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Bioarchaeological Evidence of Violence between the Middle and Late Formative (500–400 BC) in the Peruvian North-Central Coast

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2024

Luis Pezo-Lanfranco Open the ORCID record for Luis Pezo-Lanfranco [Opens in a new window] ,
María Inés Barreto Romero ,
José Filippini ,
Aldemar Crispín ,
Marco Machacuay ,
Pedro Novoa  and
Ruth Shady
Luis Pezo-Lanfranco*
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
María Inés Barreto Romero
Affiliation:
Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
José Filippini
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
Aldemar Crispín
Affiliation:
Zona Arqueológica Caral, Unidad Ejecutora 003, Ministerio de Cultura del Perú, Lima, Peru
Marco Machacuay
Affiliation:
Zona Arqueológica Caral, Unidad Ejecutora 003, Ministerio de Cultura del Perú, Lima, Peru
Pedro Novoa
Affiliation:
Zona Arqueológica Caral, Unidad Ejecutora 003, Ministerio de Cultura del Perú, Lima, Peru Escuela Profesional de Arqueología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
Ruth Shady
Affiliation:
Zona Arqueológica Caral, Unidad Ejecutora 003, Ministerio de Cultura del Perú, Lima, Peru Escuela Profesional de Arqueología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
*
Corresponding author: Luis Pezo-Lanfranco; Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

In this study, we address interpersonal violence during the transition between the Middle and the Late Formative periods in the Central Andes, a critical period of political disintegration, hypothesized population pressure, and reorganization of the belief systems that is poorly known from a bioarchaeological viewpoint. Our objective is to understand the nature of the violence and associated factors in this context based on a detailed description of skeletal trauma in 67 well-preserved individuals (20 adolescents and adults and 47 subadults) recovered from Quebrada Chupacigarro cemetery (500–400 BC); this site is located in the middle valley of Supe on the Peruvian north-central coast. To detect patterns and potential causes, we registered the prevalence of traumatic injury according to age, sex, anatomic location, mechanisms (blunt, sharp, mixed, etc.), timing (antemortem or perimortem), and manner (inflicted or accidental). The results show a high prevalence of fractures in the whole population, but especially in adolescents and adults. Eighty percent of the adolescents and adults perished due to the intentional trauma and show patterns that suggest repetitive episodes of interpersonal violence. Perimortem injuries in the skull, face, and thorax are compatible with lethal interpersonal violence. The findings support a probable scenario of intercommunity violence in the middle valley of Supe around 500–400 BC.

Resumen

Resumen

Este estudio aborda la violencia durante la transición entre el Formativo Medio y el Formativo Tardío en los Andes Centrales, periodo crítico de desintegración política a nivel regional, de hipotética presión poblacional y reorganización de los sistemas de creencias, pobremente conocidos desde el punto de vista bioarqueológico. Nuestro objetivo es entender la naturaleza de la violencia y sus factores asociados, con base en un detallado análisis de traumatismos esqueléticos en 67 individuos bien preservados (20 adolescentes y adultos y 47 subadultos) recuperados del cementerio Quebrada Chupacigarro (500-400 aC, valle medio de Supe, Costa Norcentral del Perú). La prevalencia de traumatismos fue registrada según sexo, edad, localización anatómica, mecanismo (contuso, cortante, mixto, etc.), temporalidad (antemortem y perimortem) y manera (infligido o accidental), para detectar patrones y causas potenciales. Los resultados muestran una alta prevalencia de traumatismos, aproximadamente el 80% de los adolescentes y adultos (16/20) pereció como resultado de traumatismo infligido, con patrones de lesión que sugieren eventos repetitivos de violencia interpersonal. Las lesiones perimortem en los huesos del cráneo, la cara y el tórax son compatibles con violencia interpersonal de carácter letal y sugieren un escenario probable de violencia intercomunitaria en el valle medio de Supe alrededor del 500-400 aC.

Keywords

bone fracturesintentional violent traumaperimortem traumaAndean Formative periodfracturas óseastraumatismos infligidostrauma perimortemPeríodo Formativo andino
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 35 , Issue 4 , December 2024 , pp. 853 - 869
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

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