborer; worker

employer, 15, 56–57, 66, 73, 99–100, 104, 107, 125, 164–166, 236, 243–244

employment, 102, 244, 259, 263, 301

Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 310–313

Erinnerungskultur, 181. See also Holocaust, memory

Ertan, Semra, 198–201, 211, 219, 224–225

Esener, Turhan, 240

Essen, 193, 243

estrangement, 6–8, 22, 25, 27–28, 54, 85–86, 91, 99, 120–121, 133, 177, 198, 248, 261, 264, 269, 274–276, 284, 305, 312

ethnic cleansing, 115

eugenics, 44, 180, 184, 194

Eurocentrism, 41

Europastraße 5 (E-5), 97, 102, 106, 108–116, 120–122, 125–127, 130, 133–135, 254–256

European Economic Community (EEC), 45, 76, 90, 101, 142, 212, 214, 221, 231–232, 235, 302, 310

European Return Fund, 308

European Union, 135, 308, 311

Europeanization, 26, 275

Eurovision song contest, 275

Evren, Kenan, 214–215, 221

Evzonoi, 108–109

exchange rate, 63, 103, 155, 161

exclusion, 12, 25, 83, 269, 289, 296, 317

exoticism, 71, 76, 102, 202, 252

expellee, ethnic German (Heimatvertriebene), 34, 193

Facebook, 314

balloon, 129

carpentry, 262

pickle, 162

steel, 165, 249, 258

textile, 102, 147

wallpaper, 146

factory dormitory, 18, 53, 58–62, 64, 68, 73, 75, 78, 89, 177

decorations on bedroom walls, 61

Fakat Bank, 257

Familiennachzug. See family reunification (Familiennachzug)

family

breakdown/disruption/destabilization, 53–54, 80, 83, 93, 261

conflict, 88, 296

life, 69, 83, 261

migration, 15, 27, 58, 68, 83, 89, 99, 125, 157

photograph, 3, 61, 101, 124–125

as representation of the nation, 53

separation, 33–34, 85, 88, 94, 218, 262

stability of the, 71

structure, 68–69, 80

surrogate, 54, 60, 85

Turkish, 54, 238, 250, 268, 299

family reunification (Familiennachzug), 4, 18, 23, 53–54, 67, 72, 189, 216, 218, 226

fascism/fascist, 188, 213, 222. See also Nazism; Third Reich

fashion, 60, 83, 93, 127

Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 76

Federal Chancellor’s Office, 183

Federal Commissioner for the Integration of Foreign Workers and their Families, 300. See also Funcke, Lieselotte

Federal Foreign Office, 141, 218, 234, 257, 277–279

Federal Initiative of Military-Age Youth from Turkey (FEBAG), 168–173

Federal Labor Court, 166

Federal Labor Ministry, 113–114, 237, 243, 256

Federal Labor Office, 230–231, 255

Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, 141–143, 145, 149, 151, 162

Federal Press Office, 186

Federal Senate, 237

Federal Vacation Law, 100

feminism/feminist, 54, 70–71, 76, 190, 211

Filbinger, Hans, 231

film, 10, 22, 27, 53, 56, 68, 71, 76, 81–82, 86–87, 102, 110, 196, 245, 275, 294–295

financial incentive, 141, 145, 229, 266, 303, 310. See also development aid; remigration law

firing/termination, 100, 104–106, 165

Five-Year Development Plans, 152

folklore, 53, 71. See also song

food, 55, 85, 101, 132, 166, 193, 261

chocolate, 8, 101, 117, 129, 134

Coca Cola, 117, 120, 134

German, 217

pork, 7, 57, 69, 101, 113, 190, 248, 292

Turkish, 168, 202

Ford car, 97, 116, 123, 126

Ford corporation, 125–126

Ford factory, 103, 105, 124, 134, 178, 259

Ford strike (1973), 105–106, 178

Foreigner Consolidation Law, 225

Foreigner Law, 300–303, 311

Foreigner Office, 106, 269, 295, 299

France, 13, 101, 135, 183, 212, 231–232

Frankfurt, 79, 96–97, 103, 126, 133–134, 144, 205

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 150

Free Democratic Party (FDP), 185–186, 226, 228, 237, 296, 300–301, 303

freedom, 80, 120, 216, 291–292

of mobility/movement, 45, 214, 221, 231, 235, 241, 246, 293

of the press, 215

French remigration program, 231–232

Funcke, Lieselotte, 169, 226, 300–301

funeral, 201, 316

gang, 196, 206. See also 36 Boys

Ganz unten, 224

Gastarbeiterprogramm. See guest worker program

gâvur, 7, 69, 248, 292

gecekondu, 69

Gelsenkirchen, 168, 207–209, 243, 299

Genç family, 307

gender, 16, 53, 56, 59–60, 68–71, 82, 84, 93, 187, 200, 261, 273, 287, 292–293, 296, 317

generational divide, 16, 247

genocide, 12, 31–32, 43–44, 46, 185, 191, 193, 195–197, 221–223. See also Holocaust

of the German Volk, 32, 181, 184–185, 195, 197. See also Seeger, Wolfgang

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 200, 213, 269

geography, 40, 109, 276, 289, 291, 306

German Confederation of Trade Unions, 105, 142, 166, 169–171, 237, 242

German Council on Traffic Safety, 114

German Democratic Republic (GDR), 13, 192–193, 307–308. See also East Germany

German Federal Bank, 309

German Federal Railways, 57, 103, 105

German Nationality Law, 311. See also citizenship law; Foreigner Law

GermanAir, 103, 107

Germanization, 29, 95, 121, 266, 269. See also Almancı; identity, loss of; integration, excessive

forced (Zwangsgermanisierung), 19

of Polish children by Nazi Germany, 19

as a proxy for assimilation, 185

as a proxy for urbanization, 27, 93

of Turkish children, 83, 91–93, 229, 248, 269–275, 281, 285, 296, 302–303. See also children, Germanized

Germanized, 9, 27, 68, 92, 133, 135, 179, 185, 212, 225, 230, 253–254, 273, 275, 281, 285, 296, 302, 317. See also Almancı

Germanized Turk, 5, 25, 40, 90, 99, 120, 140, 313. See also Almancı

ghetto, 89, 189, 206, 252, 288

globalization, 46, 138

Goebbels, Joseph, 196

Göppingen, 3, 101–102

graffiti, 4, 202, 205–208, 217–218, 245, 248

Graz, 108, 112

Greece, 13, 108–109, 235, 278

Green Party, 169, 200, 237, 296–297

Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar), 214, 281

Grundig corporation, 126

guest worker

departure from Turkey, 46–47, 55, 235

family, 38, 54, 61, 64, 83, 133, 146, 155, 215, 228, 237, 240, 278, 300. See also children, of guest workers

female, 23, 68, 73, 79, 81

former, 10, 38, 55, 129, 134, 162, 177–178, 228, 247, 315

Greek, 73–74, 109, 165

Italian, 73–74, 165

male, 23, 27, 53, 60, 64, 68, 72–73, 75, 79–80, 93, 101

married, 56, 68, 72, 76

Moroccan, 74, 76

Portuguese, 74, 165

recruitment, 4, 63, 77, 104, 138, 151, 216. See also guest worker program; recruitment

single, 55–56, 73, 97

Spanish, 74, 105, 165

Turkish, 23–24, 33, 46–47, 70, 74–76, 79, 86, 90, 96–97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 113, 143, 146, 163, 165, 177, 217, 232, 241, 245, 253

unemployed, 38, 228, 230, 234–235, 242, 244, 248

Yugoslav, 109, 116, 165, 187

guest worker program, 2, 13–14, 16, 21, 23, 40–45, 47, 53, 94, 122–123, 126, 141, 151, 178, 182, 197, 316

Gül E., 1–5, 102

Günaydın, 216–217

Güneş, 161, 227, 313

Gürlük, Osman, 157

Gypsy, 196

Habermas, Jürgen, 38

Habsburg Empire, 42, 112, 191

Halefoğlu, Vahit, 151

Halk-İş, 148

Hamburg, 74, 102, 134, 172, 198, 201, 203, 205, 224, 292, 298

Hanover, 57–58, 78, 171, 236, 256

headscarf, 60, 69, 74, 81, 127, 190, 201, 203, 251, 274, 292, 294

Heidelberg, 90, 139, 292

Heidelberg Manifesto, 184, 208, 219

Heimat, 57, 274. See also homeland; vatan

Heimaturlaub, 97, 101. See also izin; vacation

Heimatvertriebene. See expellee, ethnic German (Heimatvertriebene)

Hertie department store, 118, 132

Hess, Rudolf, 197

Historikerstreit, 30, 38, 181

history/historiography

of emotions, 22

of everyday life (Alltagsgeschichte), 10

global, 12, 41

oral, 10, 22, 47

of race, 34–35

transnational, 8–10, 17, 20

of Turkey’s relationship to Europe, 40–46

of Turkish-German migration, 16–17

Hitler, Adolf, 15, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 180–181, 183–184, 192, 197, 213, 216, 222, 224, 245, 291. See also Nazism; Third Reich

comparison of German chancellors to, 212, 218, 227, 313

Hitler salute, 32, 307

Hitler Youth, 192

Holocaust, 2–4, 30–33, 37, 112, 191, 203–204, 212, 228, 236

complicity of Turkey in, 43, 222

denial, 196–197, 310

memory, 30, 181–183, 209

Holocaust (television series), 181, 196

Hölstein, Friedrich, 186

homecoming, 20, 230, 269

homeland, 2, 5, 8–9, 18, 21–24, 33, 38, 47, 54, 57, 60–64, 83, 89–90, 94–99, 115, 119–123, 140, 155–163, 169, 173–174, 212, 225, 229–235, 244, 252–254, 265, 269–271, 274, 292, 295–302, 317. See also Heimat; vatan

homeland, second, 7, 56

Hoyerswerda, 306

human rights, 19, 37, 183, 186, 212–216, 289, 308

human rights violation, 23, 45–46, 112, 183, 186, 212–214, 220–223, 228, 310

Human Rights Watch, 308

Hungary, 108

hunger strike, 198, 274

Hürriyet, 58, 162, 167, 200–201, 207, 216, 245, 265

Hüttenheim, 249–252. See also Duisburg

hyperinflation, 18, 139, 230, 259. See also economic crisis

identity

Almancı, 7, 136

blood-based (jus sanguinis) definition of, 10

crisis/conflict, 90, 272, 284

cultural, 20, 39, 89, 314

ethnoracial, 39

European, 11, 21

German, 9–10, 30, 38, 121, 317

loss of, 20, 26, 90–91

migrant, 40, 120

national, 1, 8, 10–12, 39, 89, 92, 94–95, 109, 174, 223, 280–282, 303, 317

postnational, 212

postwar, 180

religious, 92

Turkish, 20–21, 24–26, 68, 90–91, 121, 174, 313

IG Bergbau und Energie, 207

IG Metall, 104, 166, 169, 231, 238, 251

Ihrig, Stefan, 41, 44, 222

illiteracy, 27, 64, 89, 256

immigrant, 11, 29, 60, 164, 214, 242, 306, 311. See also migrant

immigration, 21, 38, 269. See also migration

ban, 185

office, 220, 231

officer, 218

policy, 271, 300

restriction, 22, 182

imperialism, 11–13, 31, 171

industrialization, 2, 121–122, 138

inflation, 159, 249, 260, 289. See also hyperinflation

insult, 90, 184, 202, 289

integration. See also reintegration

distinction from assimilation, 19–20, 185

European, 14

excessive, 5, 20, 26, 83, 284, 303. See also Germanization

of migrants into Germany, 9, 16, 20, 26, 83, 95, 184, 244, 248, 254, 280, 284, 298, 303, 309

perceived failure of, 54, 59, 83, 89, 91, 313

of Turkey into Europe, 41, 46

integration course (uyum kursları), 271, 281–285

Interflug, 104

Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration, 232

International Monetary Fund, 138, 158

International Organization for Migration, 308

Iron Curtain, 13, 28, 79, 97, 99, 115, 120

Islam, 4, 69, 281, 310. See also Muslim; religion/religious

children’s perceived abandonment of, 27, 270

conversion to, 76, 78

German criticism of, 15, 190–191, 197, 213

as part of European history, 41

Sunni, 280, 282

Islamicization, 190

Islamophobia, 181, 196, 309

isolation, 53, 72, 274. See also emotion, homesickness

Istanbul, 1, 3, 19, 23, 30, 43, 51–52, 59–60, 63–64, 66, 68, 80, 88–89, 97, 102–104, 106–108, 122, 133–134, 143, 145–146, 157, 202–203, 206, 216, 218, 222, 237, 247, 257, 260, 268, 275, 277, 288, 291, 294, 300, 314

Italy, 13, 101, 116, 235

izin, 97, 101. See also Heimaturlaub; vacation

Izmir, 134, 157, 265, 277, 279, 283, 286, 295

Janissaries, 112, 115

jeans, 59, 282, 287

Jews, 43–44, 185, 193–197, 306–307

comparison of Germans’ treatment of Turks and Jews, 33, 37, 181, 183, 203–205, 209, 212, 215, 217–218, 221–223, 245

persecution by Turkey, 44, 222

John Deere corporation, 125

joint-stock company. See Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)

joke, anti-Turkish (Türkenwitz), 198, 203, 209

Justice and Development Party (AKP), 312. See also Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip

Kapıkule, 108, 110, 117–119, 254–255. See also border, Bulgarian-Turkish

Karakan, 110, 116, 312

Katma Değer Şaban, 275

Kemalism, 24, 282. See also Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal

Kiel, 198, 225

Kindergeld. See child allowance (Kindergeld)

Kofferkinder. See children, suitcase children (Kofferkinder)

Kohl, Helmut, 37, 179, 226–230, 240–241, 264, 271, 296–297, 301, 303

Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, 89, 231, 299

Konya, 260

Kreuzberg, 89, 104, 189, 202, 206–207, 250, 254, 265

Krupp factory, 165, 249

Kurds, 23, 45, 166, 192, 212–213, 221, 223, 246, 280

labor

conditions, 106

forced, 14, 222

household, 261

market, 18, 138, 140–141, 152, 161–162, 166, 173, 214, 230

migration, 8, 13, 16–17, 23, 26, 122, 139

recruitment, 59. See also guest worker, recruitment; recruitment

rural, 27

seasonal, 26, 122

shortage, 2, 12

surplus, 13, 151–152

Labor Office of Braunschweig, 255, 257

laborer, 13–14, 51, 163, 167, 215, 231, 261. See also employee; guest worker; worker

language

barrier, 102, 277, 296

bilingual, 152, 300

German, 74, 116, 279, 284

Turkish, 24, 27, 54, 91–92, 248, 255, 276–277

Law for Job Protection in Case of Conscription, 165

Law for the Permission to Return for Foreigners Who Grew up in the Federal Republic, 298

Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners, 37, 228, 230. See also remigration law; Rückkehrförderungsgesetz; Rückkehrhilfegesetz

Law on Absentee Conscripts and Draft Evaders, 168

left-wing extremism, 184

letter, 125, 143, 147, 160, 168, 180, 201, 207–208, 221, 238, 255, 257–258, 266, 268, 296, 309

from Germans to President Karl Carstens (labeled Ausländerfeindlichkeit), 187–190, 192–197

to/from guest workers and their families, 53, 55, 61–66, 77, 81, 85, 88, 97

handwritten, 10, 22, 64

liberal-authoritarian binary, 285, 288–289

liberalism, 37, 228, 317

literacy, 61, 64. See also illiteracy

loan shark, 167–168, 243

London, 101–102

Lufthansa, 103, 107, 228

Made in Germany, 7, 122. See also consumer good

magazine, 61, 79, 127, 130, 239, 251

Maizière, Lothar de, 307

Mandel, Ruth, 25, 97

Mannesmann factory, 249–252

Marmara Sea, 5

marriage, 69, 72, 76–79, 92, 123, 216–217, 253, 278. See also adultery; divorce

binational, 77

fake (Scheinehe), 77

intermarriage, 185

rate, 56

masculinity, 70–71

mass exodus, 38, 230, 238, 249, 252–253, 259–260, 263–265, 268–269, 272, 275, 281, 307, 313, 316

Massey Ferguson, 125

media, 26, 74, 91, 110, 114, 130, 184, 187, 196–197, 202, 204, 219, 266, 273, 282, 286, 293, 300, 302, 314

Turkish, 27, 29, 77, 92, 118, 160, 183, 212, 218, 224–225, 244, 269, 307

West German, 74, 90, 97, 108, 129, 165–166, 172, 178, 202, 206, 273, 285, 288, 299

medical examination, 51, 66

Mediterranean, 54, 71, 74, 162, 178, 198, 201

Mein Kampf, 184

Mein Vater, der Türke, 82

Mercedes car, 97, 116, 123–124, 276

Meric-Textilen-Aktiengesellschaft, 150. See also Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)

Merkel, Angela, 309–310, 313

Merkez Bank, 257

Mersin, 198, 200–201, 237, 261

Metall, 202, 239

Middle East, 45, 71, 142, 189, 202

migrant. See also migration; remigration

birthrate, 90, 181, 195, 309

children, 27, 120, 189, 279, 291–293, 295, 303. See also children, of guest workers

experiences, 12, 16–18, 24, 31, 75, 198, 314

identity, 40, 120

integration, 9, 26, 41, 46, 83. See also integration

labor, 15, 23, 27. See also guest worker

Muslim, 190. See also Islam; Muslim

non-migrant, 8, 22, 314, 317

population, 19, 38, 202, 228–230

return/remigrant. See remigrant; return migrant

seasonal, 27

Turkish, 1, 4, 16, 19, 22, 26, 29–30, 38, 40, 163, 169, 172, 177, 180–182, 197–198, 204, 208–209, 216–218, 221, 225, 228–230, 238, 253, 266, 271, 285, 303, 306, 316

welfare, 90, 189

migration. See also emigration; immigration; migrant; remigration

chain, 66

circular, 11, 22

family, 15, 27, 59, 68, 83, 89, 99, 125, 157. See also family reunification (Familiennachzug)

guest worker, 8, 26, 68, 70. See also guest worker; guest worker program

history of, 13, 17, 43, 46, 86, 89, 105

internal, 27, 69

labor, 8, 13, 16–17, 23, 26, 122, 139

mass, 12, 196, 251

mobility and, 10, 12

museum, 47, 79

policy, 14, 16–17, 221. See also citizenship law; Foreigner Law; German Nationality Law; remigration law

return. See remigration; return migration

rural-urban, 261. See also rural-urban divide

transit, 11

militarism, 171, 212, 282

militarization, 164

military coup (1960), 24

military coup (1971), 24, 144

military coup (1980), 23–24, 33, 38, 45, 77, 105, 139, 160, 164, 171, 183, 192, 212–216, 221, 223, 245, 271, 280, 285–286, 290, 317

military coup (2016), 311

Military Law, 163–164

military service, 46, 85, 140, 163–169, 171–172

Miller, Jennifer A., 16, 58, 75, 209

Milliyet, 78, 160, 163, 200, 216, 218, 227, 244, 284, 307

mine, 2, 54, 57, 99, 134, 137, 177, 207

minority

ethnic, 1, 16, 23, 45, 54, 109, 115, 213, 246, 280

group, 44, 181, 212, 222, 307

internal, 217, 223

Kurdish, 213

non-Muslim, 222

rights of, 236

Turkish, 201

mobility, 10–12, 20, 27, 40, 108, 113, 123, 245. See also freedom, of mobility/movement

modernity, 28, 45, 120, 289

modernization, 24, 26, 43, 138, 142, 147

Mölln, 306–307

Molnar, Christopher, 35–36, 187

money for integration (Eingliederungsgeld), 308

Morocco, 13, 231, 235, 302

mosque, 57, 78, 281

mother-in-law, 55, 80

Mozambique, 13, 308

multiculturalism, 309

Munich, 57, 67, 78, 82, 86–87, 97, 102–103, 108, 134, 181, 205, 218, 260

music, 59, 60, 65–66, 68, 92–93, 101, 110, 275

Muslim, 1, 41–42, 54, 77, 102, 113, 115, 184–185, 245, 303, 305, 309, 315. See also Islam

dietary restrictions, 7, 190

faith, 27, 57, 83, 180, 190, 248, 281

gender relations, 71, 190

imam, 78, 281

Koran, 78, 190, 248. See also school, Koran school

non-Muslim, 7, 69, 222, 248, 292. See also gâvur

radicalization of, 54

Sunni, 23

myth of non-return, 15, 47

National Democratic Party (NPD), 188

National Salvation Party (MSP), 281

nationalism, 44, 61, 155–157, 184, 212, 289

Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), 213, 281

NATO, 45, 102, 116, 142, 171, 212, 216

naturalization, 311. See also citizenship

Nazism, 2, 14–15, 19, 30, 33–37, 44, 76, 180–181, 183–187, 192–197, 204, 207, 210, 213, 215–218, 222–224, 238, 290–292, 307, 317

neoliberalism/neoliberal, 24, 28, 134, 138–139, 158, 174

neo-Nazism, 4, 30–31, 36, 39, 180–181, 188–189, 192, 197, 202–203, 205–206, 208, 210–211, 223, 304, 306, 310. See also right-wing extremism; skinhead

Netherlands, 13, 169, 232

Neukölln, 104, 127

New Left, 181

North Africa, 202, 231

North Rhine-Westphalia, 57, 269, 293, 298–299

nouveau-riche, 5, 28, 99, 121, 135

novel, 10, 22, 54, 81, 87, 109, 125, 139, 220

Nuremberg, 144, 195, 205, 232, 290

Nuremberg Laws, 185, 194

Nuremberg Trials, 33

Oberhausen, 57, 129

OBI-Baumarkt store, 127

occupation baby, 34

Oğulun Babaya Mektubu, 85

Okan, Tünç, 110

Oktoberfest bombing, 181

Önal, Erhan, 91

Oncken, Dirk, 219–220

OPEC oil crisis, 4, 104, 138, 151, 158

Opel car, 116, 123–124

Örgi-Aktiengesellschaft, 147. See also Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)

Orient/Orientalism, 4, 42–43, 71, 74, 95, 102, 107, 110, 178, 189–192, 197, 201–202, 213, 222

ostracization, 9, 38, 79, 260, 265, 292, 314

Ottoman Empire, 23–24, 41–44, 74, 112–113, 115, 163, 171, 191, 215, 221, 282

Oxner, Helmut, 205

Öymen, Örsan, 160, 227

Özal, Turgut, 139, 263

Özdemir, Cem, 86

Özen, Hasan, 251

PanInternational, 103

Paris, 101–102

Pasha, Enver, 43

patriarchy/patriarchal, 4, 54, 71, 76, 93, 190, 253, 292

Patriotic Europeans against the Islamicization of the Occident (PEGIDA), 309

Peine Steel Work, 258

persecution, 23, 183, 192, 204, 210, 213, 215, 217, 222, 246

Philips corporation, 127

photograph, 22, 54, 59–61, 63, 66, 87, 101, 115, 125, 130, 201–202, 217, 238, 251, 282, 307, 313. See also consumer good, camera

poem, 5, 10, 75, 85, 89, 173, 224–225, 288

pogrom, 200

polygamy, 79

popular culture, 68, 76, 81, 92, 109, 275

pornography, 71

Portugal, 13, 231–232, 235

postcard, 54, 61, 63, 68, 88, 97, 187, 192

postcolonialism, 36, 40

postnationalism, 31, 39

poverty, 2, 96, 132, 178, 192, 260, 294

prayer room, 57, 113

prejudice, 59, 74, 76, 116, 184, 189, 197, 274, 285

Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities, 312

prostitution, 59, 69, 75, 217. See also brothel

protest, 105–106, 140, 173, 181–182, 185, 198–201, 206, 208–211, 224, 299. See also activism/activist movement, anti-racist

Protestant churches, 169, 278

Prussia, 42–43, 215, 221

race, 24, 35, 180, 185, 194–196, 204, 207, 220, 309

race science, 44. See also eugenics

race-mixing, 34, 71, 181, 194–197, 204, 222

racial defilement (Rassenschande), 194

racial hygiene, 222

racial reckoning, 30, 37–38, 180–182, 197–198, 205, 211, 223, 309

racialization, 54, 73, 201

Rasse, 35–36, 180, 182, 194, 309

Rassenschande. See race, race-mixing; race, racial defilement (Rassenschande)

racism, 4–5, 9, 30–40, 44–46, 71, 76, 82, 93, 141, 165, 177–187, 195, 197–201, 214, 217, 219–227, 236–237, 244–245, 247–248, 251, 271–273, 296, 304–307, 309–310, 314, 317. See also anti-racism

biological, 4, 36, 180, 184, 187, 194, 197, 215, 309

cultural, 4, 35–36, 190–191, 197, 309

everyday, 31, 178, 182, 198, 211

latent, 203

popular, 4, 264

Rassismus, 35–36, 180, 182, 188, 223. See also Ausländerfeindlichkeit

structural, 209–211

radio, 8, 121–122, 127, 131

recession, global, 4, 24, 158

recording, 53, 61, 65, 68, 88, 97

recruitment. See also guest worker, recruitment

agreement (Anwerbeabkommen), 14–15, 41, 59, 100

office, 51, 66, 151

stop (Anwerbestopp), 15, 53, 58, 105, 151, 158, 272

refugee, 44, 192, 222, 306. See also asylum seeker

reintegration, 9, 11, 18, 20–21, 26–27, 38, 138, 144, 230, 262, 265, 270, 273, 276, 278–280, 282, 284–285, 297, 298, 303. See also integration

Reintegration and Emigration Program for Asylum Seekers, 232, 308

Reintegration Center for Migrant Workers, 278

religion/religious, 20, 23–24, 41, 59–60, 69, 168, 220, 245, 267, 280–281. See also Islam; Muslim

religiosity/piety, 59, 248

irreligiosity/impiety, 220. See also gâvur

remigrant. See remigration; returnee; return migration

remigration, 19, 27, 88, 148, 161, 233–234, 254–255, 269, 308. See also return migrant; return migration

assistance (Rückkehrhilfe), 230, 307

mass, 151–152, 161, 229, 241, 265, 284

permanent, 125, 254

premium (Rückkehrprämie), 38, 228, 232, 234, 243, 246–247, 249, 253, 255, 258, 265, 268, 272, 299, 308

seasonal, 28, 97

remigration law, 37, 39, 45, 179, 183, 198, 211, 214, 221, 223, 225, 227–230, 236, 238–241, 243–246, 259, 264, 267, 273, 281, 296–297, 303, 307–308, 314, 317. See also Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners

remittance, 18, 28–29, 61, 63, 101, 122, 139–140, 152–164, 169, 173, 225, 240, 280, 313

remittance machine, 28–29, 140, 163, 173

Republican People’s Party (CHP), 148

residence permit, 18–19, 101, 104, 106, 228, 230, 235, 247, 253, 265, 268, 279, 297–299, 301, 317

retirement, 2, 236, 263

re-Turkification, 38, 271, 273, 281, 303

return migrant, 1, 7–9, 11, 18, 137–138, 169, 241, 244–245, 253–254, 259, 263–264, 266, 272, 278–279, 282, 286, 288, 292, 313–315, 317

children (Rückkehrkinder), 38, 269, 272–273, 275, 279, 284–288, 290–292, 295, 297, 302, 314

female, 261–262

financial hardship of, 255–264

lack of assistance, 277–279

regret, 265–266

return migration, 9, 12, 14–15, 17–21, 27, 29, 33, 88, 141–142, 149–151, 169, 178–180, 183, 197, 212, 223, 230, 266, 273, 305, 308, 313, 317. See remigration; return migration

as connected to racism, 30, 44–46, 214, 226, 245, 307, 310, 318

decision/motivation for, 229, 232, 244–251

final return, 18, 137, 143, 253, 316–317

parliamentary debate about, 185–186

promotion of, 37, 145, 150, 174, 185, 224, 226. See also development aid; Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners; remigration law

Turkey’s opposition to, 18, 137–138, 140, 145, 151–152, 161–162, 173, 214, 221, 240, 270, 273, 279–280

return option (Wiederkehroption), 235, 295–296, 298, 300–301

returnee. See Almancı; remigration; return migrant; return migration

reunification of Germany, 9, 36, 39, 192, 206, 210, 303, 305–308

reunion, 68, 82, 99, 120, 129, 261

Rheinische Post, 168, 218

Rhineland-Palatinate, 233, 242, 298

right to return, 301–302. See also return option (Wiederkehroption)

right to vacation, 100, 104, 106. See also Federal Vacation Law

right-wing extremism, 4, 31–32, 36, 39, 180–181, 183–184, 188–189, 192, 197, 206, 211, 213–214, 306. See also neo-Nazism

Roma, 185, 196–197

Rostock, 306

rotation principle (Rotationsprinzip), 15, 178

Rothberg, Michael, 37

Rottmann, Susan, 25, 314

Rückkehrförderungsgesetz. See Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners; remigration law

Rückkehrkinder. See children, return children (Rückkehrkinder); return migrant, children (Rückkehrkinder)

Rückkehrprämie. See remigration, premium (Rückkehrprämie)

Ruhr region, 168, 249, 254, 265

Ruhrkohle AG, 243, 249, 266

rural-urban divide, 26, 60, 65, 69, 82, 134

Said, Edward, 42

Salzburg, 108, 135, 256

Şamdereli, Yasemin, 110

Sarı Mercedes, 110

Şarköy, 1, 5, 7, 102, 124, 247, 315

Sarrazin, Thilo, 309

Schambach, Heinz, 196

Schengen Area, 308

Schmid, Carlo, 144

Schmidt, Helmut, 185, 200, 212, 216, 218, 225–227, 237, 296, 303

Schnoor, Helmut, 299

school, 91–92, 100, 168, 182, 185, 198, 204, 211, 228, 252–253, 273, 287, 292, 294–296. See also education; student/classmate; teacher

curriculum, 224, 280, 289

dress code, 287

elementary, 84, 188, 240, 277

German, 4, 268, 279, 284, 288, 301–302

high/secondary, 88, 277–279, 286, 288, 291, 300–301, 312

Koran school, 281, 286

middle, 248, 277, 292

preparatory, 281, 290

principal, 268, 284, 286–287

private, 278

public, 224, 277, 280, 282, 287, 302

as site of integration, 276

as site of racism/discrimination, 203–204, 290–292

system, 280, 285, 288, 296

Turkish, 88, 248, 281–282, 285, 287–290

secularization, 69, 185

Seeger, Wolfgang, 185, 195. See also Ausländer-Integration ist Völkermord

Şen, Faruk, 146

severance package, 243–244, 251

sexual revolution, 27, 54, 70

sexuality, 54, 68–78, 92, 317

dating, 73–74, 178

female, 261

homosexuality, 70

hypersexuality, 95

premarital sex, 69, 83, 92, 248

promiscuity, 53–54, 68–71, 92–93, 269, 292

sexual frustration, 78

sexual intercourse, 20, 27, 80, 94, 185, 194

sexual violence, 74, 81, 90, 95, 178, 189–190

shopping, 66, 85, 100, 116, 127, 129. See also consumption

Siemens corporation, 127

Siemens factory, 60

Sirkeci Train Station, 51–52, 94

skinhead, 205. See also neo-Nazism; right-wing extremism

Skopje, 109, 135

slavery/enslavement, 12, 31, 171, 290

Slovakia, 108

soccer/football, 91, 168, 314

Social Democratic Party (SPD), 37, 166, 169, 172, 185–186, 200, 212, 218, 225, 227, 234–237, 296, 298–299, 303, 309

social security contributions, 229, 234, 236–237, 240–244, 247, 258–260, 264, 273, 297

socialism, 13, 99, 108, 114, 116, 120, 129, 194, 303, 307

socioeconomic status. See class

Sofia, 102, 108

Solingen, 306–307

song, 10, 22, 27, 73, 81–82, 85, 94, 110, 116, 276

South Korea, 235

Soviet Union, 45, 212

Spain, 13, 231–232, 235

Sparkasse, 96, 155–157, 258

Spiegel, Der, 110–113, 115, 123, 130–131, 161, 205, 213, 238, 265, 288, 308

Stasi (East German secret police), 75, 79

State Industry and Laborer Investment Bank (DESİYAB), 148, 162

stereotype, 23, 25–27, 29, 54, 68, 76, 82, 107, 113, 121, 127, 131, 202–203, 217, 254, 259, 273, 281, 284, 292

Sterkrade coalmine, 57

Stern, 238, 251

stock market, 139

Stokes, Lauren, 16, 35, 54

Structural Adjustment Loans, 159

student/classmate. See also education; school; teacher

German, 89, 204, 213, 276, 288

returning/remigrant, 277–279, 282–284, 289, 291

Turkish, 129, 224, 252–253, 271, 276, 281–282, 284–291, 293, 295–296

suicide, 110, 198–201, 219, 224

Süleyman II, 191

Süleymancı, 281

Sunal, Kemal, 275

swastika, 4, 32, 197, 202, 208, 227

Sweden, 13, 35

Switzerland, 13, 35, 101, 129, 232

Syrian Civil War, 309–310. See also asylum seeker, Syrian

Tagesspiegel, Der, 161, 240, 254, 257

Tageszeitung, Die, 238, 287, 289, 292

Tanzimat Era, 42, 115

Tayfur, Ferdi, 55

teacher. See also education; school; student/classmate

German, 203, 252, 268, 276, 288

German teacher sent to Turkey, 279, 288, 290

Turkish, 84, 87, 205, 271, 276–277, 284, 286, 291, 295

teenager, 90, 116, 190, 202, 205, 269–275, 279, 281, 285, 293–294, 297–299

Telefunken corporation, 127

telephone, 53, 65, 97, 205, 257, 296, 314

television, 59, 94, 110, 181, 247, 283, 295, 307

Tercüman, 217

Thatcher, Margaret, 227

Thessaloniki, 109, 135, 278

Third Reich, 30, 34, 44, 70, 181, 186, 188, 192, 194, 204, 209, 217, 223. See also Hitler, Adolf; Nazism

Third World, 45, 141, 189

Thomsen Vierra, Sarah, 16, 58, 276

Thyssen factory, 224, 249

tourism/tourist, 1, 64, 102–103, 113, 133–134, 146, 216, 230, 236

tourist visa, 101, 265, 299–300

trade union, 60, 100, 104–105, 142, 166, 169, 202, 207, 213, 231, 239, 251

train, 40, 46, 52, 57, 94, 101–103, 106, 108, 240, 253

train ride to Germany, 22, 55, 63

train station, 52, 57–58, 66, 217, 251, 260, 306, 314

translator, 61, 126, 143

travel, 100–107

travel agency, 107–108, 256

Treaty of Ankara, 144, 150, 263

Tunisia, 13, 231, 235, 302

Turgut, Ankaralı, 73

Türkeş, Alparslan, 213

Turkish Airlines, 103–104, 106–107, 315

Turkish Central Bank, 154–155, 158, 244

Turkish coast, 1, 198, 237, 259, 291, 307

Turkish Education Ministry, 38, 271, 273, 279, 282, 303

Turkish Labor Ministry, 263–264

Turkish Ministry of Culture, 56, 144

Turkish Postal Service, 152

Turkish Republic, 24, 42, 56, 69, 163, 282

Turkish State Planning Organization, 56

Turkish Workers Collective (TANG), 146–151, 162, 263

Turkish Youth Association, 171

Turkish-Islamic Synthesis, 280–281

Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs, 315

Türkiye İş Bankası, 96, 157

Türksan, 146, 149. See also Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)

Ulusu, Bülent, 161, 240

unemployment, 2–4, 18, 51, 93, 137, 139, 151–152, 158–159, 161, 165, 169, 178, 189, 197, 201, 231, 237, 240, 244, 273, 307

unemployment benefits, 234, 248–249, 263

United Kingdom, 13

United Nations, 76, 135

United States of America, 31, 171, 183, 195, 276

Urbaniak, Hans-Eberhard, 186

urbanization, 26–27, 93

Üsküdar Anatolian High School, 288, 291, 300

Üstünel, Ahmet, 129

vacation

children’s perception of, 229, 247, 268–269, 295, 300

as grounds for termination of employment, 104–108. See also Ford strike (1973)

international tensions regarding, 103–104

to other European countries, 101–102

paid, 100, 243

right to, 100–101, 107. See also Federal Vacation Law

to Turkey/to the homeland, 18, 22, 27–29, 47, 72, 97, 102, 108–109, 114–127, 130, 133, 137, 162, 178, 208, 246–247, 254, 258, 261, 314–317. See also Europastraße 5 (E-5); Heimaturlaub; izin

unpaid, 165

vacationer/vacationing guest worker, 1, 19, 73, 103, 109, 116, 120, 122–123, 125–127, 129, 147, 255

Van Wyck, Brian, 16–17, 276, 281

vatan, 21, 47, 174. See also Heimat; homeland

Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 30, 181

Vertragsarbeiter. See contract worker (Vertragsarbeiter)

victimization, 76, 83–87, 292

Vienna, 102, 191

Vietnam, 13, 308. See also asylum seeker, Vietnamese

violence, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 54, 74, 95, 116, 139, 182–183, 189, 191, 204–206, 208, 210, 213, 221, 304, 306. See also sexuality, sexual violence

visa, 117, 212, 216, 218, 220, 230, 246–247, 279, 293, 295

Volk (Nazi rhetoric), 32, 181, 184–185, 193, 195, 197, 213, 223

Volkswagen car, 7, 116, 123, 130, 203

Volkswagen factory, 134

Wallraff, Günter, 224–225

war, 12, 192–193, 233

Weizsäcker, Richard von, 161, 187

welcoming culture (Willkommenskultur), 310

welfare, 4, 90, 100, 188–189, 192, 201, 301–302

West Berlin, 66, 73, 75–77, 79, 89, 101, 104, 108, 155, 162, 235, 238, 255, 261, 298

Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 294, 299

Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 160, 294

Western Europe, 1, 18, 27–28, 35, 45, 69, 101–102, 115, 117, 121–122, 183, 289

Westernization, 26, 45, 115

Wiederkehroption. See return option (Wiederkehroption)

Wirtschaftswunder. See economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder)

Witten, 88, 153, 205

work. See also employment; labor

dirty work (Drecksarbeit), 99, 198, 203

factory, 54, 59, 61

hours, 64, 100

permit, 66, 77, 101, 104, 106, 249, 279

worker. See also employee; guest worker; laborer

foreign, 2, 132, 231, 235, 238–240, 243

mine, 134, 207

Turkish, 56–59, 96, 104, 150, 165, 207–208, 216, 228, 232, 235, 241, 243–244

Workers’ Welfare Organization (Arbeiterwohlfahrt), 56, 79, 243

World Bank, 138–139, 158

World War I, 13, 43, 177, 193, 215–216, 220–221

World War II, 2, 12, 33, 44, 76, 192–194, 215, 217, 251

xenophobia, 35. See also Ausländerfeindlichkeit; racism

Yankı, 218–219

Yapı ve Kredi Bankası, 155

Yazidi, 213, 246

Yeşilköy, 106

Yıldız, Bekir, 139, 174, 245

Yılmaz, Mesut, 107, 241, 263

Yugoslav Wars, 134

Yugoslavia, 9, 13, 18, 28, 40, 97, 99, 108–109, 113, 115–120, 125, 135, 165, 231, 235, 254–255, 302

Yümüşak, Metin, 268–271

Zagreb, 108, 134

Zeit, Die, 104, 205, 252

Zeit-Magazin, 129

zero hour (Stunde Null), 33, 40, 252, 305

Zimmermann, Friedrich, 300–301

Ziraat Bank, 258

Zonguldak, 63, 77, 293

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