Index

doi:10.1017/9781316225240.027

Index Introductory Note

References such as “178–9” indicate (not necessarily continuous) discussion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, these have either been divided into subtopics or only the most significant discussions of the topic are listed. Because the entire work is about the “Vietnam War,” the use of this term (and certain others that occur frequently in the book) as an entry point has been restricted. Information will be found under the corresponding detailed topics. Cross-references in a form such as “governor generals. See also individual names” direct the reader to headings in a particular class (e.g. “Võ Nguyên Giáp”) rather than a specific “individual names” entry.

17th parallel, 2, 6, 329, 415–417, 419

action psychologique, 211–212, 214

activism, anticolonial, 10, 60–61, 65, 70

advisors

American, 21, 339, 380, 381, 385, 461, 464, 466, 468–469

Chinese, 175–177, 178–180, 184, 221, 225–226, 228, 240

North Vietnamese in Laos, 394, 400

political, 41, 160

presidential, 286

agriculture, 47, 53, 363, 366, 368, 375, 396

collectivization, 349, 361–365, 366, 368, 377

swidden, 332

Agroville Program, 19–20, 338–339, 381, 422, 443, 463

Aid the King Movement, 48–50, 51–52, 54

Albania, 148, 377

alcohol, 11, 50, 138

Algeria, 58, 172, 234, 238, 268, 279, 281, 295, 436

America. See United States

American journalists, 21, 320, 455, 461, 469

“American war,” 8–9, 22, 284

An Khê, battle of, 134, 203, 207, 213–216

Annam, 15–16, 29–31, 47–51, 53–54, 55–58, 59–60, 62–65, 73, 151–152, 199–201. See also Central Vietnam

conquest, 48–51

northern, 15, 73, 130, 152

southern, 15, 149, 151–152

anticolonial activism, 61, 65

anticolonialism, 54–57, 67–69, 93, 109, 155, 278, 281, 322, 324

anticommunism, 164, 267–268, 312, 322–324, 369, 383, 458–459

Anti-French Resistance, 150, 152

Ấp Bắc, 21, 384–385, 444, 454–455, 460–462, 465–466, 468

“archipelago” state, 151–152, 218, 443, 466

armored vehicles, 20–21, 381, 385, 460–461, 465

Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), 20–22, 376, 379–381, 385, 428, 461, 464, 465–466, 468, 471

ARVN. See also Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)

generals, 22, 473

Asia Foundation, 35, 344

assassinations, 6, 35, 52, 64, 121, 305–307, 339, 374–376, 424, 451

Associated State of Vietnam (ASVN), 163, 170, 219–220, 223–224, 231, 243, 245, 258, 327

Associated States, 154, 160–162, 163, 167–168, 170, 171, 243–244, 247, 278–280, 286

ASVN. See Associated State of Vietnam (ASVN)

Atlante, Opération, 213, 243–244, 245, 249–252

August Revolution, 34, 41, 106–124, 201–202, 305

concept, 114–119

global context, 119–120

and war, 122–124

Bắc Giang, 117, 234

Bắc Ninh, 116, 149

Bahnar, 204, 207, 212, 216, 334

Bajarka Movement, 334

Ball, George, 446

Ban Mê Thuột, 196, 202–203, 208, 210, 214

Bandung Conference, 277, 393

Bảo Đại, 14, 106–107, 122–123, 160, 209, 210, 265–266, 296–297, 305–306, 311–312, 322

deposition, 297, 373

ex-emperor, 78, 306, 370

Bảo Đại solution, 14, 209, 266

Bataillon des tirailleurs montagnards du Sud-Annam (BTMSA), 199

battles, set-piece, 16, 163, 239, 253, 440

Bay of Pigs, 439

Belgium, 35, 307

Bidault, Georges, 169–170, 187, 189

Biên Hòa, 133, 152

Bigeard, Marcel, 239–240, 251–252

Bình Xuyên, 15, 265–266, 294, 297, 311, 319–320, 322, 462, 467, 471

Black River, 227, 256

Bodard, Lucien, 233

Boun Oum, Prince, 404, 407

Brévié, Jules, 199

Britain. See United Kingdom

BTMSA. See Bataillon des tirailleurs montagnards du Sud-Annam (BTMSA)

Buddhist Crisis of 1963, 445, 451, 469–473

Buddhists, 36, 272, 308, 325, 345, 402, 445–446, 447, 470–472

leaders, 469–470, 473

monks, 21, 445, 454, 469–470

Bùi Chu dioceses, 311, 313, 321

Bùi Quang Chiêu, 58, 59

Bundy, McGeorge, 440

Burma, 88, 93, 134, 285, 292, 319, 393

Bút Trà, 342–343

Buttinger, Joseph, 40–41

Bửu Hội, 315

Cambodia, 85, 94–95, 101, 104–107, 160, 182, 187–192, 194–196, 279, 390–391. See also Kampuchea

eastern, 396

Cambodians, 3, 13, 76, 86, 103, 160, 311. See also ethnic Cambodians (Khmers)

Cần Lao, 321

Cần Vương. See Aid the King Movement

canals, 11, 45–46, 222, 234–236

Canton, 71–72, 83

Cao Bằng, 27, 162–163, 177–178, 220, 222, 224, 240, 249, 279

Cao Đài, 13, 15, 63, 65, 121–122, 131, 133, 265–266, 305–306, 320

capitulation, Japan. See Japan, surrender in 1945

Caravelle Manifesto, 341, 377

Carnation Revolution, 280

Carpentier, Marcel, 220–221

Catholic Relief Service, 314

Catholics, 21, 272, 293, 305–307, 308–311, 320, 330, 354, 371, 470

CCMC. See CCP, CCP Central Military Commission

CCP, 62, 70, 72, 173–175, 352, 459. See also Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

CCP Central Military Commission, 177, 180, 185

Central Committee, 175–176

leadership, 173–176, 177, 181–182, 192, 194

CDNI. See Committee for the Defence of the National Interest (CDNI)

Central Highlands, 15, 134, 241, 250–251, 258, 333–334, 387, 396

First Indochina War, 195–217

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 271, 288, 290, 292, 294, 334, 399, 404, 406–407, 409

Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN), 419, 427, 430

Central Vietnam, 215, 218–219, 232, 239–241, 250–251, 305, 307, 420, 424, 425. See also Annam

Chӑm, 196, 332, 334

Champassak, 404

Charbonneau, René, 86

Chassin, Lionel-Max, 236

Chiang Kai-shek, 72, 127, 162, 274

China, 13–14, 162–163, 167–169, 173, 174, 175, 176, 180–189, 192–194, 375–376, 385, 404–407, 459–460. See also Taiwan

army, 121, 137, 142–143

and First Indochina War, 173–194

military presence, 137–138

Nationalist, 13, 120

planning support for Vietnamese communists, 174–176

South, 54, 62, 64

South China Sea, 21, 196, 465

southern, 27, 61, 70, 78, 142, 160, 230, 256

support, 140, 174, 365

troops, 137, 141, 157, 163, 180

Chinese advisors, 177, 178–180, 184, 221, 225–226, 228, 245, 247, 248, 250

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 62, 70, 72, 173–175, 352, 459

Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG), 175–176, 177–178, 180–181, 182–183

Chinese nationalists, 69, 72, 131, 175, 277

Chu Thiên, 38

CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

civil administration, 131, 144, 151

civil servants, 59, 63, 130, 220, 221, 337, 396, 399, 404, 408

civil society, 313, 346

and nation-building, 340–345

civil wars, 2, 13–15, 17, 23, 161, 177, 218, 220, 267, 280

class struggle, 63, 69, 74, 78, 352, 402

class warfare, 218, 336, 365, 387

CMAG. See Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG)

Cochinchina, 15, 29–30, 44–50, 57–59, 62, 63–65, 149, 151–152, 203–204. See also Southern Vietnam

before 1885, 45–47

Cochinchinese Council, 49, 58, 63, 152

“coexistence, peaceful,” 19, 21, 22, 274, 373, 375, 383, 385, 421, 473–474

Cold War, 2–3, 14–15, 51–57, 161–166, 277–278, 282–284, 289–295, 300–301, 303–304, 435–436

collaboration, 51, 57, 59, 87, 89, 90, 289, 301, 306, 310

Franco-Annamite, 57, 59, 65

collective farms, 19, 362–365, 375, 377

collectivization, 19, 246, 272, 349, 361–362, 364–366, 381

agricultural, 349, 361–365, 366, 368, 377

Collège Chasseloup-Laubat, 47

Collège de Cần Thơ, 62

Collège de Mỹ Tho, 47

Collège du Protectorat, 53

Collins, J. Lawton, 282–283, 293–294

colonialism, American, 291

Comintern (Communist International), 61, 63–65, 66, 69–70, 72–77, 79, 82, 111

Committee for the Defence of the National Interest (CDNI), 399

communism, 10–11, 283, 285, 298, 300–301, 306–309, 314, 320–322, 327–329, 337

international, 69–70, 74, 435

communist bloc, 192–193, 220, 223, 350, 357, 370, 373–374, 376, 380, 386

communist cadres, 200, 211, 333, 371

communist expansion, 2, 185, 291, 314, 317–319

communist forces, 182, 369–370, 374, 379, 381–382, 384, 387, 439, 444, 474

communist infiltration, 333, 337, 339

communist influence, 281, 334, 344

communist insurgency, 20, 321, 328–330, 337–338, 344, 352, 433, 437, 459, 467

communist leaders, 8, 109, 114, 225–226, 466

communist movement, 15, 61, 82

communist operatives, 18, 376, 422

communist party. See Vietnamese Communist Party

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 357, 373, 421

communists, 72, 121–124, 164–165, 221–222, 255–256, 368–370, 379–380, 381–382, 443–445, 450–452

Chinese, 79, 162, 171, 173, 220–221, 233, 284, 287

“concerted uprisings,” 376, 414, 424–428, 463

Confucian ideology, 50

Confucianism, 61, 341–342

Confucius, 71, 94

conscription, 136, 230

conscripts, 241, 254–255, 268

constitutions, 57, 139, 297, 323, 358–360, 389

1959 North Vietnamese, 359–361

Indochinese, 58, 59

containment, 283–289, 292, 298, 300–301

as grand strategy, 282–283

coolies, 63, 64, 88, 91, 93, 196

corvée labor, 51, 209, 363–364

COSVN. See Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN)

counterinsurgency, 162, 163, 222–224, 226–227, 230, 381, 440–441, 442, 447, 448–449

coups, 85, 100, 104–106, 114, 116, 386, 403–404, 446, 452–454, 471–473

leaders, 467, 472

March 9, 1945, 100–101, 113, 116, 117, 119–120, 155, 201

November 1–2, 1963, 341, 469–473

CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)

credibility, 166, 311, 435, 441, 447

Crown Domain, 202, 210

Cuba, 300, 378, 385, 434, 438–440

Cường Để, 67, 305

Đà Lạt, 134, 149, 158, 196, 204, 214, 310

Đà Nẵng, 135, 190, 236, 239, 310

Đại Pháp, 58

Đại Việt, 28, 96, 306, 311, 315, 318, 325, 328

dams, 235–237

Đặng Phong, 349

Đào Duy Anh, 37

d’Argenlieu, Georges Thierry, 149, 158–160, 203, 205–206, 208

Darlac province, 208, 211

de Gaulle, Charles, 103, 115, 156–157, 159, 165, 168, 202, 268, 447–448

de Lattre, Jean, 161, 163, 166, 178–179, 181, 222–224, 227, 230, 232, 240

Đề Thám, 54

decolonization, 2, 6, 9, 13, 35, 103, 156, 158, 277–280, 281

contested, 280, 281

peaceful, 219

wars, 152, 238, 252–253, 306

Decoux, Jean, 84–85, 87, 90, 92, 94, 96–97, 101, 104

democracy, 103, 107–108, 148, 280, 297, 300, 309, 319, 429, 437

democratic freedoms, 354, 358, 360–361

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), 15–18, 150–152, 158–161, 178–181, 186–189, 257–262, 316–317, 347–351, 361–372, 391–395. See also North Vietnam

agricultural collectivization, 349, 361–365, 366, 368, 377

authorities, 142, 226

birth, 127–153

capital of, 178, 219, 234

censors, 140, 147

Constitution, 358, 359–361

control, 181, 188, 371

forces, 13, 22, 149, 162, 179, 183–184, 206, 225, 416

government, 79, 121, 137–138, 146, 151, 271, 371

intellectuals, 348, 355–357

leaders, 21, 179–180, 227–228, 264–265, 351, 353–354, 370–371, 372, 411–412, 474–476

leadership, 150, 177, 179–180, 374

officials, 203, 316, 359, 458

strategic zones, 229

strategy for the south after Geneva Accords, 415–419

territory, 231, 234, 248, 390

waging revolution on two fronts, 374–378

Deng Yifan, 176

Denounce Communists Campaign, 18, 338, 345, 418, 462

de-Stalinization, 246, 355–359, 375

Detachment 3, 133–134

détente, 6, 168, 375

Devereux, Georges, 201, 212, 217

Điện Biên Phủ, 16, 169–170, 183–185, 206, 213–215, 238–239, 248–253, 255–258, 285, 290

battle, 236, 238–259, 333, 352, 431

fall, 184–185

road to, 181–184

surrender, 169, 238, 268, 390

dikes, 130, 234–236, 348, 436

Dimitrov, Georgy, 77

đình (communal halls), 138, 147

Đinh Xuân Lâm, 38

discrimination, 343, 352

anti-Buddhist, 21, 470

racial, 277–278

ĐMH. See Đồng minh Hội (DMH)

Đỗ Đức Hồ, 99

Đoàn 100, 400–401

doctors, 102, 136, 378, 396

Đồng Khánh, 49, 57, 62

Dong Khe, 48

Đồng minh Hội (DMH), 69, 77, 78, 120–121

Đông Triều, 225

Doumer, Paul, 50, 57

DRVN. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN)

du Picq, Ardant, 198

Dulles, John Foster, 185, 276, 287–291, 292–295

Durbrow, Elbridge, 300, 467

École Française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO), 32, 35, 41, 59

economic aid, 19, 297, 372, 381, 395, 433, 440, 442, 459, 469

economic assistance, 14, 174, 468

economic development, 55, 299, 326, 337, 339, 368, 386

economic war(fare), 230, 232–233, 235–237

EDC. See European Defence Community (EDC)

Eden, Anthony, 188–189, 193

education

Franco-Annamite, 53, 57

modern, 52, 345

moral, 336, 344

educational reforms, 30, 54, 57

EFEO. See École Française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO)

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 246, 276, 278, 282–301, 433, 437, 467

collaboration, 289–295

and legacies of colonialism and empire, 286–288

unilateralism, 283, 295–298

elections, 138–139, 258, 262, 296–298, 316–317, 323, 370, 372, 416, 417–418

Geneva-mandated, 297, 418

reunification, 16–17, 194, 467

Ely, Paul, 171–172, 290, 293–294

Élysée Accords, 210

ethnic Cambodians (Khmers), 13, 45, 132, 196, 328, 332, 334

ethnic groups, 204, 215, 321, 330, 332–333, 342, 383

ethnic minorities, 133, 197, 204, 205, 208, 302, 321, 383, 402

ethnic policies, 211, 216

ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh), 132–133, 161, 195, 204, 213, 216, 329–330, 335

ethnoscape, 197

Europe, 67, 69, 162, 164–166, 168, 246, 249, 289, 448, 449

European Defence Community (EDC), 166–168, 265, 267, 273–275, 289

executions, 18, 102, 112, 175, 177, 320, 352–353, 356–357, 358, 372

Expeditionary Corps, 108, 156–157, 160, 170, 171–172, 239, 243

famine, 86, 102, 104, 118, 120, 130, 145, 256, 372

Fanon, Frantz, 238–239, 253, 257

farmers, 18, 65, 73, 75, 372, 377, 381, 402, 403, 413

farms, 19, 99, 363–365. See also agriculture

FCP. See French Communist Party (FCP)

FEC. See French Expeditionary Corps (FEC)

Ferry, Jules, 46, 47

First Indochina War. See France, French Indochina War

Fitzgerald, Frances, 10, 41–42, 455

flags, 90, 94, 132, 145, 151, 421

religious, 470

Fontainebleau Conference, 78, 158, 203–204, 205

food, 133, 137, 150–151, 222–223, 228–230, 235, 241, 249, 254–255, 257

production, 138, 234

scarcity, 350

supplies, 135, 227–228, 231, 234

foreign aid, 344, 368, 397–398, 451

fortified hamlets, 339–340, 464

France, 59–60, 68–70, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 120–127, 149–151, 163–168, 203–205, 289–290, 309–312, 314–315

air force, 233–236, 252

army/forces, 13, 140–141, 149–150, 183, 202–203, 211–212, 232–233, 235–236, 239–240, 390

authorities, 49, 52, 55–56, 84, 88, 161, 271, 307

bombers, 241, 251, 255–257

colonial rule, 30, 109, 198, 328, 419

colonial state, 11, 12, 151, 219, 364

economy, 57, 63

empire, 17, 76, 160, 223, 247, 315

French Expeditionary Corps (FEC), 241, 243, 246, 293, 295

French Indochina War, 12–15, 16–17, 34–35, 36–37, 173–237, 347–348, 361–362, 389, 457

defeat, 98–99

endgame, 166–172

how it began, 154–161

Indochina becoming Cold War battlefield, 161–166

French settlers, 55, 57–58, 155, 157, 159–160

Indochinese in, 98–99

leaders, 13, 14, 16, 78, 155, 165, 169, 209, 220, 249

officers, 63, 158, 206, 207, 230

officials, 11, 15, 46, 49, 92, 95, 198, 202, 292, 293

prime ministers, 46, 189, 193, 261

Revolution, 108–109

rule, 27, 46, 50, 65, 85, 93, 102, 306

scholars, 40–41

settlers, 55, 57–58, 155, 157, 159–160

Sûreté, 62, 64, 130, 200

Vichy. See Vichy France

Franco-Annamite collaboration, 57, 59, 65

Franco-Annamite education, 53, 57

Franco-Annamite schools, 31, 48, 59, 62, 73

Free Laos Front, 391

“Free Vietnam,” 302, 312, 316, 459

“free world,” 163, 165, 170, 285–286, 291, 313, 395, 436, 459, 469

French civilians, 131–132, 141

French colonialism, 95, 101, 110, 195, 263, 266, 291, 349, 457

French commanders, 16, 152, 158, 179, 181, 214, 223, 228, 314, 390

French Communist Party (FCP), 62, 74–75, 79, 111, 156, 169

French Indochina War. See France, French Indochina War

French Union, 157, 160–161, 163, 247–248, 250, 252, 253, 261, 311, 314–315

forces, 14, 162, 166

fuel, 98, 224, 404

Garde Indochinois, 133

Garde montagnarde, 207, 209

Geneva Accords, 194, 262–264, 271–275, 318, 347–348, 350–353, 354–356, 368–371, 391–392, 407–409

challenges and setbacks in aftermath, 369–374

Hanoi’s strategy for the South after, 415–419

signing, 274

Geneva Agreements. See Geneva Accords

Geneva Conference, Second, 406–407

Geneva Conference of 1954, 170–171, 186–187, 189, 193–194, 262–263, 275–277, 281–282, 390–391, 406–407, 415

decolonization, 261–281

failure, 275–277

Final Declaration, 263, 296, 350, 370, 392, 416

Germans in Indochina, 98–99, 167

Germany, 17, 55, 70, 84, 98–99, 129, 165, 166, 246, 265

Nazi, 32, 85, 93, 99

Gia Long, 31, 44, 97

Gia Long Palace, 302

giặc dốt, 145

Giai Phẩm, 37, 358, 374, 401, 439

“gifts from heaven” for Revolution, 384–387

global Cold War. See Cold War

Gò Quản Cung, battle of, 426

governor generals, 49, 70. See also individual names

Gracey, Douglas, 132, 137, 157

grain, 137, 177–178, 184, 256, 364

granaries, 230, 234–235

grand strategy, 249, 282–286, 433

Great Powers, 168, 169, 250

Great War, 55, 155

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 86, 93, 99, 101

Guangzhou, 60–61, 63, 70–71, 111, 173, 231

Guatemala, 288, 300

Guéhenno, Jean, 98

guerrilla warfare/tactics, 134, 180, 200–201, 220, 253, 339

guerrillas, 116, 201, 380

Gulf of Tonkin, 221, 224

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 292

Hà Huy Tập, 74, 79, 82

Hạ Long Bay, 160, 278

Hà Tĩnh, 65

Hà Vӑn Tấn, 38

Hải Phòng, 137, 140–141, 149, 151, 159, 222, 224, 225, 230, 232

Hanoi, 19–23, 106–109, 110–115, 148–152, 296–298, 354–358, 378–387, 411–412, 421–424, 427–430. See also North Vietnam

decisions, 368, 376, 377, 388, 422

leaders, 377, 381, 383–385

Opera House, 139, 140

public gathering, 108

Harriman, Averell, 407, 446

health, 61, 102, 146, 396, 408, 449

helicopters, 20, 380–381, 385, 442–444, 460–461, 464, 465

Highlanders, 15, 195–207, 209–212, 213, 214, 216, 332–334

loyalties, 206, 209, 216

Hilsman, Roger, 446, 472

Hồ Chí Minh, 27–28, 66, 67, 68, 69, 77–83, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 122–130, 136–142, 148–151, 156–162, 173–177, 189–193. See also Nguyễn Ái Quốc

legacy, 82–83

pragmatism, 67–69, 76

proclamation of DRV independence, 128

and rise of Vietnamese Communist movement, 66–83

and Trường Chinh, 110–114

Hồ Chí Minh Sea Trail, 465, 474

Hồ Chí Minh Trail, 21, 384, 396, 409, 463, 465

Hòa Hảo, 87, 121–122, 131–132, 151, 265–266, 294, 305–306, 320, 322, 371

Hoàng Đạo Thành, 30–31

Hoàng Vӑn Thái, 135, 144

Hong Kong, 54, 64, 73–74, 85, 111, 306, 397

Hồng River. See Red River

hospitals, 136, 146, 332, 338, 342, 397, 401

Hrê, 207, 213, 216

Huaphan, 389, 391, 394–395, 400–402, 408–409

Huế, 35, 53–54, 57, 106–107, 142–143, 219–220, 222, 236, 239, 469–470

University, 35

Humanity journal, 37, 358

Hùng kings, 38–39, 342

Hungary, 70, 359, 374

hunger, 230, 236–237, 350

Huỳnh Kim Khánh, 72

Huỳnh Thúc Kháng, 59

ICC. See International Control Commission (ICC)

ICP. See Indochinese Communist Party (ICP)

Imperial Academy, 53

imprisonment, 18, 81, 142, 320, 353, 356, 358–359

India, 270, 277, 292, 306, 393

Indochina. See also Introductory Note

French, 11–12, 32–33, 44, 55, 56, 85–86, 92, 104–106, 115, 155

highlands, 228, 240, 244, 258

northern, 20, 76, 84, 108, 157, 162, 206, 221, 222, 241

populations, 98, 163, 205

southern, 15, 157, 202

in World War II, 84–105

Indochinese Communist Party (ICP), 73–76, 77–79, 102–103, 110–113, 116–117, 120–121, 130–132, 141–143, 144, 173–174. See also Vietnamese Communist Party

founding, 72–74

leaders, 79, 122, 153

leadership, 75, 178

members, 76, 131, 141, 144

operations, 143–145

Standing Bureau, 141, 149

Indochinese Constitution, 58, 59

Indochinese Federation, 16, 157, 158, 219

Indochinese residing in France, 98–99

Indonesia, 85, 280, 286, 292, 319, 393

infiltration

North Vietnam to South Vietnam, 22, 319, 340, 372, 411, 427, 439, 441–442, 474, 476

routes, 409

insurgency, 337, 339, 379, 384, 410–411, 412–415, 420–422, 427–429, 461, 463

communist, 20, 321, 328–330, 337–338, 344, 352, 433, 437, 459, 467

southern, 379, 409, 424, 430–431, 475

insurgents, 56, 338, 376, 379, 382, 384, 427–428, 461, 463, 465

intellectuals, 34, 65, 97, 103, 143, 147, 308–309, 318, 356, 358

DRV, 348, 355–357

Vietnamese, 32, 97, 149

international communist movement, 22, 82, 113, 123, 411

International Control Commission (ICC), 270–272, 316, 353–355

international organizations, 313, 353

International Refugee Committee, 314

International Rescue Committee (IRC), 35, 40, 344

Iran, 288, 300

Japan, 51–52, 67, 84–87, 90–93, 96–99, 100–103, 106, 117–118, 120–121, 305–307

army/forces, 84–85, 88–89, 93, 101, 103, 106, 108, 115–117, 118, 122

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 86, 93, 99, 101

imperial, 13, 76, 93, 99, 100

leaders, 76, 93

occupation of Indochina, 27, 84, 201

officers, 133, 136

propaganda, 32, 90

surrender in 1945, 101–102, 107, 108, 114, 117, 119, 127, 131–132, 156–157, 202

Japanese coup of March 9, 1945, 100, 113, 119, 155, 201

Jarai, 216, 334

Jars, Plain of, 404, 406

JFK. See Kennedy, John Fitzgerald

Johnson, Lyndon B., 292, 409, 433, 440, 454, 467

journalists, 4, 37, 41, 61, 433, 451

Kahin, George, 42

Kampuchea, 101, 401. See also Cambodia

Kaysone Phomvihane, 393, 401, 402

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 20–21, 294, 300, 380, 382–384, 406, 433–453, 454, 464, 467–468, 471–472

administration, 300, 386, 406, 435–436, 460

commitment to South Vietnam, 436, 452–453

Khải Định, 56, 61

Khrushchev, Nikita, 357, 367, 368, 373–375, 377, 380, 382, 385, 435, 439

Khuất Duy Tiễn. See Minh Tranh

Ko Chang, 85

Kolakowski, Leszek, 367

Kon Tum, 134, 149, 196, 201–202, 203, 207, 213–215

Korea, 162–165, 166, 182, 184, 186–188, 221, 222, 246, 276, 449

North, 162, 214, 224, 246

South, 284, 292

Korean Armistice, 247, 276

Korean War, 162, 165, 175, 181, 183, 214, 246, 269, 287, 369–370

labor, 208, 213, 214, 255, 310, 338, 345, 359, 363–364, 386

activism, 310–311

corvée, 209

laborers, 73, 88, 196, 241, 248, 252, 364

Vietnamese, 88, 99, 235

Lai Châu, 180–183, 221, 244, 248, 249, 255, 256

land, 7, 39, 42, 46, 140, 230, 231, 234, 256, 257

reform, 18, 20, 80–81, 113, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 362, 366, 372–373, 422

campaign, 19, 348, 350–355, 357, 372, 417

speculators, 50, 59

landlords, 73, 75, 81, 130, 352, 356, 371–372

French, 296

patriotic, 18, 81

Lạng Sơn, 85, 149, 151, 177, 221, 222

Langlais, Pierre, 251–252

Laniel, Joseph, 168, 188, 243, 246, 261, 269

Lansdale, Edward, 271, 282–283, 290, 291, 292–294, 439

Lao allies, 241, 256, 389, 394, 407

Lao Issara, 389, 391

Lao Patriotic Front, 394

Lao People’s Party (LPP), 393–394, 400–402

Laos, 94–95, 187–191, 244–245, 379–380, 382–383, 389, 390, 391, 392–396, 397–403, 404, 405–407, 408–409

central, 182

competing nation-state building projects, 396–400

demise of neutralists and road to war, 408–409

eastern, 383, 390, 392, 396, 401, 403, 405, 409

and Geneva Accords, 391–392

Laotians, 3, 86, 311, 440

military bases in, 161, 189

neutrality, 382–383, 389–409

neutralization, 394, 408, 473

north-eastern, 389, 394

northern, 180–181, 183, 250

renewed civil war and 1959–1962 crisis, 403–405

southern, 182, 383, 399, 404

Souvanna Phouma’s reconciliation policy, 392–394

Laurin, Pierre, 103–104

Lê Duẩn, 20, 365–366, 371, 373–374, 383, 385–387, 419, 420, 421, 423, 427, 462–463

and path to revolution in the south, 419–421

Lê Đức Thọ, 20, 81, 357, 374

Lê Hũu Từ, 78

Lê Lợi, 29

Lê Thành Khôi, 40

Leclerc, 157–158

legitimacy, 151–153, 155, 296–297, 299, 301, 458, 462–463, 471, 473

Legrand de la Liraye, Théophile Marie, 29

Lenin, Vladimir, 60, 62, 68, 71–72, 82, 110, 113

Leninism, 79, 82

Lewis, John, 42

Lewis, Norman, 209

Liang Qichao, 51–52

liberated zones, 15, 117, 180–181, 390, 401–402

liberation, 76–77, 103, 143, 205, 222, 465, 475

liberation, national, 8, 13, 15, 23, 68, 73, 76, 80, 218, 432

Liberation Front of the Highland People, 334

limited partnership between United States and South Vietnam, 20, 442, 452

literacy classes, 145–147, 148, 335, 343, 345

Liu Shaoqi, 81, 173–176, 180, 385

Liuzhou, 189, 192–193

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 21, 445–446, 471, 478

logistics, supplies, 227, 228, 245–246, 248, 255–256, 383–384, 463, 465, 473, 476

Longuet, Jean, 60

LPP. See Lao People’s Party (LPP)

Lu Han, 127, 137, 140, 142

Luang Prabang, 101, 241, 391–392

Luo Guibo, 174–176, 179–180, 182

Lycée du Protectorat, 59

MAAG. See Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)

Macau, 74–75

MACV. See Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV)

Madagascar, 69, 155

Malaya/Malaysia, 73, 85, 88, 92, 167

mandarins, 11, 96, 104, 130, 142, 199

Mang Yang pass, battle of, 214, 258. See also An Khê, battle of

Manila Pact, 291, 317

manpower, 15, 51, 155, 223, 255, 257, 363, 368, 375, 383

Mansfield, Senator Mike, 294, 444, 445, 468

Mạo Khê, 225

Mao Zedong, 14, 111, 160, 161–162, 173–175, 192, 194, 246, 276, 373–375

Marx, Karl, 60, 68

Marxism-Leninism, 68, 111, 114, 369, 419, 459

Marxist historiography, 36, 38

Marxist theory, 37–38, 40

mass literacy campaign, 145–146

mass mobilization, 18, 75, 81, 144, 163, 321, 335, 352, 403, 443

mass organizations, 58, 228, 321, 364

Massu, Jacques, 202, 208

McNamara, Robert, 441, 448–450, 451–452, 472

McNamara-Taylor Report, 448, 450

medicines, 54, 133, 177, 231, 234, 241, 254–255, 399

medics, 136, 146, 253

Mei Jiasheng, 176

Mekong Delta, 13, 15, 46–47, 131–133, 151–152, 243–244, 414–416, 419, 426, 462–463

and Saigon, 131–133

Mendès France, Pierre, 168, 170–171, 188–189, 193–194, 261–262, 266–268, 281

migrants, 213, 321, 330, 340, 371

migration, 133, 316, 329, 334, 371, 458

military advisors, 14, 175, 288, 442, 459

military aid, 16, 174, 287, 293, 380, 404, 408, 452, 459, 464

military alliances, 191, 289, 292, 392

Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), 222, 398, 459

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), 442, 445, 459

militias, 13, 18, 134, 145, 149, 264, 265, 387, 403, 458

Minh Tranh, 37–38

minorities, 15, 72, 204–205, 207, 216, 272, 332, 334, 340, 404

armed, 284

ethnic, 133, 197, 204, 205, 208, 302, 321, 383, 402

mobility, 50, 206, 381, 461, 464

modus vivendi agreement of March 6, 1945, 78, 149, 203

Moï territory, autonomous, 198, 203

Molotov, 186–188, 193–194

Montagnards, 196, 199, 200, 205, 207, 209, 211–212, 217

Morlière, Louis, 149

Morocco, 279, 315

Mounier, Emmanuel, 309

Mus, Paul, 40–41

Mỹ-Diệm (“America-Diệm”), 420, 429

Nà Sản, 240–241, 245, 248–249, 250–252

Nam Long, 133

Nam Phong, 58–59

Nam Tiến (Southern Advance), 133–135

Namtha, 407

napalm, 166, 224–225, 236

national elections, 69, 129, 263, 267, 350, 353, 370, 373, 418, 423

National Guard, Vietnamese, 103, 130, 134, 144–146, 150–151

organizing in the North, 135–137

National Liberation Front (NLF), 20, 333, 339–340, 378–379, 413, 429–430, 438, 441–442, 463–466, 473–474

cadres, 333

forces, 21, 384, 460, 465, 474

National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF), 20, 395

National Revolutionary Movement (NRM), 321–322

National Union, 139, 143, 395, 407–408

national unity, 69, 78, 102, 298, 326, 327, 330, 335–336, 375, 400

nationalism, 9–11, 13, 41, 42, 92–97, 204, 206, 209, 317–318, 470

nationalization, 366, 368, 381

nation-building, 17–19, 21, 382, 443, 464, 467, 470

and civil society, 340–345

development and community in the villages, 337–340

diversity and division, 327–335

in South Vietnam after Geneva, 326–346

through national education, 335–337

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

natural resources, 87, 164, 231, 234

Navarre, Henri, 168–169, 181–184, 214, 241–251, 269, 390

Navarre Plan, 168, 243–244

navies, 84–85, 89, 221, 233–234, 313

Nazi Germany, 32, 85, 93, 99

Nazis, 156, 164, 252, 314

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 278

Neo Lao Issara, 391

neutralism, 378, 380, 393, 398, 404–406, 407–408, 473

neutralists (Lao), 324, 382, 393, 404, 407–409, 439

neutrality, 91, 194, 292, 375

Laos, 382–383, 389–409

neutralization, 262, 382, 407, 409, 448

Laos, 394, 408, 473

New Learning, 53, 54

New Look, 289, 291–292

newspapers, 27–28, 58, 59–61, 110, 138, 146, 149, 152, 343, 358

daily, 142–143, 321

French-language, 58, 61

Nghệ An, 60, 64–65, 67, 119, 133, 374

Nghĩa Lộ, 180–181, 240, 249

Ngô Đình Diệm, 17–22, 292–307, 311–329, 334–335, 337–342, 345–346, 372–374, 443–447, 461–464, 466–473

breaking free of international constraints, 312–317

as coalition leader, 305–312

crackdown, 18, 20, 412, 473

decentralized state to strong Republic, 317–324

downfall, 22, 452, 456

forces, 294, 322

government/regime/rule, 300, 303, 333, 414, 416, 420, 421–422, 448, 455–456, 470–472

leadership, 293, 319, 447

overthrow, 20, 22, 455

and Republic of Vietnam, 302–325

surrender, 472

Ngô Đình Nhu, 300, 308–311, 339–340, 444, 446–448, 451, 461–462, 464–465, 467–468, 471–473

Ngô Đình Thục, 307–308

Ngô family, 307, 321–322, 329, 339, 438, 446, 451, 461–462, 471–473

brothers, 307, 322, 338–339, 343–344, 461, 465–466, 472–473

and United States, 466–469

Ngô Vӑn Chiêu, 225

NGOs. See non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Nguyễn Ái Quốc, 31, 60–61, 63–64, 67–68, 70–77, 78, 79, 111. See also Hồ Chí Minh

political resurrection, 74–76

Nguyễn An Ninh, 60–61

Nguyễn Bình, 122, 144, 152

Nguyễn Chí Thanh, 81, 385, 387

Nguyễn Công Luận, 235

Nguyễn Đình Thuận, 443

Nguyễn Duy Phương, 34

Nguyễn dynasty, 10, 29–31, 32–33, 35–36, 44, 208

Nguyễn Hũu Đang, 358–359

Nguyễn Sơn, 136

Nguyễn Tất Thành, 60

Nguyễn Thái Học, 62–64

Nguyễn Thị Thập, 416–418

Nguyễn Tiến Lãng, 142

Nguyễn Vӑn Tố, 32, 139

Nguyễn Vӑn Viên, 64

Nguyễn Vӑn Vĩnh, 54

Nha Trang, 88, 134

Nhân vӑn, 37, 358, 374

Nhân vӑn-Giai phẩm movement, 358–359

Niên, Thanh, 71–72, 73–74

Ninth Plenum, 473–478

NLF. See National Liberation Front (NLF)

NLFSVN. See National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF)

Nolting, Frederick, 445, 466–468, 471

non-communist Vietnam, 160, 265, 302, 319

non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 304, 313, 329, 334, 338, 340, 346

North Africa, 155, 165, 222, 239

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 165, 243, 289, 291

North Vietnam, 17–23, 36–37, 346–347, 349–350, 367–369, 372–375, 378, 379–381, 383–386, 465–466, 474–476. See also DRVN

building socialism after Geneva, 347–367

economy, 350, 372

historical scholarship, 36–39

and road to war, 368–388, 408

North Vietnamese, 347, 356, 363, 366, 369, 372, 377, 383, 411, 418

Northern Highlands, 45, 159, 218, 243

northern plains, 222–223

northern provinces, 27, 135, 394

northern refugees, 271, 329, 333

northern regions, 15, 30, 390

northern Vietnam. See Tonkin

Northwest Campaign, 179–181, 245

northwestern Vietnam, 168, 180–181, 238–239

Nouhak Phoumsavanh, 401

NRM. See National Revolutionary Movement (NRM)

nuclear weapons, 290, 375, 382, 434, 439

nước nhà, 147–148

nurses, 146, 236, 239, 397

Obama, Barack, 8

observers, 9, 44, 166, 209, 310, 320, 465

O’Donnell, Kenneth, 452

offensives, 160, 166, 168, 177, 179, 183, 196, 226, 231, 244

economic, 228–232, 233, 236

French, 150, 179

PAVN, 178, 411

Tet, 119, 411

Opération Atlante, 213, 243–244, 245, 249–252

Opération Léa, 150, 159, 219, 230

Pác Bó, 76, 92

Pacific War, 106, 138, 142

pacification. See counterinsurgency

Paris Agreement of 1973, 2

Pathet Lao, 241, 250, 376, 380, 383, 389–390, 391–396, 398, 400–408

military forces, 394–395, 400, 405

patriotic landlords, 18, 81

patriotism, 31, 54, 57, 62, 63, 95, 148, 336

PAVN. See People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN)

Pays moï. See Central Highlands

Pays montagnard du sud-Indochinois (PMSI), 15, 196, 202–205, 207–208, 209–210

peace agreements, 16, 270, 279, 351. See also individual agreements

“peaceful coexistence,” 19, 21, 22, 274, 373, 375, 383, 385, 421, 473–474

PEO. See Programs Evaluation Office (PEO)

People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN), 163, 169–170, 179–180, 182, 184–185, 220–226, 227–228, 240–241, 247–250, 389–390

divisions, 167, 220, 226, 233, 258

forces/troops, 176, 178, 179–181, 182–184, 224–225, 240–241, 246, 248, 252–253, 411

leaders, 181, 395

regulars, 227–228, 250

People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF), 441, 442, 444, 451

People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 162, 173–174, 176, 476

People’s Republic of China. See China

People’s War strategy, 123

periodization of the Indochina Wars, 2–3

personalism, 309–311, 319, 323, 328–329, 336, 337–338, 464, 470

personality cult, 66, 78, 83, 357, 367, 373

Phạm Duy Tốn, 54

Phạm Hồng Thái, 70

Phạm Quỳnh, 58–59, 142

Phạm Vӑn Đồng, 186–187, 188, 192–193, 266–267, 273, 355, 357, 359, 371, 381

Phạm Vӑn Sơn, 34–36

Phan Bội Châu, 51–52, 54–55, 61, 67, 70, 310

Phan Châu Trinh, 67–68, 70

Phan Chu Trinh, 52, 54–55, 58, 60, 61–62

Phan Huy Lê, 38

Phan Huy Quát, 293, 315

Phan Rang, 134

Phan Thiết, 133–134, 321

Phát Diệm diocese, 311, 313, 321

Philippines, 85, 93, 104, 161, 283, 292

Phnom Penh, 3, 96, 101, 397, 404, 420

Phongsaly, 241, 256, 389, 391, 394–395, 400–402

Phoumi Nosavan, 380, 399–400, 404–407

Phoumi Vongvichit, 394, 402

Phú Quốc, 88

Pignon, Léon, 160, 210

PLA. See People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

PLAF. See People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF)

Plain of Jars, 404, 406

plantations, 63, 196–198, 208–211, 213

Pleiku, 134, 149, 196, 202, 203, 207, 214, 258

PMSI. See Pays montagnard du sud-Indochinois (PMSI)

Poland, 70, 270, 359

police, 18, 130, 131, 135, 141–142, 144, 315, 321, 327, 398

RVN, 424

Saigon, 95, 319

Vichy, 102

Popular Culture Association (PCA), 343–346

Popular Polytechnic Institute (PPI), 343–345

popular sovereignty, 139, 462

population, 17–19, 36, 38, 205, 207, 286, 328, 330, 355, 464

local, 16, 211, 214, 316

rural, 212, 296, 335, 356, 364, 365, 444, 463

porters, 227, 236, 240, 249, 253, 255, 256–257, 384, 402

Powers, Dave, 452

PRC. See China

prisoners, 57, 91–92, 100, 161, 163, 239, 272

political, 56–57, 115, 142

of war, 121, 172, 239, 261, 266, 272

prisons, 11, 55–56, 67, 342

Programs Evaluation Office (PEO), 396, 398

propaganda, 5, 209, 212, 254, 256, 271, 371, 377, 398, 402

Japanese, 32, 90

political, 185, 401

property, 109, 132, 138, 142, 145, 172, 332, 365, 367. See also land

protectorates, 30, 46, 48–50, 52, 53, 63, 156, 200

Qing Dynasty, 31, 109

Quảng Nam, 58, 61, 200, 207

Quảng Ngãi, 133, 135–136, 200, 207, 213, 339, 425–426

Quảng Trị, 143, 318, 419

Quốc Học, 53

quốc ngư, 47, 52–53, 59

racial discrimination, 277–278

radio, 110, 133, 151–152, 224, 248, 255, 318

Radio Bach Mai, 149

Rassemblement du Peuple Français (RPF), 268

Red Prince. See Souphanouvong, Prince (Red Prince)

Red River, 130, 135, 218–220, 221–222, 226, 232–233, 240, 245, 248, 348

Red River, Delta, 38–39, 166, 178, 179, 180, 181–182, 225–226, 227–228, 232, 239–240, 243–244, 250

setbacks, 178–179

refugees, 3, 40, 264, 271, 329–330, 344

northern, 271, 329, 333

resettlement, 267, 329

religion, 63, 151, 308, 394, 400, 413, 470

religious flags, 470

religious freedom, 354, 470

religious groups, 371, 445

religious movements, 13, 87, 121, 131, 265

religious sects, 294, 387

reprisals, 14, 55, 64, 91, 96, 307, 351–352, 425

Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 17–18, 123–127, 216–218, 297–299, 300–306, 336–337, 440–442, 457–459, 464–465, 467–468. See also South Vietnam

decentralized state to strong republic, 317–324

and Ngô Đình Diệm, 302–325

officials, 334–335, 339, 464, 469

policies, 19, 447

president, 18, 21, 446, 471

state, 18, 22–23, 332, 334, 335, 346, 411, 453, 458, 462–463

Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF), 442

residents, 19–20, 58, 134, 205, 338, 340, 353, 363

hamlet, 464

rural, 338, 340, 413, 464, 466

Resolution 15 of 1959, 375, 378, 414, 426

and launch of insurgency, 421–424

Revolutionary Youth League, 61–64, 71–72

revolutions, 9–13, 44, 64–65, 67–69, 70–71, 102–103, 107–110, 113–117, 121–122, 419–421

American and French, 108–109

August. See August Revolution

Chinese, 72, 76, 191

definition, 108–110

North Vietnamese revolution at crossroads, 379–384

Russian, 109–110

Rhadé, 198, 202, 204–206, 207, 211, 214, 216, 334

rice, 45, 87, 136, 137, 226, 228–234, 235, 241–243, 255–256, 364–365

fields, 150, 231

production, 86, 349, 363

stocks, 116, 232

war, 230, 233

and war, 228–237

rightist deviationism, 254

rivers, 147, 204, 222, 234, 396. See also individual rivers

RLA. See Royal Lao Army (RLA)

RLG. See Royal Lao Government (RLG)

roads, 181, 183, 213–215, 220, 235, 255, 256, 368, 396, 397

widening, 249, 255

Royal Lao Army (RLA), 392, 398, 399, 403, 405–406, 409

Royal Lao Government (RLG), 376, 389, 391–398, 402

RPF. See Rassemblement du Peuple Français (RPF)

rubber, 63, 168, 197, 208, 285

Ruscio, Alain, 79

Russian Revolution, 109–110

RVN. See Republic of Vietnam (RVN)

RVNAF. See Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF)

Sabatier, Léopold, 197, 203, 204

Saigon, 45–47, 121, 131, 132, 133, 134, 292–294, 300–302, 317–322, 385–386, 440–445, 450–454, 472–473

battle of, 18–19, 317, 320, 467

downtown, 302, 377

government/regime, 295–296, 299, 301, 375–376, 379, 381, 412, 414, 416, 455

Independence Palace, 411, 415

and Mekong Delta, 131–133

Saigon Military Mission (SMM), 292–293

Sainteny, Jean, 140, 148, 149, 273

Salan, Raoul, 166, 181, 222, 227, 230, 232–234, 240–243, 245, 248, 250

salt, 50, 138, 199, 207, 212, 231–232, 234–235, 254, 255–256

Sam Neua, 241, 256

Sarraut, Albert, 55–60, 104

schools, 47, 57, 62, 136, 332–336, 338, 343–344, 397, 399, 401

Franco-Annamite, 31, 48, 59, 62, 73

primary, 47, 397, 403

secondary, 136, 396, 403

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization), 278, 287–289, 292, 295, 297

Second Coalition, 408–409

Second Geneva Conference, 406–407

Second World War. See World War II

Sect Crisis, 294, 297

Sedang, 201, 212

Shanghai Communique, 2

Sheehan, Neil, 461

SHP. See Strategic Hamlet Program (SHP)

Siam, 54, 64, 85, 94, 104. See also Thailand

Sihanouk, Norodom, 101, 104, 247, 296, 311

Singapore, 73, 85, 91, 167

Sino-Soviet split, 2, 21, 38, 82, 460, 474, 475

Sisavath Keobounphanh, 401

SMM. See Saigon Military Mission (SMM)

Social Darwinism, 58, 133

socialism, 67–69, 79, 107, 372, 381, 388, 417, 429

building in North Vietnam, 347–367, 417

socialist camp, 435, 459

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRVN), 110, 114

socioeconomic development, 335, 340

soldiers, 98, 134–135, 156, 158, 225, 235, 251–252, 398–399, 401–402, 474

French, 132, 141, 149, 154, 168, 208, 212, 235, 392

Montagnard, 207, 209, 211–212

Sơn La, 179, 180–181, 240

Souphanouvong, Prince (Red Prince), 391, 392–395, 401, 402, 407

South China, 54, 62, 64

South China Sea, 21, 196, 465

South Korea, 284, 292

South Vietnam, 17–23, 298–303, 322–327, 345–346, 382–385, 411, 412, 428–433, 441–448, 466–470. See also RVN

historical scholarship, 35–36

Liberation Army, 430

nation-building after Geneva, 326–346

origins of insurgency 1956–1961, 410–432

triumph of revolution, 428–432

Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty. See Manila Pact

Southern Advance. See Nam Tiến (Southern Advance)

Southern regroupees, 427

Southern Vietnam, 69, 109, 121, 171, 231, 239, 262, 318, 430, 438. See also Cochinchina

Souvanna Phouma, 392–395, 399, 404–406, 407–409

sovereignty, 12, 14, 196, 201–202, 297, 455–458, 460, 462, 466, 477–478

competing claims to, 196, 201–207

and escalation of war, 478

national, 17, 23, 158, 216, 288, 391, 400

and imperial, 456–458, 460

popular, 139, 462

savage war of sovereignties, 457, 460

Vietnamese, 200, 210, 216, 469

Soviet support, 246, 365

Soviet Union, 60–62, 69–75, 173–175, 357–358, 368–370, 378, 380–382, 385–386, 406–407, 459–460

leaders, 174, 187, 192, 246, 357, 388, 421, 459

Soviets, 164–165, 167, 168, 169, 174, 186–187, 193, 273, 276, 278

special forces, 216, 233–234, 248, 334, 380, 396

SRVN. See Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRVN)

Stalin, Joseph, 75, 80–81, 115, 148, 173–175, 246, 357, 367, 373. See also de-Stalinization

death, 168, 370

State Department, United States, 286, 294, 296, 411, 440, 451, 471–472

State of Vietnam (SVN), 14, 34–35, 122–123, 265–266, 293, 295–296, 311–313, 317–319, 322–324, 370–372

leaders, 15, 168

military/army, 211, 315, 318

officials, 265, 316

prime minister, 305, 312, 324

Strategic Hamlet Program (SHP), 21, 22, 338, 339–340, 380–382, 387, 437, 464–465, 466, 468–469

students, 30, 41, 47, 52, 53, 62, 65, 136, 344–345, 402–403

Sun Yatsen, 62

principles of, 71–72

supply routes, 242

Sûreté, 62, 64, 130, 200

SVN. See State of Vietnam (SVN)

swidden agriculture, 332

Tai, 244, 245, 248, 253, 333

Taiwan, 35, 164, 274, 292, 300, 332, 375

Strait, 175, 375

Tân Trào Conference, 78, 110, 115, 117, 148

taxes, 49–51, 65, 130, 209, 296, 331

Tây Ninh, 339, 376, 428

Tây Sơn Rebellion, 36

Taylor, Maxwell, 440, 441–442, 448, 451

teachers, 36, 102, 107, 378, 396–397, 402–403

telegrams, 134, 173, 177, 182, 189

Tet Offensive of 1968, 119, 411

textbooks, 36–37, 110, 114, 145, 336, 403

Thái Nguyên, 56–57, 63

Thailand, 73, 85, 286, 380, 382, 390, 395, 397, 404, 407. See also Siam

Thích Quảng Đức, 454, 469, 471

Third Indochina War, 3, 7, 194

Third Party Congress, 377, 428

Third World, 6, 298, 458

Tonkin, 13–14, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52–54, 57–58, 61–64, 119–120, 129–130, 165–166, 222, 224, 226–231

conquest of, 48–51

lowlands, 224, 244

mountains, 14, 321

northern, 77, 136

Tonkin Free School, 52–54, 58

torture, 356, 357, 372

Trà Bồng, 425–426

traitors, 79, 115–116, 130, 141–143, 271, 353, 356, 357

Trần Đӑng Ninh, 141, 254–256

Trần Phú, 74, 79

Trần Quốc Vượng, 38

Trần Trọng Kim, 33–35, 102, 122, 335–336

Trần Vӑn Đỗ, 293

Trần Vӑn Giàu, 121–122, 143

Trần Vӑn Trà, 418, 427

Trang Sup, 428

treason, 76, 108, 141–143, 395

treaties, 29, 56, 127, 157, 314–315

Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 385

Treaty of Saigon, 45–47

Treaty of Tianjin, 48

Tribune Indigène, 58, 59

Trinquier, Roger, 212–213, 339

Trotskyism, 62, 76, 79, 131–132

trucks, 132, 184, 224, 241, 249, 252, 255

Trưng Sisters, 34, 342

Trường Bưởi, 53

Trường Chinh, and Hồ Chí Minh, 110–114

Tuần Giáo, 249, 255, 256

unilateralism, 283, 295–298

United Kingdom, 156, 160, 165, 166–167, 192, 194, 297–298, 389, 391, 404–406

United Nations, 19, 129, 152, 161, 164, 167, 297, 306, 345, 374

United States, 6–9, 282–287, 288–301, 312–315, 380–385, 397–399, 404–409, 458–460, 466–469, 475–478

aid, 166, 167–168, 335, 339, 346, 398, 399, 464, 467, 468

CIA, 271, 288, 290, 292, 294, 334, 399, 404, 406–407, 409

diplomats, 19, 266, 300

efforts, 201, 295, 337, 395

government, 40, 194, 344, 417, 469

intervention, 9, 169, 185, 191, 458

leaders, 283–284, 288–289, 298, 301, 369, 459, 467, 477

and Ngô Family, 466–469

officials, 283, 287, 288–289, 312, 315, 437, 444–445, 447, 467, 473

policy, 2, 3, 9, 283, 285, 286–287, 291, 436

role in relation to August Revolution, 119–120

senators, 289, 436. See also individual names

State Department, 286, 294, 296, 411, 440, 451, 471–472

support, 293, 312, 319, 436, 446, 467, 472

troops, 383, 448–449, 451

United States, advisors, 21, 339, 380, 381, 385, 461, 464, 466, 468–469

United States Operations Mission (USOM), 397, 459

USOM. See United States Operations Mission (USOM)

USSR. See Soviet Union

Vanguard Youth, 121, 131–133, 144

Vichy France, 32, 85–87, 89–95, 96, 99–100, 103–104

officials, 32, 88, 91

Vientiane, 3, 395–399, 401, 404–405

Việt Bắc, 133, 135–137, 150–152, 219, 221, 226, 228, 239, 249

Việt Minh, 27–28, 33–34, 102–104, 119–122, 131–132, 142–144, 201–203, 206–207, 216, 307–308

committees, 131, 143, 145, 147

Front, 93, 116, 308

Việt Nam độc lập (independence of Vietnam), 27, 34, 77, 107, 156

Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ), 13, 62–64, 69, 120–121, 137, 140–143

Vietnam Democratic Party, 143

Vietnam Liberation Army, 135

Vietnam National Army (VNA), 224, 243, 246

Vietnam Restoration League, 55, 305, 312

Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League, 61

Vietnamese Communist Movement, 9, 15, 71

rise, 66–83

Vietnamese Communist Party, 66, 69, 73, 81, 82, 113–114, 165, 171–174, 178, 185–187, 189–191, 218, 356, 400–401, 410, 473

cadres, 221–222, 254, 352, 354, 364–365, 401–402, 414, 418, 427, 463

politburo, 20, 180, 182–183, 185, 354, 362, 364, 374, 375, 426

members, 359–361, 427

southern, 414–415, 418–419, 421–422

stay behind, 412, 418, 462

Vietnamese language, 40, 148, 332–333, 334–336

Vietnamese Romanized script, 47, 52–53, 59

Vietnamese sovereignty, 200, 210, 216, 469

Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP), 80, 180, 262, 368–369, 380, 416, 418–420, 425–426, 428–430, 454. See also Vietnamese Communist Party

cadres, 421, 424

leaders, 347, 355, 369, 380, 417, 428, 466, 477

leadership, 181, 416

Party Committee of the South, 427

politburo, 20, 180, 182–183, 185, 354, 362, 364, 374, 375, 426

members, 359–361, 427

senior leaders, 22, 371, 419, 426, 430

Vietnamization, 5, 167, 332, 335, 345

villages

development and community in, 337–340

remote, 403, 426

Vĩnh Long, 308, 339

Vĩnh Yên, 224–225

VNA. See Vietnam National Army (VNA)

VNQDĐ. See Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ)

Võ Nguyên Giáp, 134–135, 140–141, 176–177, 178–179, 189–190, 220, 224–230, 238–241, 244–245, 248–252

vocational schools, 62

Vũ Ngự Chiêu, 102

Vương Hoàng Tuyên, 38

VWP. See Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP)

weapons, 21, 220, 222, 241, 253–255, 379, 387, 417–418, 434, 465

Wei Guoqing, 176, 183

Wilson, Woodrow, 60, 284

women, 53, 59, 61, 132, 133, 144–147, 235–236, 255, 257, 356

working, 342–343

young, 130, 145, 147

Women’s Association, 342–343, 416–417

work teams, 226, 255, 257, 356

workers, 60–62, 63, 64, 73, 97–99, 143–144, 255, 363, 378, 403

world revolution, 358, 378, 385

World War II, 2, 40–41, 119, 154–155, 164, 165, 212, 276, 282

Indochina, 84–105

Xieng Khuang, 389, 396, 406, 408–409

Xô Viết Nghệ Tĩnh, 74

Xóm Chiếu, 91, 92

Xuân Lộc, 133

Yunnan, 127, 176, 177, 249, 255, 256

Zhou Enlai, 173–174, 184, 186–193, 194, 264, 278, 393

Hồ Chí Minh meeting, 189–192

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