States as intemational persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Decree by foreign govemment transferring domicile of company — Whether an act of State — Effect on ownerhip of trademarks — Authority over former territory of domicile — The law of Pakistan

States as international persons — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Legislation of foreign State with retroactive effect — Whether retroactivity contrary to general rule of international law — Relevance of fact that comparable municipal legislation has no retroactive effect — The law of Austria

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Protected States and protectorates — British protectorate — British New Guinea — Declaration of protectorate — Effect of — Nature of jurisdiction over protectorate — Whether under British sovereignty — Whether inhabitants British subjects — Acquisition of property — Whether an act of State — Effect of British Foreign Jurisdication Statutes — The law of Papua New Guinea

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Algerian accession to independence — Whether France-Italy Convention on the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, 1930, applicable to judgments of Algerian courts following independence — The law of Italy

State territory — In general — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Occupation — Discovery — Discovery and occupation by subjects of sovereign — Proclamation of annexation — Effects — Whether sovereign acquires title — Waste and vacant land — Effect of Proclamation thereon — Whether title vests in sovereign — Act of State — Whether challengeable in court — The law of Papua New Guinea

International law in general — Sources — Treaty rules and rules of customary international law — Fundamental norm of equitable principles — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — Combined equidistance — special circumstances rule — Whether a rule of customary international law

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Baselines — Islands — Single maritime boundary — Continental shelf and fisheries — Delimitation — Exclusive economic zone — Existence of a natural boundary — Special circumstances — Length of respective coastlines and presence of islands

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Coasting trade and fisheries — Single maritime boundary — Delimitation — Socio-economic factors — Fishing patterns — Whether relevant

State territory — Parts of — Continental shelf — Single maritime boundary — Delimitation of continental shelf and fisheries — Opposite and adjacent coastlines — Unity and continuity of continental shelf — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — Equidistance — special circumstances rule — Whether part of customary international law — Whether criteria of delimitation to apply both to continental shelf and fisheries — Importance of geography — Practical method of delimitation — Equity of result

State territory — Parts of — Islands — Single maritime boundary — Delimitation Special circumstances — Presence of islands — Effect to be given thereto

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — Equidistance-special circumstances rule — Whether part of customary international law — Whether applicable in drawing single maritime boundary

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Organization of the Court — Request by parties to form special Chamber — Canada-United States Special Agreement and Treaty to submit dispute to binding settlement — Whether compatible with Statute and Rules of the Court — Replies by parties to questions by Acting President of the Court — Whether to be read together with Special Agreement — Constitution of the Chamber

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Chamber of the Court — Special Agreement between parties — Single maritime boundary — Delimitation between predefined point and predefined area

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — The law applicable — Special Agreement and Treaty between parties — Single maritime boundary — Delimitation — Treaty rules and rules of customary international law — Fundamental norm of equitable principles

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Water boundaries — Single maritime boundary for continental shelf and fisheries — Delimitation between predefined point and predefined area — Primary and secondary coasts — Geomorphological and geological factors — Whether a natural boundary exists — Unity and continuity of continental shelf and superjacent water column — Conduct of the parties — Socio-economic factors — Fishing patterns — Rules and principles of international law — Treaty rules and rules of customary international law — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — Fundamental norm of equitable principles — Equitable criteria — Importance of geography — Whether same criteria apply to continental shelf and fisheries — Practical method of delimitation — Combined equidistance-special circumstances rule — Article 6, Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — Whether mandatory — Whether a rule of customary international law — Need to delimit both continental shelf and fisheries — Whether any method of delimitation preferable — Combination of different methods with reference to different segments of delimitation line — Geographical situation of coasts — Adjacent coasts — Lateral equidistance line — Opposite coasts — Median line — Relevance of special circumstances — Length of respective coastlines and presence of islands — Relevance of practice — Estoppel and acquiescence — Construction of single delimitation line in three segments — Equity of result — Exceptional conditions justifying correction of delimitation line

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Organization of the Court — Request by parties to form Special Chamber — Canada–United States Special Agreement and Treaty to submit dispute to binding settlement — Whether compatible with Statute and Rules of Court — Replies of parties to questions by Acting President of the Court — Whether to be read together with Special Agreement — Constitution of the Chamber — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — The law applicable — Judgment

States as international persons — State succession — Pensions — Accession of Libya to independence — Collection of social security contributions from foreign company established in Libya during interim period before transfer of social security functions to new State — Whether permissible derogation from rule of international law prohibiting exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction — Italy — Libya Treaty on Economic Co — operation, 1956 — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Over foreign private company operating abroad — Collection of social security contributions by national public corporation from foreign company in respect of nationals employed by company — Whether permissible derogation from rule of international law prohibiting exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction — Accession of former colony to independence — Interim period before transfer of social security functions to new State — Italy — Libya Treaty on Economic Cooperation, 1956 — The law of Italy

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Criminal proceedings — Visits abroad by Italian judges in order to cross-examine defendants held in the United States and France — Whether a violation of rules on territorial jurisdiction — Requirement to respect sovereignty of other States and follow established procedure of submitting letters rogatory to competent foreign authorities — Exceptions admissible only if sanctioned by both international agreement and municipal law — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Criminal proceedings — Visits abroad by Italian judges in order to cross-examine defendants held in the United States and France — Whether a violation of rules on territorial jurisdiction — Requirement of respect for sovereignty of other States — Exceptions admissible only if sanctioned by both international agreement and municipal law — Requirement to follow established procedure and submit letters rogatory to competent foreign authorities — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Application of legislation in respect of bigamous marriage contracted outside Southern Rhodesia — Power to legislate with extraterritorial effect — The law of Southern Rhodesia

Jurisdiction — The air space — Hijacking of aircraft to forum State — Last phase of hijacking taking place in territory of forum State — Whether sufficient to establish jurisdiction — Principle of absolute sovereignty over air space — The law of Austria

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of emigration — Whether right protected by international law — Attempt to flee country — Hijacking of aircraft — Defence of necessity — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Hijacking of aircraft to forum State — Last phase of hijacking taking place in territory of forum State — Whether sufficient to establish jurisdiction — Principle of absolute sovereignty over air space — Offences committed by Romanians attempting to flee to the West — Defence of necessity — Freedom of emigration — Whether a right protected by international law — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — In respect of crimes committed in forum State — Whether conviction in State of origin precludes proceedings in State where offences committed — Principle of ne bis in idem — Applicability — Whether recognized as a general rule of international law — European Convention on Extradition, 1957 — The law of Italy

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of Right of expulsion — Conviction of aliens for terrorist offences Mandatory requirement for expulsion of aliens committing such offences in forum State — Whether expulsion admissible where aliens assimilated to nationals of forum State for administrative purposes — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Terrorist offences by aliens directed against Italy — Criminal acts committed in forum State with the intention of furthering political crimes abroad — Whether punishable in forum State — Relevance of political nature of offences — Expulsion of aliens following conviction — Whether admissible where aliens assimilated to nationals of forum State for administrative purposes — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Embassies of — Whether embassy has independent legal personality — Whether embassy capable of being sued in municipal courts — Claim concerning embassy staff employment contract — Proper defendant to action — Whether appearance of embassy constitutes waiver of procedural irregularity in summons — The law of Italy

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — Food and Agrjculture Organization — FAO-Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1950 — Interpretation — Scope of immunity of FAO from jurisdiction of municipal courts under Article VIII, Section 16, of Agreement — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — Employee of — Contract of employment — Action for damages for failure to provide social security benefits — Whether FAO entitled to jurisdictional immunity — FAO-Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1950 — Scope of immunity of FAO from legal process under Article VIII, Section 16, of Agreement — Whether application of general rules of customary international law on immunity of international organizations excluded — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

International law in general — Sources — International criminal law — International treaties as sources of — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Terrorist offences by Austrian nationals directed against Italy — Whether such crimes constitute acts of high treason against Austria — Whether any rule of general international law that political crimes against foreign State committed for the benefit of forum State are not punishable in forum State — Development of international criminal law — Restrictions on prosecution of political offences against foreign States — Whether notion of political offence includes explosive offences — The law of Austria

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Municipal enabling legislation — Interpretation by reference to aim and purpose of treaty — Geneva Convention for the Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, 1936 — The law of Austria

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Enabling legislation — Interpretation by reference to origin and purpose of Convention — Geneva Convention for the Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, 1936 — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Importation of drugs into foreign State — Geneva Convention for the Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, 1936 — Municipal enabling legislation — Prosecution in forum State for endangering public health — Whether public health outside forum State protected — Whether enabling legislation to be interpreted by reference to aims and purpose of Convention — Personal principle as basis of jurisdiction — Whether penalty inflicted abroad to be taken into account in determining sentence in forum State — The law of Austria

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Whether right to freedom of movement includes freedom to leave one's own country — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5 — The law of Austria

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Necessity for municipal legislation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — Effect of attribution of constitutional rank to Convention — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Attempt to use forged passport to cross border of foreign State — Whether punishable in Austria — Whether municipal law protects right of foreign State to supervise border traffic — East German citizen attempting to flee to the West — Whether freedom of movement includes freedom to leave one’s own country — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5 — Whether provisions of Convention directly applicable — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — High seas — Conception of the high seas and freedom of the sea — Res communis omnium — Artificial island constructed by private individuals just outside territorial waters — Demolition order issued by coastal State — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Whether creating enforceable rights for individuals to the free use of the high seas — Whether creating duty incumbent upon States to prevent their citizens from interfering with exercise of freedom of the high seas in contiguous zone by other States — Whether such duty also a rule of customary international law — The law of Italy

International law in general — Subjects of international law — Liquidators of Austro — Hungarian Bank appointed under Treaty of St Germain between the Allied Powers and Austria, 1919 — Whether liquidators have status of subjects of international law — The law of Austria

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Repayment to Austria of funds confiscated as enemy property by the United States — Funds transferred via liquidators of Austro — Hungarian Bank appointed under Treaty of Saint Germain, 1919 — Dispute as to whether funds should have been retained by liquidators for benefit of bondholders — Action against Austrian State to obtain payment of funds to bondholders — Whether action lies in municipal courts to obtain rescission of legal transaction between subjects of international law — Whether liquidators have status of subjects of international law under Treaty of Saint Germain, 1919 — The law of Austria