On tame ${\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}}$-extensions with prescribed ramification

Abstract

The tame Gras–Munnier Theorem gives a criterion for the existence of a $ {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} $-extension of a number field K ramified at exactly a tame set S of places of K, the finite $v \in S$ necessarily having norm $1$ mod p. The criterion is the existence of a nontrivial dependence relation on the Frobenius elements of these places in a certain governing extension. We give a short new proof which extends the theorem by showing the subset of elements of $H^1(G_S,{\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}})$ giving rise to such extensions of K has the same cardinality as the set of these dependence relations. We then reprove the key Proposition 2.2 using the more sophisticated Greenberg–Wiles formula based on global duality.

1 Introduction

Let $D\in {\mathbb {Z}}$ be squarefree and odd and write $\infty |D$ if $D<0$ . It is well-known that there exists a quadratic extension $K/ {\mathbb Q}$ ramified at exactly the set of places $\{v : v| D \}$ if and only if $D\equiv 1$ mod $4$ . The key is how the Frobenius elements of the $v|D$ lie in the Galois group of the governing extension $ {\mathbb Q}(i)/ {\mathbb Q}$ . Let $\sigma _v$ denote Frobenius at v in this extension with $\sigma _\infty $ being the nontrivial element of $\mathrm{Gal}( {\mathbb Q}(i)/ {\mathbb Q})$ . We frame this result as the following Fact:

Fact There exists a quadratic extension $K/ {\mathbb Q}$ ramified exactly at a tame (not containing $2$ but allowing $\infty $ ) set S of places if and only if $\displaystyle \sum _{v\in S} \sigma _v =0$ in $\mathrm{Gal}( {\mathbb Q}(i)/ {\mathbb Q})$ .

The paper [GM] extended this to $ {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} $ -extensions of a general number field K and, with some hypotheses, to ${\mathbb {Z}}/p^e{\mathbb {Z}}$ -extensions of K. To explain the result precisely, we need some background. For a fixed prime p and set S of tame places (prime to p and allowing real Archimedean places), let

$$ \begin{align*}V_S := \{ x \in K^\times \mid (x)=J^p; \,\,x \in K^{\times p}_v \,\,\,\forall \,\,\,v \in S\},\end{align*} $$

where J is a fractional ideal of K. Note $K^{\times p} \subset V_S$ for all S and $S \subseteq T \implies V_T \subseteq V_S$ . Let ${\mathcal O}^{\times }_K$ and $Cl_K[p]$ be, respectively, the units of K and the p-torsion in the class group of K. That $V_\emptyset /K^{\times p}$ lies in the exact sequence

(1.1) $$ \begin{align} 0 \to {\mathcal O}^{\times}_K \otimes {\mathbb F} _p \to V_\emptyset / K^{\times p} \to Cl_K[p] \to 0 \end{align} $$

is well-known (see, e.g., Proposition 10.7.2 of [NSW], though note that the definition of $V_\emptyset $ in [NSW] is formulated slightly differently than the one used here, but they are easily shown to be equivalent. Click here for the updated online version $2.3$ ). Set $K':=K(\mu _p)$ and $L:=K'(\sqrt [p]{V_\emptyset })$ . We call $L/K'$ the governing extension for K. When $K= {\mathbb Q}$ and $p=2,$ one easily has $L= {\mathbb Q}(i)$ and we have recovered the field of the Fact.

As L is obtained by adjoining to $K'$ the pth roots of elements of K (not $K'$ ), one easily shows that places $v^{\prime }_1,v^{\prime }_2$ of $K'$ above a fixed place v of K have Frobenius elements in $ \mathrm{Gal}(L/K')$ that differ by a nonzero scalar multiple. We abuse notation and for any $v'$ of $K'$ above v in K denote Frobenius at $v'$ by $\sigma _v$ . The theorem of [GM] (also see Chapter V of [G]) below and Theorem 1.1 implicitly use this abuse of notation.

Theorem (Gras–Munnier)

Let p be a prime, and let S be a finite set of tame places (prime to p and allowing real Archimedean places if $p=2$ ) of K. For $v \in S$ finite, we require that $N(v) \equiv 1$ mod p. There exists a ${\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}}$ -extension of K ramified at exactly the places of S if and only if there exists a dependence relation $\displaystyle \sum _{v\in S} a_v \sigma _v =0$ with all $a_v \neq 0$ in the $ {\mathbb F} _p$ -vector space $\mathrm{Gal}(L/K')$ .

Theorem 1.1 is a generalization of the Gras–Munnier Theorem. We first give a short proof that uses only one element of class field theory, the Koch–Shafarevich formula (2.1). We easily prove Proposition 2.2 from (2.1), after which one only needs a standard inclusion–exclusion argument to prove Theorem 1.1. The cardinalities of the two sets of Theorem 1.1 being equal suggests a duality. In the final section of this note, we give an alternative proof of Proposition 2.2 using the Greenberg–Wiles formula whose proof requires the full strength of global duality. Denote by $G_S$ , the Galois group over K of its maximal pro-p extension unramified outside S and recall that for $0 \neq f \in H^1(G_S,{\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}})=\mathrm{Hom}(G_S,{\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}})$ , $\mbox {Kernel}(f)$ fixes a $ {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} $ -extension of $K_f/K$ unramified outside S. Our main result is the following theorem.

Theorem 1.1 Let p be a prime, and let S be a finite set of tame places (prime to p and allowing real Archimedean places if $p=2$ ) of a number field K where we require $N(v) \equiv 1$ mod p. The sets below have the same cardinality:

$$ \begin{align*}\left\{ f\in \frac{H^1(G_S, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )} \,\mid \, \mbox{ the extension } K_f/K \mbox{ is ramified exactly at the places of } S\right\}\end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*}\bigg\{\mbox{Dependence relations }\sum_{v\in S} a_v\sigma_v=0 \mbox{ with all } a_v\neq 0 \mbox{ in }\mathrm{Gal}(L/K')\bigg\}.\end{align*} $$

When $p=2$ , there is clearly at most one dependence relation. If $K(\sqrt {\alpha _1})$ and $K(\sqrt {\alpha _2})$ are both ramified at all $v \in S$ , the “diagonal” extension $K(\sqrt {\alpha _1\alpha _2})$ is unramified everywhere, so there is a unique $f \in \displaystyle \frac {H^1(G_S,{\mathbb {Z}}/2{\mathbb {Z}})}{H^1(G_\emptyset ,{\mathbb {Z}}/2{\mathbb {Z}})}$ giving rise to the ramified extension and the bijection is natural in this case.

For examples and applications, we refer the reader to [HMR], especially the examples in Section 3. Note that $p=2$ in those examples and the primes of S all have trivial Frobenius element in the governing extension.

2 Proof of Theorem 1.1

For any field E, set $\delta (E) = \left \{\hspace{-4pt}\begin{array}{cc} 1, & \mu _p \subset E,\\0, &\mu _p \not \subset E. \end {array} \right. $ Dirichlet’s unit theorem and (1.1) imply $\mathrm{Gal}(L/K')$ is an $ {\mathbb F} _p$ -vector space of dimension $r_1+r_2-1+\delta (K)+ \dim Cl_K[p]$ , where $r_1$ and $r_2$ are the number of real and pairs of complex embeddings of K. The standard fact from class field theory that we need (see [K, Section 11.3] or [NSW, Section 10.7]) is a formula of Koch and Shafarevich for the dimension of the space of $ {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} $ -extensions of K unramified outside a tame (prime to p and allowing real Archimedean places if $p=2$ ) set Z:

(2.1) $$ \begin{align} \dim H^1(G_Z, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} ) =-r_1-r_2+1-\delta(K) + \dim (V_Z/K^{\times p}) + \left(\sum_{v \in Z} \delta(K_v) \right). \end{align} $$

Fix a tame set S noting that $H^1(G_S, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )$ may include cohomology classes that cut out $ {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} $ -extensions of K that could be ramified at proper subsets of S. As we vary Z from $\emptyset $ to S one place at a time, $\dim (V_Z/K^{\times p})$ may remain the same or decrease by $1$ . Since $\delta (K_v)=1$ , we see $\dim H^1(G_Z, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )$ increases by $1$ or remains the same, respectively.

Let $W \subset \mathrm{Gal}(L/K')$ be the $ {\mathbb F} _p$ -subspace spanned by $\langle \sigma _v\rangle _{v\in S}$ , the Frobenius elements of the places in S. Recall that each $\sigma _v$ is well-defined up to a nonzero scalar multiple so W is well-defined. Let $I:= \{u_1,u_2,\ldots ,u_r\} \subset S$ be such that $\{\sigma _{u_1},\sigma _{u_2},\ldots ,\sigma _{u_r} \}$ form a basis of W, and let $D:=\{ w_1,w_2,\ldots ,w_s\} \subset S$ be the remaining elements of S. We think of the $\sigma _{u_i}$ as independent elements and the $\sigma _{w_j}$ as the dependent elements. Recall $L:=K'(\sqrt [p]{V_\emptyset })$ so $\mathrm{Gal}(L/K')$ is dual to $V_\emptyset /K^{\times p}$ , so as we vary Z in (2.1) from $\emptyset $ to I by adding in one $u_i$ at a time, we are adding $1$ through the $\delta (K_{u_i})$ term to the right side, but $\dim V_Z/K^{\times p}$ becomes one dimension smaller. Thus, both sides remain unchanged. Then, as we add in the dependent places $w_j$ of D to get to $S=I\cup D$ , we are not changing the span of the Frobenius elements so we have $V_I/K^{\times p} = V_S/K^{\times p}$ . Thus

(2.2) $$ \begin{align} H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} ) = H^1(G_I, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} ) \mbox{ and } \dim \left(\frac{H^1(G_S, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}\right)=s. \end{align} $$

We write each $\sigma _{w_j}$ uniquely as a linear combination of the $\sigma _{u_i}$ :

$$ \begin{align*}R_j:\,\, \sigma_{w_j} - \sum^r_{i=1} F_{ji} \sigma_{u_i}=0.\end{align*} $$

For $X\subseteq S$ , let $R_X$ be the $ {\mathbb F} _p$ -vector space of all dependence relations on the elements $\{\sigma _v\}_{v\in X} \subset \mathrm{Gal}(L/K')$ .

Lemma 2.1 The set $\{R_1,R_2,\ldots ,R_s\}$ forms a basis of the $ {\mathbb F} _p$ -vector space of $R_S$ .

Proof Clearly, $\{R_j\}_{j=1,\dots ,s}$ is independent. We show they span $R_{{S}}$ . Consider any dependence relation $R \in R_{{S}}$ . We can eliminate any $\sigma _{w_j}$ term in R by adding a suitable multiple of $R_j$ . We are left with a dependence relation on the $\sigma _{u_i}$ , which are independent, so it is trivial.

Proposition 2.2 For any $X \subseteq S$ , $\displaystyle \dim R_X = \dim \left ( \frac {H^1(G_X, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset , {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}\right ).$

Proof Lemma 2.1 and (2.2) prove this for $X=S$ . For $X \subset S$ , let $W_X \subset \mathrm{Gal}(L/K') $ be the span of the Frobenius elements of X. Form $I_X$ and $D_X$ as we formed I and D above and apply the proof above with X, $I_X$ and $D_X$ playing the roles of S, I and D.

Proposition 2.2 does not complete the proof of Theorem 1.1 as $R_S$ may contain dependence relations with support properly contained in S and $\displaystyle \frac {H^1(G_S, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset , {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}$ may contain elements giving rise to extensions of K ramified at proper subsets of S.

Proof of Theorem 1.1

The set of dependence relations with support exactly in S is

(2.3) $$ \begin{align} R_S \backslash \bigcup_{v \in S} R_{S \backslash \{v\}}, \end{align} $$

those with support contained in S less the union of those with proper maximal support in S. For any sets $A_i \subset S$ , it is clear that $\bigcap R_{A_i} = R_{\bigcap A_i},$ so by inclusion–exclusion,

(2.4) $$ \begin{align} \# \bigcup_{v \in S} R_{S \backslash \{v\}} =\sum_{v\in S} \# R_{S \backslash \{v\}} - \sum_{v\neq w \in S} \# R_{S \backslash \{v,w\}} +\cdots. \end{align} $$

Similarly, the set of cohomology classes giving rise to ${\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}}$ -extensions ramified exactly at the places of S (up to unramified extensions) is

(2.5) $$ \begin{align} \frac{H^1(G_{S}, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )} \backslash \bigcup_{v\in S} \frac{ H^1(G_{ S\backslash \{v\} }, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}. \end{align} $$

Since, for any sets $A_i \subset S$ , we have

$$ \begin{align*}\bigcap \frac{H^1(G_{A_i}, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )} =\frac{ H^1(G_{ \cap A_i}, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )},\end{align*} $$

we see

(2.6) $$ \begin{align} \# \bigcup_{v\in S} \frac{ H^1(G_{ S\backslash \{v\} }, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )} = \sum_{v\in S} \# \frac{ H^1(G_{ S\backslash \{v\} }, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )} - \sum_{v\neq w \in S} \# \frac{ H^1(G_{ S\backslash \{v,w\} }, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )}{H^1(G_\emptyset, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )} + \cdots. \end{align} $$

Proposition 2.2 implies the terms on the right sides of (2.4) and (2.6) are equal so the left sides are equal as well. The theorem follows from (2.3), (2.5) and applying Proposition 2.2 with $X=S$ .

3 A proof via the Greenberg–Wiles formula

As the association of dependence relations and cohomology classes in Theorem 1.1 resembles a duality result, we reprove Proposition 2.2 using the Greenberg–Wiles formula, which follows from global duality. We assume familiarity with local and global Galois cohomology.

Henceforth, we assume the hypothesis of the Greenberg–Wiles formula that Z is a set of places of K containing all those above $\{p,\infty \}$ . For each $v\in Z$ , let $G_v:=\mathrm{Gal}(\bar {K}_v/K_v)$ , where $\bar {K}_v$ is an algebraic closure of $K_v$ , and consider a subspace $L_v \subseteq H^1(G_v,{\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}})$ . Under the perfect local duality pairing (see [NSW, Chapter 7, Section 2]),

$$ \begin{align*}H^1(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/p{\mathbb{Z}}) \times H^1(G_v,\mu_p) \to H^2(G_v,\mu_p) \simeq \frac1p{\mathbb{Z}}/{\mathbb{Z}}\end{align*} $$

$L_v$ has an annihilator $L^\perp _v \subseteq H^1(G_v,\mu _p)$ . Set

$$ \begin{align*}H^1_{\mathcal L}(G_Z,{\mathbb{Z}} / p{\mathbb{Z}}) := \mbox{Kernel} \left( H^1(G_Z,{\mathbb{Z}} / p{\mathbb{Z}}) \to \oplus_{v\in Z} \frac{H^1(G_v, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}})}{L_v}\right)\end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*}H^1_{{\mathcal L}^\perp}(G_Z,\mu_p) := \mbox{Kernel} \left( H^1(G_Z,\mu_p) \to \oplus_{v\in Z} \frac{H^1(G_v,\mu_p)}{L^\perp_v}\right).\end{align*} $$

We call $\{L_v\}_{v \in Z}$ and $\{ L^\perp _v \}_{v\in Z}$ the Selmer and dual Selmer conditions and $H^1_{\mathcal L}(G_Z,{\mathbb {Z}} / p{\mathbb {Z}})$ and $H^1_{{\mathcal L}^\perp }(G_Z,\mu _p)$ the Selmer and dual Selmer groups.

We need Lemma 3.1 and the Greenberg–Wiles formula below for our second proof of Proposition 2.2. As Lemma 3.1(ii) is perhaps not so well-known, we include a sketch of its proof.

Lemma 3.1

1. (i) For $v\nmid p$ , the unramified cohomology classes $H_{nr}^1(G_v,{\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}})$ and $H_{nr}^1(G_v,\mu _p)$ are exact annihilators of one another under the local duality pairing.

2. (ii) Suppose $v|p$ and set $K^{\prime }_v=K_v(\mu _p)$ . The annihilator of $H_{nr}^1(G_v,{\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}}) \subset H^1(G_v,{\mathbb {Z}}/p{\mathbb {Z}})$ is $H^1_f(G_v,\mu _p) \subset H^1(G_v,\mu _p)$ , the peu ramifiée classes, namely, those $f\in {H^1(G_v,\mu _p)}$ whose fixed field $L_{v,f}$ of Kernel $(f |_{G_{K^{\prime }_v}})$ arises from adjoining the pth root of a unit $u_f \in K_v$ .

Proof

1. (i) This is standard (see [NSW, Theorem 7.2.15]).

2. (ii) This result is Corollary 1.4 in Chapter III of [M], but we sketch the proof.

It follows once we explain the commutative diagram below.

Cohomology taken over $\mathrm{Spec}({\mathcal O}_{K_v})$ is flat. The rows are cup product pairings in flat and Galois cohomology. Recall $ { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}} \simeq H^1_{nr}(G_v, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) = H^1(\mathrm{Spec}({\mathcal O}_{K_v}), { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) \subset H^1(G_v, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}})$ and

$$ \begin{align*}H^1_{f}(G_v,\mu_p) = H^1(\mathrm{Spec}({\mathcal O}_{K_v}),\mu_p) = { {\mathcal O}^\times_{K_v}}/ { {\mathcal O}^{\times p}_{K_v}} \subset K^{\times}_v/K^{\times p}_v =H^1(G_v,\mu_p),\end{align*} $$

where the containment is codimension one as $ {\mathbb F}_p$ -vector spaces. Lemma 1.1 in Chapter III of [M] gives the two left vertical injections and the triviality of the top pairing. This last pairing is consistent with the local duality pairing of the bottom row of the above diagram. As $H^1_{nr}(G_v, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) \subset H^1(G_v, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) $ and $H^1_f(G_v,\mu _p) \subset H^1(G_v,\mu _p)$ are dimension $1$ and codimension $1,$ respectively, they are exact annihilators of one another, proving (ii).

Theorem (Greenberg–Wiles)

Assume Z contains all places above $\{p,\infty \}$ . Then

$$ \begin{align*} \begin{array}{ll} \dim H^1_{\mathcal L}(G_Z,{\mathbb{Z}} / p{\mathbb{Z}}) - \dim H^1_{{\mathcal L}^\perp}(G_Z,\mu_p) =& \\ \dim H^0(G_Z,{\mathbb{Z}}/p{\mathbb{Z}}) - \dim H^0(G_Z,\mu_p) + \sum_{v\in Z} \left(\dim L_v - \dim H^0(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/p{\mathbb{Z}}) \right). & \end{array} \end{align*} $$

See Theorem $8.7.9$ of [NSW] for a proof.

Second proof of Proposition 2.2

Recall X is tame and write $X:=X_{<\infty } \cup X_\infty $ . Set $Z:= Z_p \cup X_{<\infty } \cup Z_\infty $ , where $Z_p:= \{v : v|p\}$ and $Z_\infty $ is the set of all real Archimedean places of K (so $X_\infty \subseteq Z_\infty $ ).

For v complex Archimedean, we have $G_v=\{e\}$ so the Selmer and dual Selmer conditions are trivial. For v real Archimedean, $\dim H^1(G_v,{\mathbb {Z}}/2{\mathbb {Z}}) = \dim H^1(G_v,\mu _2)=1$ and the pairing between them is perfect (see Chapter I, Theorem $2.13$ of [M, Chapter I, Theorem 2.13]). It is easy to see in this case that the unramified cohomology groups are trivial.

In the table below, we choose $\{M_v\}_{v\in Z}$ and $\{N_v\}_{v\in Z}$ so that

$$ \begin{align*}H^1_{\mathcal M}(G_{Z}, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) =H^1(G_X, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}})\mbox{ and } H^1_{\mathcal N}(G_{Z}, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) =H^1(G_\emptyset, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}).\end{align*} $$

The previous paragraph and Lemma 3.1 justify the stated dual Selmer conditions of the table.

$$ \begin{align*} \begin{array}{l|cccc} & M_v & M^\perp_v & N_v & N^\perp_v \\ \hline\\[-9pt] v\in Z_p & H^1_{nr}(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/p{\mathbb{Z}}) & H^1_{f}(G_v,\mu_p) & H^1_{nr}(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/p{\mathbb{Z}}) & H^1_{f}(G_v,\mu_p) \\ v\in X_\infty & H^1(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/2{\mathbb{Z}}) & 0 & H^1_{nr}(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/2{\mathbb{Z}})=0 & H^1(G_v,\mu_2) \\ v\in Z_\infty \backslash X_\infty & H^1_{nr}(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/2{\mathbb{Z}})=0 & H^1(G_v,\mu_2) & H^1_{nr}(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/2{\mathbb{Z}})=0 & H^1(G_v,\mu_2) \\ v\in X_{<\infty} & H^1(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/p{\mathbb{Z}}) & 0 & H^1_{nr}(G_v,{\mathbb{Z}}/p{\mathbb{Z}}) & H^1_{nr}(G_v,\mu_p) \\ \end{array} \end{align*} $$

We now compute $ \dim M_v - \dim N_v$ . The first three entries of the table below are clear. As $\delta (K_v)=1$ , local class field theory implies $\dim H^1(G_v, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) =2$ . That $\dim H^1_{nr}(G_v, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) =1$ follows as there is a unique unramified $ {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} $ -extension of any local field. This establishes the last entry.

$$ \begin{align*} \begin{array}{l|c} & \dim M_v - \dim N_v \\ \hline v\in Z_p & 0\\ v\in X_\infty & 1\\ v\in Z_\infty \backslash X_\infty & 0\\ v\in X_{<\infty} & 1\\ \end{array} \end{align*} $$

Applying the Greenberg–Wiles formula for $\{M_v\}_{v\in Z}$ and $\{N_v\}_{v\in Z}$ and subtracting the second equation from the first and recalling $\#X=\#I + \# D =r+s$ :

(3.1) $$ \begin{align} \begin{array}{l} \dim H^1(G_X, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) -\dim H^1(G_\emptyset, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}})= \\ \dim H^1_{\mathcal M}(G_{Z}, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) - \dim H^1_{\mathcal N}(G_{Z}, { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}) =\\ \dim H^1_{{\mathcal M}^\perp}(G_{Z},\mu_p) - \dim H^1_{{\mathcal N}^\perp}(G_{Z},\mu_p) +\sum_{v\in Z} (\dim M_v - \dim N_v)=\\ \dim H^1_{{\mathcal M}^\perp}(G_{Z},\mu_p) - \dim H^1_{{\mathcal N}^\perp}(G_{Z},\mu_p) + r+s. \end{array} \end{align} $$

To prove Proposition 2.2, we need to show this last quantity is $\dim R_X=s$ , the dimension of the space of dependence relations on the set $\{\sigma _v\}_{v\in X} \subset W = \mathrm{Gal}(K'(\sqrt [p]{V_\emptyset })/K')$ .

An element $f \in H^1_{{\mathcal N}^\perp }(G_{Z},\mu _p)$ gives rise to the field diagram below, where $L_f/K'$ is a $ { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}$ -extension peu ramifiée at $v\in Z_p$ , with no condition on $v\in Z_\infty $ and unramified at $v\in X_{<\infty }$ . We show the composite of all such $L_f$ is $K'\left (\sqrt [p]{V_\emptyset }\right )$ .

By the nature of cohomology classes in $H^1(G_Z,\mu _p)$ , the extension $L_f/K$ is Galois. Kummer Theory implies $\alpha _f \in K'/{K'}^{\times p}$ , which decomposes into $\omega ^i$ -eigenspaces, where $\omega :\mathrm{Gal}(K'/K) \to ( {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} )^\times $ is the cyclotomic character given by $\sigma (\zeta _p) =\zeta _p^{\omega (\sigma )}$ for $\zeta _p$ a primitive pth root of unity. As $\mu _p \simeq {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} (\omega )$ , Kummer Theory gives the $\mathrm{Gal}(K'/K)$ -equivariant pairing

$$ \begin{align*}\frac{\alpha_f K^{\prime\times p}}{K^{\prime\times p}} \times \mathrm{Gal}(L_f/K') \to \mu_p \simeq {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} (\omega).\end{align*} $$

That $f\in H^1(G_Z, {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} (\omega ))$ implies $\mathrm{Gal}(L_f/K')$ is in the $\omega $ -eigenspace as is $ {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z} (\omega )$ . Thus, $\alpha _f $ is in the trivial eigenspace of $K^{\prime \times }/ K^{\prime \times p}$ . We will show we may assume $\alpha _f \in K$ . If $K'=K$ this is obvious so we assume $1<d=[K':K] \mid p-1$ . Since $\alpha _f$ is in the trivial eigenspace, $N^{K'}_K(\alpha _f) \equiv \alpha ^d_f$ mod $K^{\prime \times p}$ . But $N^{K'}_K(\alpha _f) \in K^\times $ and $(d,p)=1$ so a suitable power $N^{K'}_K(\alpha _f)^r$ is congruent to $\alpha _f$ mod $K^{\prime \times p}$ . Just replace $\alpha _f$ by $N^{K'}_K(\alpha _f)^r \in K$ .

Since $L_f/K'$ is unramified at all finite tame v, we have $\alpha _f = u \pi _v^{pr}$ , where $u\in K_v$ is a unit and $\pi _v$ is a uniformizer. At $v\in Z_p$ being peu ramifiée implies that locally at $v\in X_p$ , we again have $\alpha _f = u \pi _v^{pr}$ . Together, these mean that the fractional ideal $(\alpha _f)$ of K is a pth power, which implies that $\alpha _f \in V_\emptyset $ . Conversely, if $\alpha \in V_\emptyset $ , then, recalling that $(\alpha )=J^p$ for some ideal of K, we have that $K'\left (\sqrt [p]{\alpha }\right )/K'$ is a $ { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}$ -extension peu ramifiée at $v\in Z_p$ , with no condition at $v\in Z_\infty $ . Thus, $\alpha $ gives rise to an element $f_\alpha \in H^1_{{\mathcal N}^\perp }(G_Z,\mu _p)$ so $L:=K'\left ( \sqrt [p]{V_\emptyset }\right )$ is the composite of all $L_f$ for $f \in H^1_{{\mathcal N}^\perp }(G_Z,\mu _p)$ and $\dim H^1_{{\mathcal N}^\perp }(G_Z,\mu _p)= \dim (V_\emptyset /K^{\times p})$ .

An element $f \in H^1_{{\mathcal M}^\perp }(G_{Z},\mu _p)$ gives rise to a $ { {\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}}$ -extension of $K'$ peu ramifiée at $v\in Z_p$ and split completely at $v\in X$ . We denote the composite of all these fields by $D \subset K'\left ( \sqrt [p]{V_\emptyset }\right )$ .

Recall that r is the dimension of the space $\langle \sigma _v \rangle _{v\in X} \subset \mathrm{Gal}(L/K')$ . Clearly, D is the field fixed of $\langle \sigma _v\rangle _{v\in X}$ so $\dim _{{\mathbb F}_p} \mathrm{Gal}\left ( K'\left ( \sqrt [p]{V_\emptyset }\right )/ D \right ) =r =\# I$ from the second section of this note. Thus, $\dim H^1_{{\mathcal M}^\perp }(G_{Z},\mu _p)=\dim (V_\emptyset /K^{\times p}) -r $ so the right side of (3.1) is

$$ \begin{align*} \left(\dim (V_\emptyset/K^{\times p}) -r \right) - \dim (V_\emptyset/K^{\times p}) +(r+s) =s = \dim R_X \end{align*} $$

proving Proposition 2.2.