Dear Sirs,
We read the article by Redfern et al.,Reference Redfern, Brown and Benson1 entitled ‘High jugular bulb in a cohort of patients with definite Ménière's disease’, with great interest. This study supports the findings of the recent study by Park et al.,Reference Park, Shen, Keil, Kuhl and Westhofen2 which focused on the same topic using a different methodology. Both studies show an increase of jugular bulb abnormalities in Ménière's disease compared with the asymptomatic sideReference Redfern, Brown and Benson1 or a control group.Reference Park, Shen, Keil, Kuhl and Westhofen2 This approach provides a new means to understand Ménière's disease physiopathology. In addition, the findings have clinical consequences that are worth knowing by the surgeon. Indeed, as explained by Redfern et al., some Ménière's symptoms have already been cured by surgicalReference Couloigner, Grayeli, Bouccara, Julien and Sterkers3, Reference Kieran and Meyer4 or endovascularReference Hitier, Barbier, Marie-Aude, Moreau, Courtheoux and Patron5 treatments of jugular bulb abnormalities. Nevertheless, jugular bulb abnormalities – even with inner-ear or aqueduct dehiscences – are asymptomatic in nearly half of the cases.Reference Friedmann, Eubig, Winata, Pramanik, Merchant and Lalwani6
It is thus important to differentiate between those jugular bulb abnormalities that are responsible for the Ménière's-like syndromes and those which are fortuitous associations. To do this, the surgeon must look for four clues which indicate that a jugular bulb abnormality is symptomatic: (1) vertigo may be induced by high venous pressure (coughing, Valsalva manoeuvre)Reference Hitier, Barbier, Marie-Aude, Moreau, Courtheoux and Patron5 or sound (i.e. Tullio phenomenon);Reference Friedmann, Le, Pramanik and Lalwani7 (2) tinnitus may be pulsatile (in 33 per cent of cases);Reference Hitier, Barbier, Marie-Aude, Moreau, Courtheoux and Patron5, Reference Friedmann, Le, Pramanik and Lalwani7 (3) a nystagmus may be identified when performing vestibular nystagmography during the Valsalva manoeuvre;Reference Hitier, Barbier, Marie-Aude, Moreau, Courtheoux and Patron5 and (4) vestibular evoked myogenic potential may show a threshold below 70 dB (in 63 per cent of cases).Reference Hitier, Barbier, Marie-Aude, Moreau, Courtheoux and Patron5, Reference Friedmann, Eubig, Winata, Pramanik, Merchant and Lalwani6 These low thresholds (as in superior canal dehiscence) result from a third window phenomenon;Reference Minor8 they differ from typical Ménière's disease, which exhibits no vestibular evoked myogenic potential responses despite a stimulus of 100 dB (in 54 per cent of cases).Reference de Waele, Tran Ba Huy, Diard, Freyss and Vidal9
In conclusion, this study by Redfern et al. reminds us that Ménière's disease is, by definition, idiopathic, which means its physiopathology is not completely understood. It is likely that different mechanisms are hidden within the ‘idiopathic’ element, including symptomatic dehiscence induced by jugular bulb abnormalities. It is therefore important that screening for symptomatic jugular bulb abnormalities is conducted and a specific treatment proposed.
