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Bouncing behaviour of a particle settling through a density transition layer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2024

Shuhong Wang ,
Prabal Kandel ,
Jian Deng Open the ORCID record for Jian Deng [Opens in a new window] ,
C.P. Caulfield Open the ORCID record for C.P. Caulfield [Opens in a new window]  and
Stuart B. Dalziel
Shuhong Wang
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China Huanjiang Laboratory, Zhuji 311816, PR China
Prabal Kandel
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China Huanjiang Laboratory, Zhuji 311816, PR China
Jian Deng*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
C.P. Caulfield
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
Stuart B. Dalziel
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

The present work focuses on a specific bouncing behaviour as a spherical particle settles through a density interface in the absence of a neutral buoyant position. This behaviour was initially discovered by Abaid et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, issue 5, 2004, pp. 1567–1580) in salinity-induced stratification. Both experimental and numerical investigations are conducted to understand this phenomenon. In our experiments, we employ particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure the velocity distribution around the particle and to capture the transient wake structure. Our findings reveal that the bouncing process begins after the wake detaches from the particle. The PIV results indicate that an upward jet forms at the central axis behind the particle following wake detachment. By performing a force decomposition procedure, we quantify the contributions from the buoyancy of the wake ($F_{sb}$) and the flow structure ($F_{sj}$) to the enhanced drag. It is observed that $F_{sb}$ contributes primarily to the enhanced drag at the early stage, whereas $F_{sj}$ plays a critical role in reversing the particle's motion. Furthermore, our results indicate that the jet is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the bouncing motion. We also explore the minimum velocities (where negative values denote the occurrence of bouncing) of the particle, while varying the lower Reynolds number $Re_l$, the Froude number $Fr$, and the upper Reynolds number $Re_u$, within the ranges $1 \leqslant Re_l\leqslant 125$, $115 \leqslant Re_u\leqslant 356$ and $2 \leqslant Fr\leqslant 7$. Our findings suggest that the bouncing behaviour is influenced primarily by $Re_l$. Specifically, we observe that the bouncing motion occurs below a critical lower Reynolds number $Re^\ast _{l}=30$ in our experiments. In the numerical simulations, the highest value for this critical number is $Re^\ast _{l}=46.2$, which is limited to the parametric ranges studied in this work.

JFM classification

Geophysical and Geological Flows: Stratified flows Multiphase and Particle-laden Flows: Particle/fluid flow
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 997 , 25 October 2024 , A49
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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