In recent years, a number of novel adiposity proxies, such as the ‘A Body Shape Index’ (ABSI), Body Roundness Index (BRI) and Waist-hip-height ratio (WHHR) have been applied as an alternative to Body Mass Index (BMI), which has been challenged as proxy indicator of CM risk(Reference Song, Jousilahti and StehouwerFootnote 1, Reference Thomas, Bredlau and Bosy-WestphalFootnote 2). The ‘thin outside, fat inside’ (TOFI) obesity phenotype is characterised by BMI 18·5–24·9 kg/m2 (normal weight), whilst manifesting a cluster of health-detrimental CM abnormalities(Reference Thomas, Frost and Taylor-RobinsonFootnote 3). The aim of this study was to investigate associations between dietary intake, nutritional status and CM risk in the normal weight UK population with and without clustered CM risk factors and to verify the suitability of novel adiposity proxies for the identification of TOFIs.
Using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) Rolling Programme 2008/09–2011/12 (unweighted data) a subsample (n 227) of the normal weight population was analysed. Variation in nutritional status was investigated by the existence of the cluster CM risk(Reference Wildman, Muntner and ReynoldsFootnote 4). Beside energy and nutrient intake, emerging (carotenoids)(Reference Gammone, Riccioni and D'OrazioFootnote 5) and more established (e.g. plasma Vitamin D, ferritin and dietary carbohydrates(Reference MozaffarrianFootnote 6) correlates of CM risk were investigated. Traditional (waist circumference (WC)) and novel (ABSI, BRI and WHHR) measures of adiposity were also compared amongst groups using an independent t-test.
a p < 0·05 b p < 0·01; * TOFI ⩾2 CM abnormalities (Triglycerides >1·7 mmol/L; HDL <1·0 mmol/L (M)/<1·3 mmol/L (F) or lipid lowering medication; Systolic/diastolic blood pressure ⩾130/85 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication, CRP > 1 mg/L, Glucose ⩾ 5·6 mmol/L)(4).
Female TOFIs had significantly higher levels of plasma ferritin but significantly lower levels of total carotenoids than non-TOFIs. For male TOFIs, plasma Vitamin D was significantly lower than for non-TOFIs. Carbohydrate intake ( %total energy) was significantly lower in male TOFIs than non-TOFIs. For men only, TOFIs were significantly older and heavier and their BRI, WC and WHHR were significantly higher. For women, only BRI and WHHR were significantly higher in TOFIs. ABSI did not prove to be a useful proxy for adiposity for this group.
Diet quality and composition in this obesity phenotype warrant further investigation to establish how they might impact upon adipose tissue quality, distribution and associated risk factors for CM health. To improve identification of normal-weight individuals at risk, gender specific novel proxy indicators of adiposity may be required.
