CLINICIAN'S CAPSULE
What is known about the topic?
Conducting scientifically robust educational, clinical/administrative emergency medicine (EM) research is challenging, and developing multicentre collaboration initiatives takes time and infrastructure.
What did this study ask?
This study reports the metrics of the Canadian EM research community prior to the initiation of a national network.
What did this study find?
EM researchers are concentrated in three provinces; 7/10 have salary support and infrastructure, and 1/2 had a mentor in their beginnings.
Why does this study matter to clinicians?
Working conditions promoting success include salary support, infrastructure, and mentorship, and all need improvement for Canadian EM researchers
INTRODUCTION
The Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) 2014 Academic Symposium panellists recommended ways to promote emergency medicine (EM) research.Reference Perry, Snider and Artz1–Reference Stiell, Artz, Perry, Vaillancourt and Calder4 They suggested that academic centres should foster EM research and that efforts should be made for the training, recruitment, and retention of clinician scientists. Endorsement of research projects and mentoring of young investigators was essential.Reference Perry, Snider and Artz1 Moreover, it was suggested that multicentre, multidisciplinary initiatives were needed to foster collaborative research and build capacity through collaborative training initiatives.5
The pathway to build a productive multicentre collaborative research network is well developed in other disciplines. Collaboration and multicentre initiatives take time to develop and need infrastructure. The Paediatric Emergency Research Canada and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group are excellent examples of success.6, 7 At the time of this survey, there was no adult Canadian EM research network. Little was known about the actual Canadian EM research community, where researchers work, what support they have, human factors impacting research, available infrastructure, and what they need to succeed.
The aim of this study was to describe the Canadian EM research community landscape prior to the initiation of the Network of Canadian Emergency Researchers (NCER). Specifically, we sought to evaluate differences across Canada in four themes: 1) geographic distribution, 2) training and career satisfaction, 3) time and financial compensation, and 4) research facilitators and barriers to conducting EM research.
METHOD
Study design and setting
We conducted a two-phase nationwide survey in 2013 and 2014 through the CAEP Academic Section. The Phase 1 Scan was administered to division/department chairs and hospital EM chiefs at all 17 Canadian medical schools.Reference Stiell, Artz and Lang8 A subsequent Phase 2 Survey was administered to individuals identified in Phase 1 as EM researchers. No research ethics board (REB) approval was necessary for this project because the surveys were sent directly through CAEP.
Phase 1 environmental scan
An 84-question survey of Canadian EM academic units was conducted from August to December 2013. It was completed electronically by the heads of each academic emergency department at all 17 Canadian medical schools. Respondents were contacted by a CAEP Academic Section representative. Follow-up phone calls with respondents ensured that questions were detailed and answered consistently across sites. The responses were recorded using an Excel spreadsheet. Descriptive statistics, including proportions, means, medians, and ranges, were calculated with variance measures as appropriate.
Phase 2 survey
The Phase 1 Scan populated the Phase 2 Survey respondents list, which identified 92 clinical and educational researchers. This list was reviewed and approved by the CAEP research committee for completeness. All personal information was concealed by CAEP administrative professionals.
Through an iterative process, a 39-item online survey was designed by CAEP Academic Section delegates to assess four themes for EM researchers: 1) geographic distribution, 2) training and career satisfaction, 3) time and financial compensation, and 4) facilitators and barriers to conducting EM research. The survey was piloted by members of the CAEP research committee.
The survey was distributed from March to April 2014, using FluidSurveys (Fluidware Corporation, Ottawa, ON). A prenotification email was distributed 2 days before the survey. Respondents received up to three reminders at 2-week intervals. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Analyses were stratified by Canadian regions: west (British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan), central (Manitoba and Ontario), and east (Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland and Labrador).
RESULTS
In Phase 1, participants from all 17 Canadian medical school EM programs responded, of which 14 (82%) reported having a research director and 13 (76%) having researchers. Fourteen (82%) reported an affiliation with a research institute and dedicated offices for researchers. Only three institutions (18%) provided an official research fellowship program, and 13 (76%) had a resident research facilitator. Peer-reviewed publications were reported by 16 (94%) of EM programs. Phase 1 Scan identified 92 EM researchers, to whom the Phase 2 Survey was sent. We have received a response from 67 (73%) participants, of which 15 (22%) were women.
Geographic distribution
Forty-six (68%) respondents were from central Canada and 11 (16%) from western Canada (Table 1). Non-respondents were proportionally distributed across provinces, similarly to the respondents.
Table 1. Distribution of all Canadian EM researchers identified (n = 92)
* Those who responded to the survey (n = 67; 72%) categorized by their self-identified titles.
a Others include researcher (in health services, health policy, health population, EMS), clinician (and administrator or part-time researcher), academic emergency physician.
Training and career satisfaction
Most researchers had a graduate degree or had completed a research fellowship (61%), and this was a consistent finding across regions (Table 2). Two-thirds of the respondents felt prepared for their research careers, which was a consistent answer across regions. One out of three respondents did not have any salary support or protected time to conduct research, and this situation seemed more prevalent in the western regions. Of note, 42 (63%) respondents were self-identified as clinical researchers and 25 (37%) as educator researchers (see Table 1).
Table 2. Preparedness and mentorship of Canadian EM researchers, as stratified by region
a Often, more than one mentor was indicated. Disciplines included health services, epidemiology, internal medicine, knowledge translation, family medicine, shared decision making, quality care, trauma, cardiology, medical education, pediatric EM, and bioethics.
West includes British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan; Central includes Manitoba and Ontario; and East includes Québec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. There were no responses from Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland and Labrador.
Time and financial compensation
The median hours per week dedicated to all clinical and scholarly EM activities were similar for clinical and education researchers (52 v. 54 hours). A proportion of time devoted to research was 42% among clinical researchers compared with 17% for education researchers. The mean compensation for clinician researchers was 26% of total earnings compared with 5% for education researchers.
Research facilitators and barriers
Thirty-five (52%) respondents reported a lack of mentorship in the first 3 years of their careers. This situation was more prevalent in the western (57%) and eastern (52%) regions compared with central Canada (37%). Twenty-nine (66%) out of the 44 respondents who pursued postgraduate education or research fellowship had a research mentor. However, 14 (48%) of those mentors were from other disciplines. This last finding was consistent across Canada. Forty-two (64%) EM researchers belonged to a research institute, which was also consistent across Canada. Infrastructure seemed more prevalent in the central and east regions of Canada. Forty-one (61%) researchers reported having peer-reviewed grant funding obtained as a principal investigator. Variability was observed across regions for grant funding results and amount of funding.
Fourteen (21%) reported substantially increasing the time dedicated to research in the previous year. Most respondents (82%) reported that they plan to be conducting research in 5 years (see Table 2). Nearly all EM researchers felt that mentors, research training, and salary support had a positive impact on their careers. Forty-six (69%) respondents felt very satisfied or satisfied with their research careers.
DISCUSSION
We found EM research landscape to be diverse across Canada and that EM researchers are still suffering from lack of support in some regions. Geographically, EM researchers are clustered within central and western Canada. Although collaboration and networking have been shown to increase research productivity,Reference Marchand, Hilpert, Bragg and Cummings9 many gaps exist across Canada. Increasing collaboration and the emergence of new researchers may positively impact EM research capacity.Reference Marchand, Hilpert, Bragg and Cummings9, Reference Hall, Stokols and Moser10 The Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) group has had great success, as demonstrated by strong membership, publications, and grants.11Reference Bialy, Plint and Zemek12
EM researchers are well trained, with two-thirds having advanced research training and half with a PhD or MSc (epidemiology). However, we identified barriers to EM research productivity. To be successful in research, it has been documented that one needs to have salary support for protected research time to dedicate over 75% of their time to science, good mentorship, research infrastructure, and comprehensive training, preferably a graduate degree and academic track record of publications and salary awards.Reference Yewdell13–Reference Rankin15 Based on survey results, not all Canadian EM researchers have sufficient salary support to enable them to dedicate significant time to research. Based on our results, only 33% of a 50-hour work week was dedicated to research, but less than 20% of their income emanated from research salary support, and one out of four researchers reported zero salary support for research.
Mentorship programs have been recognized as an important asset to any research training and activities.Reference Yeung16, Reference Yeung, Nuth and Stiell17 However, over half of our respondents did not have a mentor in the first years of their careers.Reference Rankin15, Reference Morrison, Lorens and Bandiera18 Canadian authors have reported that mentoring was an important predictor of academic advancement regardless of gender and academic institutions providing mentorship support to speed up the advancement.1Reference Stiell, Artz and Lang8 Infrastructure is essential to research success. Every scientist will benefit from the resources of a research institute, that is, methodological, statistical, contractual, legal, information technology, accounting and grant reporting expertise, REB, and privacy experts and mentorship. Sixty-seven percent reported appointment in a research institute but only 56% had office space. Most respondents suggested that they had limited access to IT, methodological, and administrative support. Despite these obvious challenges, nearly 75% of respondents reported that they were satisfied with their research careers, and only 20% were unhappy with their work-life balance.
These results suggest there is a need to improve network of mentorship and improve infrastructure and financial support to EM researchers, which may be possible through a formal research network for Canadian EM researchers. To fill these gaps, the NCER was created with the goals “to enable emergency care researchers, to conduct multicentre research or education studies, to provide mentorship, create knowledge through research, support knowledge translation, and ultimately improve emergency patient care for all Canadians.”19 The impacts of this national network on the EM research environment will need to be assessed in the nearby future.
This work is not without limitations. First, Phase 1 obtained a list of researchers from department leaders, and this list may not have been complete. While prolific EM researchers were unlikely missed, newer EM researchers may not have been identified. In Phase 2, not all regions were well represented. The nonresponse error is likely small. We suspect that some of the established researchers, with more support, failed to answer. This may have underestimated the support available. Gender-based analyses were not provided because most of the responders were male (78%), leaving a very small sample of female researchers for subgroup analyses. The questions were not provided with standard definitions, thus creating a potential misclassification bias as respondents answered using their own interpretations.
CONCLUSIONS
Most EM researchers are clustered within three provinces without access to research institutes, without regular mentorship, with little infrastructure, and not all have financial support to protect their time spent in research. However, most EM researchers appear satisfied with their careers and are planning to continue research for at least 5 years. The Canadian EM research community has some gaps that could be addressed by a national network of EM researchers.
Supplementary material
The supplemental material for this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.18.
