There has been some interest in the enrichment of poultry meat with long-chain n-3 PUFA as a means of increasing the low consumption of these acids by human subjects consuming western diets. There is some concern, however, that at high levels of consumption, n-3 PUFA may have detrimental effects on immune function. However, research to date shows that strong controversy surrounds this immunomodulation. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary long-chain PUFA on some aspects of immune function in broiler chickens. A total of 18 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were reared as a single group for 21 d, and fed a common starter diet. At 21 d, the broilers were then fed for 33 d one of three wheat–soyabean meal-based diets. All diets contained 60 g/kg added oil, which was either 0, 60; 30, 30; or 60, 0 g fish oil (FO) and soya oil, respectively. Chickens between 54 and 60 d of age were sacrificed and samples of blood, bursa of Fabricus, spleen and thymus were collected. The lymphocytes were stained with four monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8 and BU-1A. Immune cells were then enumerated using the FACSCaliburTM flow cytometer. The quantitative analysis of the phagocytic activity of peripheral mononuclear phagocytes in whole blood was performed using phagotest commercial kits. Increasing levels of FO did not affect the weights of the spleen. However, chickens fed diet with 60 g/kg FO had significantly lower bursa weights (P<0.01) than those fed diets with 0 and 30 g/kg FO. In addition, the bursae were thinner compared with bursae from chickens fed diets containing less FO (Table 1). Chickens fed diets containing 30 g/kg FO had significantly higher thymus weights compared to chickens fed 0 and 60 g/kg (P<0.05). There was no significant effect of increasing FO level on the percentage positive and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the leucocyte subsets in peripheral blood, spleen and thymus. However, the proportion of B-cells in peripheral blood and the MFI of CD8 subsets in the spleen approached significance, P=0.058 and 0.054, respectively. Results of phagocytic activity show that the different levels of FO in the experimental groups neither affected the positive percentage of cells nor MFI. However, there was a trend towards a lower proportion of monocytes being engaged in phagocytosis when broilers were fed diets containing 60 g/kg FO (P=0.055) (Table 2).
Table 1. % Body weight of different tissues
1For each tissue weight %, values with different superscripts are significantly different.
Table 2. Effect of diet on % of phagocytic leucocytes and their MFI
Conclusions. These results show no evidence of the detrimental effect of enrichment with FO under the circumstances of this study. However, more subsequent studies should be conducted on different immune functions under different situations (e.g. challenge with pathogen), especially as there is evidence of a potential threshold effect in some cases. Such studies would help the poultry industry to improve or maintain the health status of poultry at an optimum level in circumstances when poultry meat is being enriched with long-chain n-3 PUFA.
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from Kuwait Institute for scientific research.
