Socioeconomic status and lifestyle (including dietary habits) have dramatically changed in Saudi Arabia (SA) over the last few decades. SA suffers from a high burden of non-communicable diseases such as obesity and hypertension. Low body muscle mass (SM) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including arterial stiffness which may contribute to HTN( Reference Ferreira 1 ). The objectives of this study were to assess skeletal muscle (SM) mass in a random sample of Saudi adults, and evaluate its contribution toward hypertension.
Participants (19–60 years old) were randomly selected from the community (Riyadh city, 2013). Informed consent was collected and blood pressure, height, weight, waist and hip circumferences (WC, HC) were measured. Obesity was defined according to BMI (⩾30 kg/m2)( Reference Lean 4 ) and WC cut-offs (gender-specific risk categories I & II)( Reference Ferreira 1 ). Whole-body SM was estimated with the Al-Gindan equations (E1, E2)( Reference Al-Gindan 2 ): There is no population-specific cut-offs to define low SM in the Saudi populations; low SM was defined according to Chien et al( Reference Chien, Huang and Wu 3 ): <8·87 kg/m2 in men and <6·42 kg/m2 in women.
$$SM = 2.89 + 0.255\; {\rm Body\; Weight} \left( {{\rm kg}} \right) - 0.175\;{\rm Hip} \left( {{\rm cm}} \right) - 0.038\;{\rm Age} \left( {\rm y} \right) + 0.118\;{\rm Height} \left( {{\rm cm}} \right)$$
$$SM = 39.5 + 0.665\;{\rm Body\; Weight} \left( {{\rm kg}} \right) - 0.185\;{\rm Waist} \left( {{\rm cm}} \right) - 0.418\;{\rm Hip} \left( {{\rm cm}} \right) - 0.08\;{\rm Age} \left( {\rm y} \right)$$
The median age of participants (n = 601) was 29 (IQR 24–38). The median SM mass was 7·7 kg/m2 (IQR7·2–8·3) in women and 10·7 kg/m2 (IQR 9·6–12) in men. Prevalence of low SM mass was 6·5% overall, higher in males (11·5%) than females (2·7%), p = <0·001). Individuals with low SM had lower body weight and lower BMI than counterparts with normal SM (p < 0·001) (Table 1).
* categorization according to Chien et al( Reference Chien, Huang and Wu 3 ) (low SM <8·87 kg/m2 in men and <6·42 kg/m2); $: % of the subgroup
In comparison with the normal SM group, low SM did not significantly affect the odds of having hypertension (OR 0·63, 95% CI, 0·24–1·64, p = 0·34). Relatively few cases combined low SM mass and hallmark of obesity. This is somewhat surprising, however partially explained by the cut-offs used for low SM mass, derived from a Korean population( Reference Chien, Huang and Wu 3 ). This reference group may not be suitable to characterise low SM in the Saudi population, emphasising the need for further normative data to define reference levels for specific populations, including our population of interest.
