Hostname: page-component-669899f699-8p65j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T02:08:11.141Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is too much insight bad for you?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2024

Javier-David Lopez-Morinigo*
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
Anthony S. David
Affiliation:
Division of Psychiatry, UCL Institute of Mental Health, London, UK
*
Correspondence: Javier-David Lopez-Morinigo. Email: [email protected]

Summary

Insight in psychosis is associated with reduced psychotic symptom severity, less coercive treatment and better functioning. Controversially, it has been suggested that insight may lead to depression, higher suicide risk and worse self-perceived quality of life. Future clinical trials are warranted to address this ‘insight paradox’, particularly the direction of causality.

Type
Feature
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Amador, XF, Strauss, DH, Yale, SA, Gorman, JM. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1991; 17: 113–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, AS. Insight and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 156: 798808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, AS. Insight and psychosis: the next 30 years. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 217: 521–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amador, XF, David, AS. Insight and Psychosis: Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders (2nd edn). Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Nair, A, Palmer, EC, Aleman, A, David, AS. Relationship between cognition, clinical and cognitive insight in psychotic disorders: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2014; 152: 191200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gan, J, Fu, H, Zhu, X. Relationships between multiple dimensions of insight and neurocognition, metacognition, and social cognition: a meta-analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210: 577–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flavell, JH. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: a new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. Am Psychol 1979; 34: 906–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, A. Metacognition and cognitive-behaviour therapy: a special issue. Clin Psychol Psychother 1999; 6: 71–2.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moritz, S, Lysaker, PH. Metacognition – what did James H. Flavell really say and the implications for the conceptualization and design of metacognitive interventions. Schizophr Res 2018; 201: 20–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, AT, Baruch, E, Balter, JM, Steer, RA, Warman, DM. A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophr Res 2004; 68: 319–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Camp, LSC, Sabbe, BGC, Oldenburg, JFE. Cognitive insight: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 55: 1224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subotnik, KL, Ventura, J, Hellemann, GS, Zito, MF, Agee, ER, Nuechterlein, KH. Relationship of poor insight to neurocognition, social cognition, and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2020; 220: 164–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysaker, PH, Pattison, ML, Leonhardt, BL, Phelps, S, Vohs, JL. Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments. World Psychiatry 2018; 17: 1223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belvederi Murri, M, Respino, M, Innamorati, M, Cervetti, A, Calcagno, P, Pompili, M, et al. Is good insight associated with depression among patients with schizophrenia? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2015; 162: 234–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
López-Moríñigo, JD, Ramos-Ríos, R, David, AS, Dutta, R. Insight in schizophrenia and risk of suicide: a systematic update. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53: 313–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, BJ, Lysaker, PH, Salyers, MP, Minor, KS. The insight paradox in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the relationship between clinical insight and quality of life. Schizophr Res 2020; 223: 917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birchwood, M, Iqbal, Z, Upthegrove, R. Psychological pathways to depression in schizophrenia: studies in acute psychosis, post psychotic depression and auditory hallucinations. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 255: 202–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysaker, PH, Roe, D, Yanos, PT. Toward understanding the insight paradox: internalized stigma moderates the association between insight and social functioning, hope, and self-esteem among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 192–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iqbal, Z, Birchwood, M, Chadwick, P, Trower, P. Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis. 2. Testing the validity of a social ranking model. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177: 522–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Morinigo, J-D, Di Forti, M, Ajnakina, O, Wiffen, BD, Morgan, K, Doody, GA, et al. Insight and risk of suicidal behaviour in two first-episode psychosis cohorts: effects of previous suicide attempts and depression. Schizophr Res 2019; 204: 80–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayesa-Arriola, R, Terán, JMP, Moríñigo, JDL, Rivero, MC, Setién-Suero, E, Al-Halabi, S, et al. The dynamic relationship between insight and suicidal behavior in first episode psychosis patients over 3-year follow-up. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28: 1161–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, RM, Yang, F, Kapczinski, F, Passos, IC. Risk factors for suicidality in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 96 studies. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44: 787–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The World Health Organization (WHO). WHOQOL: Measuring Quality of Life. WHO, 2012 (https://www.who.int/tools/whoqol).Google Scholar
Lysaker, PH, Weiden, PJ, Sun, X, O'Sullivan, AK, McEvoy, JP. Impaired insight in schizophrenia: impact on patient-reported and physician-reported outcome measures in a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22: 574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canal-Rivero, M, Ayesa-Arriola, R, Ruiz-Veguilla, M, Ortiz-García de la Foz, V, Labad, J, Crespo-Facorro, B. Insight trajectories and their impact on psychosocial functioning: a 10-year follow-up study in first episode psychosis patients. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 2022; 131: 808–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belvederi Murri, M, Amore, M, Calcagno, P, Respino, M, Marozzi, V, Masotti, M, et al. The ‘insight paradox’ in schizophrenia: magnitude, moderators and mediators of the association between insight and depression. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42: 1225–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelan, S, Sigala, N. The effect of treatment on insight in psychotic disorders – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2022; 244: 126–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Morinigo, J-D, Ajnakina, O, Martínez, AS-E, Escobedo-Aedo, P-J, Ruiz-Ruano, VG, Sánchez-Alonso, S, et al. Can metacognitive interventions improve insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2020; 50: 2289–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacCallum, RC, Austin, JT. Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annu Rev Psychol 2000; 51: 201–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, A, Mallikarjun, P, Upthegrove, R. Treatment of depression in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211: 198204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galling, B, Vernon, JA, Pagsberg, AK, Wadhwa, A, Grudnikoff, E, Seidman, AJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of antidepressant augmentation of continued antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 137: 187205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etchecopar-Etchart, D, Korchia, T, Loundou, A, Llorca, P-M, Auquier, P, Lançon, C, et al. Comorbid major depressive disorder in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47: 298308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raballo, A, Poletti, M, Preti, A. Do antidepressants prevent transition to psychosis in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR-P)? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2023; 53: 4550–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.