Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T17:11:47.080Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Act of Singing: Women, Music, and the Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in Indonesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2022

ANDREW N. WEINTRAUB
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract (english/indonesian)

In this article, I show how the Dialita women’s choir uses music to contest the ongoing denial of state-sponsored violence that followed the Indonesian tragedy of 1965–66, particularly as it impacted women. More specifically, Dialita uses their experiences and positionalities as women to perform an alternative collective memory for younger generations of Indonesians. Composed in prison, Dialita’s musical repertoire memorialises the affects and effects of imprisonment, exile, trauma, and survival. Due to government censure and public condemnation, the songs had been silenced by the Indonesian state and hidden underground from the public since the Indonesian tragedy. In the early 2000s, the women of Dialita formed a musical group and courageously began performing in public, collaborating with young musicians and recording the songs. I contend that women’s collective singing is an act of critical remembrance, opening a new front in struggles for truth and reconciliation, especially when juridical appeals and strategies have been rebuffed.

Aksi Menyanyi: Perempuan, Musik, dan Politik Kebenaran, dan Rekonsiliasi di Indonesia

Dalam artikel ini, saya menunjukkan bagaimana paduan suara perempuan Dialita menggunakan musik untuk menentang penyangkalan berkelanjutan atas kekerasan yang didukung oleh negara setelah tragedi Indonesia 1965–66, khususnya yang berdampak pada perempuan. Lebih khusus lagi, Dialita menggunakan pengalaman dan posisi mereka sebagai perempuan untuk menampilkan memori kolektif alternatif bagi generasi muda Indonesia. Digubah di penjara, repertoar musik Dialita mengenang afek dan efek penjara, pengasingan, trauma, dan kebertahanan hidup. Karena kecaman pemerintah dan publik, lagu-lagu tersebut dibungkam oleh negara dan tersembunyi di luar pengetahuan publik. Pada awal 2000-an, para perempuan Dialita membentuk grup musik dan mulai berani tampil di depan umum, berkolaborasi dengan musisi muda dan merekam lagu-lagu mereka. Saya berpendapat bahwa nyanyian kolektif perempuan adalah aksi untuk mengingat secara kritis, membuka front baru dalam perjuangan untuk kebenaran dan rekonsiliasi, terutama setelah upaya banding secara yuridis ditolak.

Type
Articles
Information
Yearbook for Traditional Music , Volume 53 , December 2021 , pp. 1 - 44
Copyright
© International Council for Traditional Music 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Adam, Asvi Warman. 2004. Suharto Sisi Gelap Sejarah Indonesia. Yogyakara: Ombak.Google Scholar
Aleida, Martin. 2020. Romantisme Tahun Kekerasan. Jakarta: Somalaing Art Studio.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 1977. Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report. London: Amnesty International Publications.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict O’G [1983]2006. Imagined Communities. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict O’G, and McVey, Ruth. 1971. A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, Interim Report Series.Google Scholar
Araujo, Samuel. 2006. “Conflict and Violence as Theoretical Tools in Present-day Ethnomusicology: Notes on a Dialogic Ethnography of Sound Practices in Rio de Janeiro.” Ethnomusicology 50(2):287–313.Google Scholar
Arps, Bernard. 2011. “The Lettuce Song and its Trajectory: The Vagaries of a Pop Song in Three Eras.” Seminar presentation, FKI VII, ISI Surakarta, 14 October.Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan, and Czaplicka, John. 1995. “Collective Memory and Cultural Identity.” New German Critique.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, Susan. 2004. Women and the State in Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinner, Benjamin. 2009. Playing Across a Divide: Israeli-Palestinian Musical Encounters. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bustam, Mia. 2008. Dari Kamp ke Kamp. Jakarta: Spasi, VHR Book, and Studi Arus Informasi.Google Scholar
Certeau, Michel de. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Rendall, Steven. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chandra, Siddharth. 2017. “New Findings on the Indonesian Killings of 1965–66.” The Journal of Asian Studies 76(4):1059–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cizmic, Maria. 2012. Performing Pain: Music and Trauma in Eastern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Connerton, Paul. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conroe, Andrew. 2017. “Moments of Proximity: Former Political Prisoners, Postmemory and Justice in Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review 41(3):352–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conroe, Andrew. 2018. “The Efficacy of ‘Dangerous’ Knowledge: ‘Children of Victims’ in Indonesia after 1965.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies, ed. McGregor, Kate, Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie, 199–214. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cribb, Robert, ed. 1990. The Indonesian Killings, 1965–1966: Studies from Java and Bali. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no. 21.Google Scholar
Daughtry, J. Martin. 2015. Listening to War: Sound, Music, Trauma, and Survival in Wartime Iraq. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199361496.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diah, B.M. 1987. Meluruskan Seajarah: Kumpulan Karangan. Jakarta: Pustaka Merdeka.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Leslie. 2004. “The Intimacy of Terror: Gender and Violence in Indonesia.” Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context 1(10). http://174.138.62.117/article/intimacy-of-terror-gender-and-violence-indonesia.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Leslie. 2010. “Building a Monument: Intimate Politics of ‘Reconciliation’ in Post-1965 Bali.” In Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence, ed. Hinton, Alexander Laban, 227–248. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Erll, Astrid, and Nünning, Ansgar, eds. 2008. Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook. Berlin: de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farram, Steven. 2014. “ Ganyang! Indonesian Popular Songs from the Confrontation Era, 1963–1966.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-En Volkenkunde 170:1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauser, Annegret, and Figueroa, Michael A.. 2020. Performing Commemoration: Musical Reenactment and the Politics of Trauma. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fealy, Greg, and McGregor, Katharine. 2010. “Nahdlatul Ulama and the Killings of 1965–66: Religion, Politics, and Remembrance.” Indonesia 89:37–60.Google Scholar
Fogg, Kevin W. 2021. “Indonesian Socialism of the 1950s: From Ideology to Rhetoric.” Third World Quarterly 42(3):465–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutman, Yifat. 2017. Memory Activism: Reimagining the Past for the Future in Israel-Palestine. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press.10.2307/j.ctv16759trCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halbwachs, Maurice. 1992[1925]. On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Coser, Lewis A.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatley, Barbara. 2006. Javanese Performances on an Indonesian Stage. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Hatley, Barbara. 2010. “Recalling and Representing Cold War Conflict and its Aftermath in Contemporary Indonesian Film and Theatre.” In Cultures at War. The Cold War and Cultural Expression in Southeast Asia, ed. Day, Tony and Maya, H. T. Liem, 265–284. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.Google Scholar
Hearman, Vannessa. 2009. “The Uses of Memoirs and Oral History Works in Researching the 1965–1966 Political Violence in Indonesia.” IJAPS 5(2):21–42.Google Scholar
Hearman, Vannessa. 2013. “Under Duress: Suppressing and Recovering Memories of the Indonesian Sixties.” Social Transformations 1(1):5–25.Google Scholar
Hearman, Vannessa. 2015. “Violent anti-communism is alive and well in democratic Indonesia.” The Conversation, 3 March. http://theconversation.com/violent-anti-communism-is-alive-and-well-in-democratic-indonesia-38111.Google Scholar
Hearman, Vannessa. 2018. Unmarked Graves: Death and Survival in the Anti-Communist Violence in East Java, Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heryanto, Ariel. 1999. “Where Communism Never Dies.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 2(2):147–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heryanto, Ariel. 2006. State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heryanto, Ariel. 2014. Identity and Pleasure: The Politics of Indonesian Screen Culture. Singapore: NUS Press and Kyoto University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, David T. 1993. “‘The Two Leading Institutions’: Taman Ismail Marzuki and Horison.” In Culture and Society in New Order Indonesia, ed. Hooker, Virginia Matheson, 245–262. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Marianne. 2008. “The Generation of Postmemory.” Poetics Today 29(1):103–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoadley, Anna-Greta Nilsson. 2005. Indonesian Literature vs New Order Orthodoxy: The Aftermath of 1965–1966. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Hofman, Ana. 2020. “The Romance with Affect: Sonic Politics in a Time of Political Exhaustion.” Culture, Theory and Critique 61:2–3, 303–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofman, Ana. 2021. “‘We are the Partisans of Our Time’: Antifascism and Post-Yugoslav Singing Memory Activism.” Popular Music and Society 44(2):157–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holc, Janine. 2018. The Politics of Trauma and Memory Activism: Polish-Jewish Relations Today. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kammen, Douglas, and McGregor, Katharine, eds. 2012. The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965–68. Honolulu: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Kartomi, Margaret. 2010. “Toward a Methodology of War and Peace Studies in Ethnomusicology: The Case of Aceh, 1976–2009.” Ethnomusicology 54(3):452–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidron, Carol A. 2016. “Memory.” Oxford Bibliographies. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0155.xml.10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirksey, Eben. 2012. Freedom in Entangled Worlds: West Papua and the Architecture of Global Power. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Klinken, Gerry van. 2005. “The Battle for History after Suharto.” In Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present, ed. Zurbuchen, Mary, 233–258. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar
Komnas HAM (Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia). 2012. Ringkasan Eksekutif Hasil Penyelidikan Tim Ad Hoc Pelanggaran HAM yang Berat Peristiwa 1965–1966. Jakarta.Google Scholar
Kuddus, Rohana. 2017. “The Ghosts of 1965: Politics and Memory in Indonesia.” New Left Review 104:45–92.Google Scholar
Larasati, Rachmi Diyah. 2013. The Dance That Makes You Vanish: Cultural Reconstruction in Post-Genocide Indonesia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Leksana, Grace. 2009. “Reconciliation through History Education: Reconstructing the Social Memory of the 1965–66 Violence in Indonesia.” In Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace, ed. Brauchler, Birgit, 175–191. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lestariningsih, Amurwani Dwi. 2011. Gerwani: Kisah Tapol Wanita di Kamp Plantungan. Jakarta: Kompas.Google Scholar
Lis, Marianna. 2018. “The History of Loss and the Loss of History: Papermoon Puppet Theatre Examines the Legacies of the 1965 Violence in Indonesia.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies, ed. McGregor, Katharine, Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie, 253–268. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luvaas, Brent. 2009. “Dislocating Sounds: The Deterritorialization of Indonesian Indie Pop.” Cultural Anthropology 24(2):246–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marching, Soe Tjen. 2017. The End of Silence: Accounts of the 1965 Genocide in Indonesia. Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
McDonald, David. 2009. “Poetics and the Politics of Performance of Violence in Israel/Palestine.” Ethnomusicology 53(1):58–85.Google Scholar
McGregor, Katharine. 2007. History in Uniform: Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia’s Past. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
McGregor, Katharine. 2013. “Memory Studies and Human Rights in Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review 37(3):350–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, Katharine, Dragojlovic, Ana, and Loney, Hannah, eds. 2020. Gender, Violence and Power in Indonesia: Across Time and Space. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, Katharine, Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie, eds. 2018. The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, Katharine, and Setiawan, Ken. 2019. “Shifting from International to ‘Indonesian’ Justice Measures: Two Decades of Addressing Past Human Rights Violations.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 49(5):837–861.Google Scholar
Meintjes, Louise. 2017. Dust of the Zulu. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Melvin, Jess. 2018. The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. London: Routledge Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammed, Sharifah Faizah Syed. 2016. “The History and Development of Lagu Seriosa in the Context of Musical Nationalism in Indonesia.” PhD dissertation, Monash University.Google Scholar
Mortimer, Rex. 1974. Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideology and Politics, 1959–1965. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Nadia, Ita Fatia. 2008. Suara Perempuan Korban Tragedi ’65. Yogyakarta: Galangpress.Google Scholar
Notosudirdjo, Franki S. 2001. “Music, Politics, and the Problems of National Identity in Indonesia.” PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
O’Connell, John, and Castelo-Branco, Salwa El-Shawan 2010. Music and Conflict. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Ostashewski, Marcia, Johnson, Shaylene, Marshall, Graham, and Paul, Clifford. 2020. “Fostering Reconciliation through Collaborative Research in Unama’ki: Engaging Communities through Indigenous Methodologies and Research-Creation.” Yearbook for Traditional Music 52:23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettan, Svanibor. 1998. Music, Politics, and War: Views from Croatia. Zagreb: Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research.Google Scholar
Pilzer, Joshua. 2012. Hearts of Pine: Songs in the Lives of Three Korean Survivors of the Japanese “Comfort Women .” New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pitaloka, Dyah, and Pols, Hans. 2021. “Performing Songs and Staging Theatre Performances: Working through the Trauma of the 1965/66 Indonesian Mass Killings.” In Languages of Trauma: History, Memory, and Media, ed. Leese, Peter, Kohne, Julia Barbara, and Crouthamel, Jason, 141–159. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pohlman, Annie. 2015. Women, Sexual Violence and the Indonesian Killings of 1965–66. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pohlman, Annie. 2016. “A Year of Truth and the Possibilities for Reconciliation in Indonesia.” Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 10(1):60–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purwanta, Hieronymus. 2017. “Militaristic Discourse in Secondary Education History Textbooks during and after the Soeharto Era.” Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 9(1):36–53.10.3167/jemms.2017.090103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachmadi, K. T. 2005. “My Life as a Shadow Master Under Suharto.” In Beginning to Remember. The Past in the Indonesian Present, ed. Zurbuchen, Mary, 38–46. Singapore and Seattle: Singapore University Press and University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Raditya, Michael HB 2018. “Melalui Musik Mereka Kembali.” In Merangkai Ingatan Mencipta Peristiwa: Sejumlah Tulisan Seni Pertunjukan, 101–107. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Lintang Pustaka Utama.Google Scholar
Rigney, Ann. 2018. “Remembering Hope: Transnational Activism Beyond the Traumatic.” Memory Studies 11(3):368–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritter, Jonathan, and Daughtry, Martin. 2007. Music in the Post-9/11 World. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Robinson, Geoffrey. 1995. The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Geoffrey. 2018. The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Roosa, John. 2006. Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement & Suharto’s Coup D’etat in Indonesia. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Roosa, John. 2020. Buried Histories: The Anticommunist Massacres of 1965–1966 in Indonesia. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RUAS . 2006. Special Issue on Artists, Writers, and Performers. RUAS 3(21):1–11. Yogyakarta: Syarikat.Google Scholar
Sabarini, Prodita, Ekarahendy, Ellena, Krismantari, Ika, Firdaus, Febriana, and Theo, Rika. 2019. “Ingat65: How Indonesia’s Young Generation Share their Discovery of a Forgotten Massacre.” In The International People’s Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian Genocide, ed. Wieringa, Saskia E., Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie, 198–214. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, Jessica A. 2012. “A ‘Voice to Sing’: Rongelapese Musical Activism and the Production of Nuclear Knowledge.” In Music & Politics 6(1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.3998/mp.9460447.0006.101.Google Scholar
Sen, Krishna, and Hill, David. 2006. Media, Culture, and Politics in Indonesia. Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur: Equinox Publishing.Google Scholar
Setiawan, Hersri. 1995. “Art and Entertainment in the New Order’s Jails,” translated and introduced by Foulcher, Keith. Indonesia 59:1–20.Google Scholar
Setiawan, Hersri. 2003. Aku Eks Tapol. Yogyakarta: Galangpress.Google Scholar
Setiawan, Hersri. 2020. Buru Island: A Prison Memoir, trans. Lindsay, Jennifer. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.Google Scholar
Setiawan, Ken. 2018. “Remembering Suffering and Survival: Sites of Memory on Buru.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies, ed. McGregor, Kate, Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie, 215–234. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinetti, Federico, Schoop, Monika E., and Hofman, Ana. 2021. “Introduction to Music and the Politics of Memory: Resounding Antifascism across Borders.” Popular Music and Society 44(2):119–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sujinah. 2000. In a Jakarta Prison, adapted from the Indonesian by Kortschak, Irfan. Jakarta: Lontar.Google Scholar
Sukanta, Putu Oka. 2005. Rindu Terluka. Jakarta: Metafor.Google Scholar
Sukanta, Putu Oka, ed. 2014. Breaking the Silence: Survivors Speak about 1965–66 Violence in Indonesia, trans. Lindsay, Jennifer. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Charles. 2020. “Years of Dressing Dangerously: Modern Women, National Identity and Moral Crisis in Sukarno’s Indonesia, 1945–1966.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Suryakusuma, Julia. 1996. “The State and Sexuality in New Order Indonesia.” In Fantasizing the Feminine in Indonesia, ed. Sears, Laurie J., 92–119. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suwignyo, Agus. 2014. “Indonesian National History Textbook after the New Order: What’s New Under the Sun?” Bijdragen Tot De Taal -, Land- En Volkenkunde 170:113–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Diana. 2003. The Archive and the Repertoire. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Tedjabayu. 2020. Mutiara di Padang Ilalang: Cerita Seorang Penyintas. Depok: Komunitas Bambu.Google Scholar
Tempo . 2016. “Haunted by the Past: Fears of a Communist Revival Threaten Rights and Freedoms.” 39(16):22 May.Google Scholar
Tempo. 2021. “Umi Sardjono dan Stigma Gerwani.” 2 October.Google Scholar
Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 1995. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu. Jarkata: Lentera.Google Scholar
Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari. 2018. “Working from the Margins: Initiatives for Truth and Reconciliation for Victims of the 1965 Mass Violence in Solo and Palu.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies, ed. McGregor, Kate, Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie, 335–356. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardaya, Baskara. 2013. Truth Will Out: Indonesian Accounts of the 1965 Mass Violence, trans. Lindsay, Jennifer. Clayton, Australia: Monash University Press.Google Scholar
Wieringa, Saskia E. 2002. Sexual Politics in Indonesia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wieringa, Saskia E. 2014. “Persisting Silence: Sexual Slander, Mass Murder, and The Act of Killing.” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 20(3):50–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wieringa, Saskia E., and Katjasungkana, Nursyahbani. 2018. Propaganda and the Genocide in Indonesia: Imagined Evil. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wieringa, Saskia E., Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie. 2019. “The Indonesian Genocide and the International People’s Tribunal for 1965.” In The International People’s Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian Genocide, ed. Wierunga, Saskia E., Melvin, Jess, and Pohlman, Annie, 1–21. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1977. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wirastama, Purba. 2018. “Dialita Nyanyikan Dua Lagu Ciptaan Fatmawati untuk Megawati” (24 January 2018; medcom.id3). https://www.medcom.id/hiburan/musik/yNLQ2a9b-dialita-nyanyikan-dua-lagu-ciptaan-fatmawati-untuk-megawati.Google Scholar
Wiwoho, Heryani Busono. 2012. Mengembara Dalam Prahara. Semarang: Pustaka Binatama.Google Scholar
Yampolsky, Philip. 2010. “ Kroncong Revisited: New Evidence from Old Sources.” Archipel 79:7–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yampolsky, Philip. 2013. “Three Genres of Indonesian Popular Music: Their Trajectories in the Colonial Era and After.” Asian Music 44(2):24–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuliantri, Rhoma Dwi Aria. 2012. “LEKRA and Ensembles: Tracing the Indonesian Musical Stage.” In Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965, ed. Lindsay, Jennifer and Maya, H.T. Liem, 421–452. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar
Zhacky, Mochamad. 2020. “Tayangkan Film G30S/PKI yang Disinggung Gatot Nurmantyo, Ini Alasan SCTV.” Detik News. 25 September. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5188709/tayangkan-film-g30spki-yang-disinggung-gatot-nurmantyo-ini-alasan-sctv (accessed 8 June 2021).Google Scholar
Zurbuchen, Mary. 2002. “History, Memory, and the ‘1965 Incident’ in Indonesia.” Asian Survey 42(4):564–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zurbuchen, Mary, ed. 2005. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Singapore and Seattle: Singapore University Press, with University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Dunia Milik Kita (The World Belongs to Us) by Dialita. 2016. Co-produced by Woto Wibowo [Wok the Rock] and Agung Kurniawan. Indonesia: Yes No Wave Music and the Indonesia Visual Art Archive (CR-003) (with support from the Ford Foundation).Google Scholar
Salam Harapan (Greetings of Hope) by Dialita. 2019. Co-produced by Rumahbonita Label and Dialita.Google Scholar
Kurniawan, Agung. Interview by author. 28 March 2018 (virtual); 30 June 2019 (Yogyakarta); 2020–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Runturambi, Elly. Interview by author. 6 November 2020 (virtual).Google Scholar
Lestari, Endang. Interview by author. Plantungan, 7 July 2019.Google Scholar
Setiawan, Erie. Interview by author. 27 March 2018 (virtual); March 2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Dayasih, Irina. Interview by author. Jakarta, 16 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Hermiasih, Leilani. Interview by author. Yogyakarta, 30 June 2019; 2020–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Adi, Petrus Briyonto. Interview by author. Salatiga, 1 July 2019; 10 February 2021(virtual).Google Scholar
Sukanta, Putu Oka. Interview by author. Jakarta, 20 June 2019.Google Scholar
Rukmawati, Sri Nasti. Interview by author. Jakarta, 19 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Uchikowati. Interview by author. Jakarta, 15 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Toer, Utati Koesalah. Interview by author. Jakarta, 17 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Dunia Milik Kita (The World Belongs to Us) by Dialita. 2016. Co-produced by Woto Wibowo [Wok the Rock] and Agung Kurniawan. Indonesia: Yes No Wave Music and the Indonesia Visual Art Archive (CR-003) (with support from the Ford Foundation).Google Scholar
Salam Harapan (Greetings of Hope) by Dialita. 2019. Co-produced by Rumahbonita Label and Dialita.Google Scholar
Kurniawan, Agung. Interview by author. 28 March 2018 (virtual); 30 June 2019 (Yogyakarta); 2020–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Runturambi, Elly. Interview by author. 6 November 2020 (virtual).Google Scholar
Lestari, Endang. Interview by author. Plantungan, 7 July 2019.Google Scholar
Setiawan, Erie. Interview by author. 27 March 2018 (virtual); March 2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Dayasih, Irina. Interview by author. Jakarta, 16 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Hermiasih, Leilani. Interview by author. Yogyakarta, 30 June 2019; 2020–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Adi, Petrus Briyonto. Interview by author. Salatiga, 1 July 2019; 10 February 2021(virtual).Google Scholar
Sukanta, Putu Oka. Interview by author. Jakarta, 20 June 2019.Google Scholar
Rukmawati, Sri Nasti. Interview by author. Jakarta, 19 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Uchikowati. Interview by author. Jakarta, 15 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar
Toer, Utati Koesalah. Interview by author. Jakarta, 17 June 2019; 2019–2021 (virtual).Google Scholar