Index
Abu Salim Massacre, , 96
Ahrar al-Sham, 8
Akhbar Libya (newspaper), 51
Al-Salaam (newspaper), 64
American Libyan Freedom Alliance, 51
Amnesty International, 204
Arab Congress, first, 56
Arab Spring uprising
authoritarian responses to, 8
beginnings, , 93
and conflict transmission, 95
Libyan regime responses to, , 113
and mobilizing structures, 116
and Syrian dissent,
Syrian regime responses to,
and Yemeni dissent,
Yemeni regime responses to, 109
Arab Workers League, 66
Arab Workers Union, 65
Assad, Hafez al-, 57
Baʻath Party, 57
Barada TV,
Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 6
#ChicagoGirl (documentary), 159
Caesar file, 150
Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 119
coalitions, 51
of Alawis, 57
as horizontal networks, 32
Leftist, 211
pan-Arab, 231
revolutionary, 39,
transnational, 68
collective identity, 37
Committee for the Defense of Yemen, 64
conflict transmission, 5, , 25, 71, 94
Arab Spring effects on, 95
and home-country ties, 35
among Libyan diaspora, 86
and political engagement, 26
among post-Arab Spring Syrian diaspora, , 126
among post-Arab Spring Yemeni diaspora, 96
and quotidian disruptions, 26
among Syrian diaspora,
and voice, 31
among Yemeni diaspora, 87
Damascus Declaration (2005), 60
Day of Rage (Yemen), 109
diaspora activism, 14, 96, 224
and alternative loyalties, 37
and collective identity, 37
and conflict transmission, 26
challenges to, 37
changes over time,
emergence of, 2
and fatigue, 15
and financial support, 11
as fragmenting experience, 15
and home-country influence, 13
and home-country mass movements, 39
humanitarian efforts of, 21
and patronage, 174
and proxy punishment, 75
pace of, 26
paradoxes of, ,
and quotidian disruptions, 26
and sense of helplessness, 15
and shared experience, 37
social science view of, 3
sustained revolution, effects of, 18
and transnational repression, 25
transnational aspects of, 32
US vs. Great Britain factors, , 23
variation by home country,
diaspora members
home-country ties of, 34
and home-country uprisings, 14
isolation of, 82
mobilization dynamics of, 34
resources for activism, 11
social construction of identity of, 230
surveillance of, , 79,
as transnational subjects, 35
diaspora movements
changes over time, 95
factors for effectiveness, 40
and international organizations, 32
and loyalty, 32
and regime change, 5
as transnational networks, 32
diaspora, definition of, 3
Fares, Raed, 157
Federation of Syrian American Societies, 55
FirstStep (TV series), 61
Free Yemen Movement, 64
geopolitical support, 22
of home-country, 232
and Islamic extremism, , 220
and Libyan revolution,
and NATO, 208
and resource conversion, 42
of third-party states, , , 218
and UN Human Rights Council, 211
and UN Security Council, 220
and Yemeni revolution, 219
guarded advocacy, 104
Gulf Cooperation Council Agreement,
Hama Massacre (1982), 58
Hezbollah, 8
home-country mass movements, 39
home-country ties, 35
and conflict transmission, 35
and diaspora activism,
of diaspora members,
as hindrance to mobilization, 38
and remitting, 177
Human Rights Watch, 205
humanitarian work, 21
indigenous organizations, 46
International Criminal Court, 204
Islamic extremism, , 220
Islamic Relief, 221
Kurdish independence, 59,
Libya AlHurra, 160
Libya Human and Political Development Forum, 51
Libya Watanona (Our Homeland Libya), 51
Libya Women’s Association, 54
Libyan American Association of Ohio, 160
Libyan Constitutional Union, 74
Libyan diaspora
community-building efforts,
divisions among activists, 115
and Global War on Terrorism, 52
isolation among, 79
migration of, 49
mobilization of,
motivations for activism, 97,
and promotion of Amazigh culture, 51
and reintegration efforts of regime, 53
responses to Arab Spring,
responses to reforms,
student political engagement, 99
unity of against regime, 115
and Western rapprochement, 52
Libyan diaspora activism
as auxiliary force for rebellion, 170
advisory efforts,
and broadcasting demonstrations, 141
brokering efforts of, 155
and capital conversion,
coordination of home-country groups, 159
demonstrations, 143
divisions among, 115
joining Free Libya Army, 167
lobbying efforts of,
and military advice, 187
and NTC, 148
and quotidian disruptions, 136
remitting efforts of, , 184
and social capital,
use of social media, 140
use of television broadcasting, 153
Libyan Humanitarian Action, 160
Libyan Martyrs Militia, 167
Libyan revolution
and diaspora activism,
and geopolitical support,
and media attention,
and NATO, 208
and NGO support, 207
and politicization of diaspora groups, 117
and third-party states,
and UN Security Council, 208
Libyan Tamazight Congress, 52
Libyan Transitional Council, 160
Libyan Women’s Association, 82
Libyan Women’s Union, 117
Local Coordination Committees, 153
Maram Foundation, 195
Marx, Karl, 30
Matar, Hisham, 74
methodological nationalism, 226
mobilizing structures, 116
Mubarak, Hosni, 7
Mukhtar, Omar al-, 8
Nabbous, Mohammed, 8
National Association of Syrian and Lebanese American Federations, 56
National Front for the Salvation of Libya, 49
National Independence Party of Syria, 56
National Liberation Army (Libya), 114
National Liberation Front, 65
National Salvation Front, 60
National Syrian American Expatriate group, 105
National Transitional Council, , 206, 210
and activist advisory efforts, 185
broadcasting of, 153
and capital conversion, 184
formation of, 97
Libyan diaspora support of, 148
lobbying efforts of, 148
recognition of as legitimate government, 206
and Responsibility to Protect doctrine, 185
volunteering of, 167
NATO, 208
negative coalitions, 95
New Syria Party, 56
norm brokerage, 12
One Hundred Thousand Names Project, 146
People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, 63
Proclamation of Principles for the Free Syrian Army, 163
professionalization of activism,
protests, 143
Public International Law and Policy Group, 163
Rabita Shamal Afriqiya, 51
red line policy, 213
Red Lines (documentary), 213
remitting. See also capital conversion
as diaspora activity, 27
and home-country ties, 177
and Libyan diaspora activism,
and Syrian diaspora activism,
and Yemeni diaspora activism, 163
resource conversion, 22, 174, See also capital conversion
differences in, 175
and geopolitical support, 42
and political action, 31
types of, 175
Return, The (memoir), 74
Revolutionary Committees (Libya), 48
Shaam News Network, 154
Sheikh Abdullah al-Hakimi, 64
simultaneity, 35
social media, , 176
and awareness raising, 142
and broadcasting demonstrations,
and Libyan diaspora activism, 140
and responses to propaganda, 141
and Yemeni diaspora activism, 142
Solidarity for Syria, 194
South Yemen Association, 130
Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution, 122
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 56
Syria Campaign, The (Twitter), 142
Syria Future Current Party, 125
Syria Justice and Accountability Centre, 217
Syria Parliamentary Affairs Group, 150
Syria Relief, 196
Syrian American Council, 61, , 118, 149, 157, 190
conflict with diaspora activists, 118
politicization of, 119
and Syrian revolution, 118
Syrian American Council (SAC), 60
Syrian American Engineers Association, 162
Syrian American Federation of New York, 56
Syrian British Medical Society, 120
Syrian Christians for Democracy, 194
Syrian Christians for Peace, 152
Syrian diaspora
community-building efforts of, 62
and conflict transmission,
and Damascus Declaration, 60
early activism of, 56
early anti-regime activism of, 60
early migration of,
emigration to Israel, 57
and first Arab Congress, 56
guarded advocacy of, 104
and Hama Massacre, 58
isolation of, 79
and Kurdish divisions,
motivations for activism, 101,
and neutrality of groups, 121
post-Arab Spring divisions among,
racial discrimination of,
religious discrimination of, 55
responses to Bashar regime, 60
social costs of activism, 107
socioeconomic status of, 190
and transnational repression, 95,
use of media,
Syrian diaspora activism
coordination of home-country groups, , 167
demonstrations of, , 146
disillusionment of,
fundraising efforts of, 190
home-country ties, challenges of,
humanitarian efforts of, 168
joining Free Syria Army, 168
and media representation, 154
opposition to ISIS, 150
professionalization of, , 197
and quotidian disruptions, 136
remitting efforts of,
and social capital, 190
specialization of,
teach-ins, 142
use of television broadcasting, 153
volunteer efforts on the ground, , 217
waning of, 191
Syrian exiles
responses to Arab Spring, 10
Syrian Expatriates Organization, 179
Syrian Human Rights Committee, 123
Syrian Legal Development Programme, 217
Syrian National Coalition, 153
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, The, 61
Syrian Parliamentary Affairs Group, 194
Syrian revolution
beginnings, 102
and challenges to geopolitical support, 215
characterization as civil war, 211
and diaspora activism,
effects on diaspora activism, 95
and home-country support, 211
and ISIS, , 217
and media support, 212
militarization of, 211
and politicization of diaspora groups, 119
and refugee crisis, 218
and third-party states, , 218
US v. British support, 212
Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union, 122
Syrian Revolution General Commission, 122
Syrian War, 8
teach-ins, 142
Terbil, Fathi, 7
The Suriya el-Fetat (Young Syria Party), 56
The Yemen Peace Project, 17
third-party states, , , 218
transnational activism
of diaspora groups, 13
episodic nature of, 34
and global capitalism, 30
and technological advances, 30
and voice, 22
transnational network ties, 175
transnational perspective,
and methodological nationalism, 226
transnational repression, 5, , 25, 35, 226
Arab Spring effects on, 94
and fear among diaspora,
by Gaddafi regime, , 77,
and horizontal voice, 36
historical examples of, 36
and isolation of diaspora members, 36
and lethal retribution,
of post-Arab Spring Yemeni diaspora, 95
and political engagement, 25
and technology, 36
by Yemeni regime, 83
Tuareg, 48
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 213
United Arab Republic, 57
United Nations Human Rights Council, 204
voice, 248, , 254
conditions for use of, 34
definition of, 33
differences in, 29
and external animation, 42
and geopolitics, 45
and home-country reforms, 228
limits of, 40
obstacles to, 94
opportunities, 70
and shared identity, 37
shifts in, 170
and social capital, 201
threats to, 36
and transnational activism, 22
and transnational ties, 92
World Amazigh Conference, 53
Yemen Refugee Organization, 69
Yemeni American Association of Bay Ridge, 69
Yemeni Arab Association, 67
Yemeni Arab Spring, 17
Yemeni Association of Scientists and Professionals, 91
Yemeni Benevolent Society, 67
Yemeni diaspora
community-building efforts of,
early activism of, 64
early discrimination of, 64
early emigration of, 64
early financial remittances of, 66
and home-country families, 65
financial support of NLF, 65
motivations for activism,
obstacles to mobilization,
and pro-secession groups, 67
political insulation of existing organizations,
post-World War II emigration, 65
pre-Arab Spring activism, 68
use of media, 65
and Yemen civil war, 63
Yemeni diaspora activism
brokering efforts of, 158
demonstrations of,
failed potential of, 172
host-country lack of support of, 220
and lack of trust, 134
lobbying efforts of, 152
and media representation, 155
as non-political, 135
and photo exhibits, 143
and politicization of organizations, 132
remitting efforts of, 163
resource limitations of, 199
and social capital,
use of social media, 142
volunteer efforts on the ground, 169
Yemeni exiles
responses to Arab Spring, 11
Yemeni Immigrants General Union, 67
Yemeni Migrant Workers Organization, 69
Yemeni regime
relative weakness of, 83
Yemeni revolution
and diaspora activism, 126
and geopolitical support,
and Islah party, 129
and Islamic extremism, 220
southern Yemeni opposition to, ,
Yemeni Welfare Association of Manchester, 66
Yemeni Workers’ Union, 66
Yemeni Youth Association, 70
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