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Position Statement on Resident Wellness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2018

Ahmed Taher Open the ORCID record for Ahmed Taher [Opens in a new window] ,
Skye Crawford ,
Josh Koczerginski ,
Niran Argintaru ,
Roxane Beaumont-Boileau ,
Alexander Hart  and
Blair Bigham
Ahmed Taher*
Affiliation:
Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Ottawa, ON
Skye Crawford
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
Josh Koczerginski
Affiliation:
Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Ottawa, ON Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
Niran Argintaru
Affiliation:
Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Ottawa, ON
Roxane Beaumont-Boileau
Affiliation:
Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Ottawa, ON Département de médecine familiale et de médecine d'urgence, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC
Alexander Hart
Affiliation:
Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Ottawa, ON
Blair Bigham
Affiliation:
Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Ottawa, ON Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
*
Correspondence to: Dr. Ahmed Taher, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4; Email: [email protected]

Abstract

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Keywords

wellnesspostgraduate medical educationresidencyresidents
Type
CAEP Position Statement
Information
Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine , Volume 20 , Issue 5 , September 2018 , pp. 671 - 684
Copyright
© Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 2018 

INTRODUCTION

Resident wellness has gained substantial awareness in recent years as an important dimension of residency training. A national resident survey completed in Canada in 2013 by the Resident Doctors of Canada (RDoC) found a significant physical and psychosocial burden due to residency training. 1 Emergency medicine residency programs encounter several unique wellness challenges that are distinct from other training programs. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) and the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC) accreditation standards currently govern emergency medicine residency programs. 2 , 3 These institutions outline academic accreditation standards and delineate resident wellness standards that require attention.

The Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) Resident Section represents emergency medicine trainees across Canada. This CAEP Resident Section Position Statement serves as a foundation to discuss wellness challenges that affect emergency medicine resident physicians. It is to serve as a guide for emergency medicine residency programs to ensure resident wellness is approached in a sustainable, holistic, and evidence based manner beyond the minimum accreditation standards.

In this position statement, we highlight the high prevalence of burnout among emergency medicine resident physicians, and discuss the negative ramifications of burnout on the personal, professional, and psychosocial well being of resident physicians. We discuss a number of strategies that will enable emergency resident physicians and training programs to prevent and address symptoms of burnout. Next, we emphasize the importance of resiliency training as a core component of the emergency medicine residency curriculum as well as the imperative for timely, appropriate, and confidential access to support services. We also outline the integral steps to building healthy physical and psychosocial work and training environments. Finally, we examine the emergency resident physician transition to practice and suggest sustainable models for growth and wellness.

There is increasing evidence of the toll of emergency residency on resident wellness. The following sections discuss different aspects of training that may mitigate these negative effects. Emergency residency curricular design and training oversight involves a multitude of stakeholders including residents, faculty, programs, governing bodies, hospitals, etc. A working group of stakeholders should review the evidence in light of our recommendations and set a national strategy for curricular incorporation of wellness. Moreover, this is especially salient in the time that residency programs transition into competency by design (CBD) curriculums.

SECTION 1: THE TOLL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE RESIDENCY. A PRIMER ON BURNOUT AND ITS DELETERIOUS EFFECTS

Background

Burnout consists of three dimensions: Emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of personal accomplishment, and depersonalization.Reference Maslach and Jackson 4 Other terms frequently used to describe burnout include cynicism, frustration, and lack of motivation.Reference Mariné, Serra, Ruotsalainen and Verbeek 5 It has gained substantial attention in the media and among residency programs over the last several years; hundreds of papers on burnout have been published. Although burnout is not listed as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), it has been recognized as a ‘state of vital exhaustion’ in the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).Reference Association 6 , Reference Organization 7

Prevalence

Burnout is prevalent among emergency medicine resident physicians and ample evidence supports that burnout negatively impacts the psychological, physical, and professional wellbeing of resident physicians. In RDoC’s 2013 survey, more than eight out of ten respondents said work related fatigue impacted their physical health, and relationships.Reference Dyrbye and Shanafelt 8 Resident physicians encounter suffering and death daily. They are expected to perform complex functions at a high level, over long work hours, and in under-resourced settings. Burnout is especially relevant to emergency medicine resident physicians because of the particularly high acuity, heavy workload, and challenging patient populations.

Several studies have documented increased burnout rates in resident physicians.Reference West, Shanafelt and Kolars 9 , Reference Martini, Arfken, Churchill and Balon 10 A study by Martini et al. comparing different medical specialties found resident physicians to have an overall burnout rate of 50%, ranging from 27% for those in family practice, to 75% for those in obstetrics and gynecology.Reference Martini, Arfken, Churchill and Balon 10 A national survey of 1,701 U.S, resident physicians and fellows found them to have a mean burnout score of 50% compared to an employed population control group at 29.9%. Resident physicians were more likely to screen positive for depression, have higher levels of fatigue, and have lower quality of life scores.Reference Dyrbye, West and Satele 11

Increased burnout rates have also been documented in emergency medicine resident physicians.Reference Dyrbye, West and Satele 11 , Reference Kimo Takayesu, Ramoska and Clark 12 A study published in 2014 by Kimo et al. assessed 218 emergency medicine residents working in eight U.S. training programs, and found them to have an extremely high overall burnout rate of 65%. Furthermore, 33% had high degrees of emotional exhaustion, 59% had high degrees of depersonalization, and 59% had a low sense of personal accomplishment.Reference Kimo Takayesu, Ramoska and Clark 12 A qualitative literature review on emergency staff physicians by Bragard et al. indicated moderate to high levels of burnout.Reference Bragard, Dupuis and Fleet 13 Moreover, emergency staff physicians in Turkey were found to score 71% on emotional exhaustion, 78% on depersonalization, and 28% on personal accomplishment.Reference Schooley, Hikmet, Tarcan and Yorgancioglu 14

Factors Correlated With Burnout

Many studies have attempted to explain what causes burnout in resident physicians, sometimes with inconsistent results.Reference Dyrbye and Shanafelt 8 Predictors of burnout can be categorized as either occupational factors related to the work environment or individual factors related to demographics and personality.

Occupational factors correlated with burnout include longer work hours as well as a quantitative work overload.Reference Prins, Gazendam‐Donofrio, Tubben, Van Der Heijden, Van De Wiel and Hoekstra‐Weebers 15 , Reference Golub, Weiss, Ramesh, Ossoff and Johns 16 Workplace influences also include stressful relationships with supervisors, lack of timely feedback, and inadequate autonomy.Reference Golub, Weiss, Ramesh, Ossoff and Johns 16 - Reference Ripp, Babyatsky and Fallar 18

Although less influential than occupational factors, individual factors play a role in burnout. For example, resident physicians with a high educational debt are more likely to experience burnout.Reference West, Shanafelt and Kolars 9 Furthermore, significant associations exist between burnout and degree of neuroticism, emotional exhaustion, a disorganized personality style.Reference Prins, Van Der Heijden and Hoekstra-Weebers 17 , Reference Ripp, Babyatsky and Fallar 18

Protective factors that are negatively associated with burnout included satisfaction with balance between personal and professional life, relationship stability, and satisfaction with career life.Reference Golub, Weiss, Ramesh, Ossoff and Johns 16 It is likely that social support, resilience, and effective coping mechanisms buffer resident physicians from burnout, but more research needs to be done to strengthen these associations. Ultimately, burnout is a complex phenomenon influenced by many known and unknown factors. It is an important experience that negatively affects emergency medicine resident physicians and patient care. It is therefore deserving of increased attention.

Negative Results of Burnout

Multiple studies have documented detrimental effects of burnout on psychological, physical, and professional well-being. Burnout is associated with higher rates of depression, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse.Reference Martin, Poyen and Bouderlique 19 - Reference Ahola, Honkonen and Pirkola 23 In one study, the prevalence of suicidal ideation among resident physicians was found to be 12% versus 20.5% in those who were experiencing burnout.Reference van der Heijden, Dillingh, Bakker and Prins 21 Moreover, a systematic review published in 2015 found resident physician depression rates to be as high as 43%.Reference Mata, Ramos and Bansal 24 Physical symptoms that have been linked to burnout include headaches, gastrointestinal upset, and insomnia.Reference Felton 25 Moreover, there are several potential mechanisms linking burnout with poor health including metabolic syndrome, sympathetic system activation, systemic inflammation, and poor health behaviours.Reference Melamed, Shirom, Toker, Berliner and Shapira 26 In addition, resident physician burnout has been correlated with self-reported suboptimal patient care practice, greater self-reported clinical errors, and difficulty concentrating at work.Reference Prins, Van Der Heijden and Hoekstra-Weebers 17 , Reference Shanafelt, Bradley, Wipf and Back 27 - Reference Fahrenkopf, Sectish and Barger 29 RDoC’s 2013 survey found that 83% of resident physicians felt that work-related fatigue had an impact on their physical health, 80% on their relationships with family, 76% on their relationships with friends, and 70% felt that work-related fatigue had a negative impact on their mental health. 1

Comparison to Other High Stake Professions

Most existing research on burnout has focused on people-oriented professions such as teachers, social workers, mental health workers, nurses, medical students, residents and staff physicians. It is believed that occupations that address other’s physical, psychological, intellectual, or emotional well-being lead to higher rates of workplace burnout.Reference Dyrbye, West and Satele 11 , Reference Brotheridge and Grandey 30 , Reference Morse, Salyers, Rollins, Monroe-DeVita and Pfahler 31 Cordes and Dougherty presented a conceptual framework stating that ‘high burnout’ jobs are those with a high frequency of interactions, and the need to control emotions while interacting with the public.Reference Cordes and Dougherty 32 While these workplace demands in people-oriented professions have been linked to burnout, this psychological construct was also demonstrated in other high stake professions including police officers, military workers, firefighters, and pilots.Reference Wilcox 33 - Reference Fanjoy, Harriman and DeMik 37 For example, in a study assessing burnout among pilots, 32% were identified as having high levels of burnout, 52.8% had high exhaustion levels, and 72.5% exhibited high cynicism levels.Reference Fanjoy, Harriman and DeMik 37

Recommendations

Given the increasing evidence of the toll of emergency residency on resident wellness, we recommend that:

  1. 1. A working group to be formed with all relevant stakeholders to address a national strategy for wellness curriculum design and implementation.

SECTION 2: RESILIENCY TRAINING. THE KEYS TO SUCCESS

Background

The prevalent nature of burnout among emergency resident physicians necessitates tangible actions to prevent and mitigate the negative implications. One principle method to combat burnout is to develop a system that supports resiliency training and the development of resiliency skills. Resiliency is defined as “the ability to recover quickly, resist, and possibly even thrive in the face of direct/indirect traumatic events and adverse situations”. 38 Over 28,000 Canadian Forces members have undergone resiliency training, resulting in reduced negative mental health effects. 39 Several dimensions of resiliency have also been delineated such as self-efficacy, self-control, ability to engage support and help, ability to learn from difficult situations, and persistence despite barriers to progress.Reference Howe, Smajdor and Stöckl 40

Resiliency Curriculum

Resiliency training is a skill that needs to be nurtured, practiced and modeled. Several studies have demonstrated promising effects of introducing resiliency training at different points during the training and career continuum. One study assessed the effects of a Stress Management and Resiliency Training program among staff physicians at a tertiary care medical center. It showed significant improvement in resiliency, perceived stress, anxiety, and overall quality of life at eight weeks using several validated scales.Reference Sood, Prasad, Schroeder and Varkey 41 Another study demonstrated junior resident physicians showing benefit to similar resiliency training programs.Reference Goldhagen, Kingsolver, Stinnett and Rosdahl 42

In response to the identified need for a structured resiliency training for resident physicians, RDoC partnered with the Canadian Forces and the Mental Health Commission of Canada to create a 3-pronged “Resiliency Curriculum” for resident physicians. 43 This training compliments current existing university postgraduate wellness programs as well as interventional services like counseling and psychotherapy. More importantly, it fulfills CanMEDS key competencies that ask residents to “demonstrate a commitment to physician health and well-being”. Reference Frank, Snell and Sherbino 44

The first prong of the RDoC Resiliency Curriculum is the mental health continuum; a sliding scale that recognizes the impacts of stress on a resident physician’s life is constantly in flux. The continuum describes physical and emotional symptoms of stress from thriving functions ranging from low stress in a “green zone” to severe, debilitating functions with high stress levels in the “red zone.” Resident physicians can be taught to self-monitor the impact of stress on their physical and emotional wellness and take actions depending on where they place themselves on the continuum. Such actions include saying no to new commitments, taking breaks, prioritizing rest and nutrition, reaching out to friends, accessing mental health resources, taking formal time off, and seeking emergency care.

The second prong involves four practical Cognitive Behavior Therapy tools for building resiliency. The tools are:

  1. • Tactical breathing: slow and deep breathing that stimulates parasympathetic mechanisms to improve focus on tasks.

  2. • Goal setting: organizes overwhelming workloads into defined, manageable tasks.

  3. • Visualization: allows residents to mentally rehearse complex tasks such as surgery or resuscitation, and has been shown to improve surgical performance.Reference Louridas, Bonrath, Sinclair, Dedy and Grantcharov 45

  4. • Positive self-talk: encourages residents to challenge cognitive distortions, such as “catastrophizing” and “overgeneralizing” when their performance is poor.

The third prong involves focus and attention control training, where residents are taught about stress and performance, vigilance fatigue, and tunnel vision. These elements enable residents to identify key moments that require self-evaluation, to reset before higher stress levels, negative thoughts, and emotions affect well-being and performance.

Resiliency training prepares professionals at all career stages to better respond to stress, reduce burnout, and improve performance. Such training can be utilized to combat burnout among emergency medicine residents. The RDoC curriculum is one example of a preformed curriculum that may be utilized. However, a national working group with a multitude of stakeholders should explore the different options available for emergency residents.

Recommendations

Given the negative effects of burnout on emergency resident physicians and the importance of resiliency training, we recommend that emergency programs:

  1. 2. Create a formal wellness curriculum as part of the emergency medicine residency program.

  2. 3. Adopt resiliency training such as the RDoC Resiliency Curriculum, as part of the formal wellness curriculum.

  3. 4. Empower resident physicians to champion resiliency training by identifying a resident wellness position and create incentives for resident physicians to champion these efforts.

SECTION 3: WHEN RESILIENCY ISN’T ENOUGH: ACCESS TO SUPPORT

Background

While emergency medicine residency programs can empower resident physicians through resiliency training, efforts must also be directed towards timely access to various types of supports. These supports include extensive preventative resources as well as timely and appropriate access to resources for resident physicians in crisis. Emergency medicine residency programs should recognize the unique challenges faced by emergency medicine trainees in crisis situations. Access to hospital, university and community-based resources should be readily available through a clearly available internal system to assist residents in crisis. Moreover, emergency medicine faculty and educators should become familiar with these challenges and how to assist resident physicians facing them.

The unique implications of emergency medicine work on resident wellness include a variety of factors highlighted previously.Reference Prins, Gazendam‐Donofrio, Tubben, Van Der Heijden, Van De Wiel and Hoekstra‐Weebers 15 - Reference Ripp, Babyatsky and Fallar 18 Factors also include shift work, particularly with junior resident physicians adjusting to irregular scheduling,Reference Tür, Toker, Şaşmaz, Hacar and Türe 46 - Reference Thorpy 48 acute care medicine, lack of patient follow-up, poor patient outcomes, personal safety concerns, and lack of consistent supervision. While many of these challenges can be addressed in wellness programming, crisis situations are of special concern.

Support Resources

The CFPC and the RCPSC accreditation standards mandate that residency programs establish and maintain mechanisms for resident physicians to access services to manage stress and similar issues. 2 Emergency medicine residency programs must ensure that resident physicians are aware of these available services and how to access them. This may include resources offered through the university, postgraduate office, local hospitals and government resources. 49 Programs should ensure that resident physicians also have access to online and up to date wellness and stress-management resources. Programs should strive to facilitate resident access to these resources in addition to creating their own resources including: local university or community health center contacts for primary medical and mental health care, crisis lines for mental health, assistance for finding a family doctor, and post-graduate office resources for counseling. The CAEP Resident Section has published an online resource database that includes resources by training program, as well as online regional and national resources. 50 This may be used as a starting point for emergency medicine residency programs.

Resident Physician Advocate

Emergency medicine residency programs should identify a faculty member who will act as a resident physician advocate within the program. This should be a staff physician involved with the program who is able to offer resident physicians in crisis advice, resources, confidential support as well as advocate for them. A similar program has been initiated in multiple universities and academic centres. 51 , 52 The resident physician advocate should be a staff physician not directly involved with resident physician advancement to avoid conflicts of interest. This process is to supplement a clearly defined strategy of bringing resident concerns to program leadership.

Confidentiality

All resources and supports should be offered in a confidential manner without impact on resident physician education, standing in the program or future employment. Emergency medicine residency programs should take all steps possible to avoid conflicts of interests in regards to resident physicians in crisis in order to facilitate resident physicians in crisis to seek help from the program. There is an understanding that patient safety reporting requirements may limit confidentiality as in the case of impaired physicians. These requirements include all physicians including resident physicians. Residents should understand patient safety reporting requirements that may limit confidentiality as in the case of impaired physicians.

Time Off

Emergency medicine residency programs should maintain a clear policy on time off taken for personal reasons for resident physicians in crisis. This policy should include procedures for making-up time lost, remediation and missed educational opportunities. Emergency medicine residency programs must abide by provincial collective bargaining agreements as they relate to sick-leave, scheduling guidelines and access to supports.

Recommendations

Given the importance of access to wellness supports, we recommend that emergency medicine residency programs:

  1. 5. Provide faculty development for faculty involved in educational activities that allow faculty to promote and support resident wellness including support for residents in crisis.

  2. 6. Establish and maintain mechanisms for resident physicians to access services to manage stress and similar issues. 2

  3. 7. Make emergency resident physicians aware of the available wellness and support services. These may include local university, community health centre contacts for primary medical and mental health care, crisis lines for mental health, assistance in obtaining a family physician, post-graduate office resources for counseling, online resources for wellness and stress management, and the CAEP Resident Section Wellness Resources list.Reference Wilcox 33

  4. 8. Clearly identify mechanisms by which residents can bring forward their concerns to program leadership.

  5. 9. Identify a faculty member who will act as a resident physician advocate within the emergency medicine program.

  6. 10. Ensure that wellness and crisis resources and supports are offered in a confidential manner without impact on resident physician education, standing in the program or future employment, and educate residents on mandatory reporting requirements.

  7. 11. Maintain a policy on time off for personal reasons and resident physicians in crisis that is inline with provincial collective bargaining agreements on sick leave.

SECTION 4: BUILDING HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENTS. A STRONG FOUNDATION FOR EMERGENCY MEDICINE RESIDENT WELLNESS

Background

The prevention of burnout coupled with access to resources for residents experiencing stress or crisis is part of a larger approach to emergency medicine resident wellness that is dedicated to building healthy work environments. Building these healthy work environments is a multifaceted approach involving multiple stakeholders. Resident physicians are students, hospital employees, and work under provincial collective agreements. Their experiences are subject to national post-graduate accreditation standards, local university policies, and hospital policies, which are informed by research and advocacy through resident and staff physician groups. We take a holistic approach to building healthy environments by engaging stakeholders to optimize the resident physician experience by recognizing both physical and psychosocial environments.

Healthy Physical Environments

Fatigue Management

Resident physician fatigue has received much attention in recent years primarily through research on duty hours. Emergency medicine training has two different experiential dimensions with regards to duty hours. The first being off service non-emergency medicine rotations, which are amenable to much of the duty hour discourse. The second is emergency medicine rotations, where the target of conversations has been regulating shift work.

Duty hours have been a contentious topic with much focus over the years. The landmark report “To Err is Human”Reference Kohn, Corrigan and Donaldson 53 highlighted fatigue as a significant source of medical errors. A wide body of literature has supported this notion for a multitude of cognitive and task related errors across specialties with patient safety concerns at the forefront.Reference Johns 54 - Reference McLay and Ross 64 Long duty hours and sleep deprivation have been implicated in being detrimental to learning ability.Reference Barger, Ayas and Cade 65 - Reference Stickgold, James and Hobson 69 Long duty hours have also been implicated in a variety of resident physician wellness concerns including percutaneous injury or exposure to body fluids,Reference Parks, Yetman, McNeese, Burau and Smolensky 70 , Reference Ayas, Barger and Cade 71 increased motor vehicle crashes,Reference Barger, Cade and Ayas 72 , Reference Lockley, Barger, Ayas, Rothschild, Czeisler and Landrigan 73 increased alcohol and medication intake,Reference Baldwin and Daugherty 74 as well as mood disorders, and interference with relationships.Reference Fletcher, Underwood, Davis, Mangrulkar, McMahon and Saint 60 , Reference Curet 75

Canadian resident physician duty hours are defined by negotiated contracts between eight Provincial House-staff Organizations (PHOs) 76 , 77 and several provincial stakeholders including ministries of health, universities, and academic hospitals.Reference Temple 78 There is no federal regulation and the accreditation bodies, the RCPSC, the CFPC, and Collège des médecins du Québec do not mandate or enforce specific limits. However, due to the increased body of work on resident physician wellness, there have been advances in duty hour restrictions through multiple national advocacy initiatives including RDoC, 79 The National Steering Committee on Resident Duty Hours 80 and the Canadian Medical Association. 81 Recommendations of these three reports are found in Appendix 1. Currently, provincial restrictions are placed on consecutive hours of work as well as the frequency of call.Reference Temple 78 An optimum number of maximum hours is still unclear after different limitation strategies.Reference Hamadani, Deckelbaum, Sauve, Khwaja, Razek and Fata 82 , Reference Ahmed, Devitt and Keshet 83 A major focus of Canadian advocacy positions has been a call for innovative and flexible approaches to duty hours, and more importantly to educate and provide fatigue management resources for residents. Large and commendable strides have been taken to improve duty hours and stakeholders should remain engaged as new evidence arises.

Recommendations

Given the continued national efforts in defining optimal duty hours, we recommend that emergency medicine residency programs:

  1. 12. Continue engaging provincial and national efforts to define optimal duty hours with a stronger focus on its implications on resident physician wellness.

  2. 13. Define a fatigue management section as part of the formal wellness curriculum.

  3. 14. Provide access to fatigue management resources, counseling and support.

  4. 15. Ensure access to safe alternatives to driving after night shift or long duty hours such as a place to rest onsite, or access to public transportation or taxi compensation.

Shift work constitutes the majority of emergency medicine residency program rotations. Shift work has inherent deleterious health effects. It is associated with metabolic syndrome,Reference De Bacquer, Van Risseghem, Clays, Kittel, De Backer and Braeckman 84 , Reference Karlsson, Knutsson and Lindahl 85 work accidents, social relationship strife, colitis, depression, anxietyReference Costa 86 and colorectal cancer risk.Reference Schernhammer, Laden and Speizer 87 It has also been associated with an increase of 40% in cardiovascular risk including coronary and cerebrovascular events.Reference Bøggild and Knutsson 88 , Reference Vyas, Garg and Iansavichus 89 A Canadian study has also found its relation to psychosomatic health problems including headaches, upset stomach, and difficulty falling asleep.Reference Jamal 90 More recently there is now a well defined but under-recognized ‘Shift Work Disorder’ with various public health implications.Reference Wright, Bogan and Wyatt 91 , Reference Culpepper 92

Emergency resident physicians should receive training to mitigate the health repercussions of short and long-term shift work. These include sleep, nutrition and exercise strategies, as well as effective coping strategies, and the deleterious effects of drugs and alcohol. The negative health and psychosocial effects of shift work should be addressed in the emergency medicine resident curriculum beyond the global “work life balance” adage. Moreover, autonomy should be given to residents where available as it pertains to self-scheduling and shift trades. Increased autonomy and flexibility around scheduling may empower residents and contribute to their wellness planning and activities. Finally, different shift work models such as ones including “casino shifts” may be explored.

Recommendations

Given the inherent health risks of shift work, we recommend that emergency medicine residency programs:

  1. 16. Instruct resident physicians on the principles of proper shiftwork structure, and adapting a healthy lifestyle associated with shift work as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  2. 17. Permit residents to self-schedule emergency shifts where possible. If programs are scheduling residents, they should adhere to best practices for scheduling shift workers including ample notice, and flexibility of shift trades.

Hazard Management

Physical hazards that resident physicians may encounter during their training and emergency medicine residency program responsibilities towards them are clearly defined in the RCPSC and CFPC Standards 2 , 3 found in Appendix 2. Our recommendations fall under two categories that are inline with the accreditation standards.

Patient aggressive behavior is an inadvertent hazard that is part in parcel of any emergency department, and in some circumstances it is directed towards trainees.Reference Crilly, Chaboyer and Creedy 93 - Reference Foust and Rhee 95 This behavior may arise from intoxicated and drug overdose patients, delirious patients, and patients with acute psychosis. It is an area that has been highlighted by resident physicians as an important concernReference Anglin, Kyriacou and Hutson 96 with perceptions ranging from being well prepared to unprepared in different departments.Reference Wyatt and Watt 97 Healthcare provider safety is under the purview of local hospitals for their employees. However, as highlighted in the accreditation standards, preparedness and management of these situations necessitates a coordinated effort at the forefront of wellness education.

Recommendations

Given that aggressive patients pose a physical risk to residents, emergency medicine residency programs should:

  1. 18. Educate residents on personal safety with aggressive patients, including de-escalation techniques, safe egress, and situational control as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  2. 19. Ensure access to support and counseling resources in the event of personal safety concerns.

  3. 20. Ensure training of emergency medicine faculty to debrief with resident physicians post safety related incidents.

  4. 21. Ensure that educational sites have adequate resources (such as security personnel) to respond to aggressive patient threats.

Hazardous exposures including needlestick injuries were reported by three out of four resident physicians in one study, with fifteen percent of exposures being from HIV-positive patients. Only one third of these incidents were reported.Reference Heald and Ransohoff 98 Recent Canadian studies have also shown healthcare workers in acute health care settings being at a 2-3 times higher rate of body fluids exposure.Reference Alamgir, Cvitkovich, Astrakianakis, Yu and Yassi 99 Moreover, only half of healthcare workers undertake personal protective equipment removal correctly, and only a third perform hand hygiene appropriately after removal.Reference Mitchell, Roth and Gravel 100 It is an area that needs continued attention and creation of an environment where reporting is supported and non-punitive.

Recommendations

Given the risks of exposure to hazardous material in acute care settings, emergency medicine residency programs should:

  1. 22. Educate, routinely assess and refresh resident physicians on proper personal protective equipment donning, use, and removal as part of a formal wellness curriculum, along with policies and protocols associated with body fluid exposure.

  2. 23. Take pragmatic steps to create a non-punitive culture to reporting needlestick injuries and exposures with a clear process for follow up.

Healthy Psychosocial Environments

A review of 100 studies internationally revealed that physicians frequently minimize and ignore signs of stress, fatigue, and burnout.Reference Wallace, Lemaire and Ghali 101 This review also suggests that this culture in medicine likely contributes to delayed access to mental health support. In RDoC’s 2013 survey, three out of four experienced inter-specialty conflicts, over half experienced yelling, shaming, or condescending behavior and one in three experienced intimidation or bullying. Over a third took no steps to mitigate the situation due to fear of reprisal (21%) and belief it would not remedy situation (34.1%). 1 This culture is detrimental to learning and resident physician wellbeing.

The learning environment and culture encompasses the vital interactions between staff and resident physicians. There are inherent differences between staff and resident physicians, which create challenges in communication. These differences have been categorized into groups that pertain to each level that include goals and individual differences, communication and feedback, power and rivalry, support and collegiality, as well as role modeling and expertise.Reference Sinai, Tiberius, De Groot, Brunet and Voore 102 Due to these factors and specifically the power differential, resident physicians may not speak up when they have differing opinions of ethical dilemmas in the work place.Reference Shreves and Moss 103 In one study, three out of four residents and staff recalled an adverse patient event that was prevented because resident physician voiced their concerns.Reference Belyansky, Martin and Prabhu 104 It has also been shown that speaking up in an assertive and collaborative manner is a skill that can be effectively taught to resident physicians.Reference Pian-Smith, Simon and Minehart 105 Although these studies did not take place in the emergency department, the results are applicable to off-service rotations, and collaborative conflict resolution skills are transferable to the emergency department setting. This is an essential element of resident education that needs to be succinctly addressed, and awareness shared with staff physicians.

Recommendations

Given the psychosocial challenges that emergency medicine residents face, emergency medicine residency programs should:

  1. 24. Educate resident physicians on effective methods of personal and professional conflict resolution as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  2. 25. Take pragmatic steps to create a culture that is open to reporting adverse interactions, an approach to mitigating them and seeking support for them.

  3. 26. Create effective mechanisms to manage issues of perceived lack of resident physician safety, intimidation, harassment and abuse in a timely and efficient manner. 2

  4. 27. Educate resident physicians on effective means of addressing power differentials with more senior resident and staff physicians, especially in critical scenarios as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  5. 28. Ensure continuing professional education for faculty to raise awareness of power differentials and conflict resolution, especially in critical scenarios.

SECTION 5: TRANSITION TO PRACTICE

Background

The transition from residency to practice is a period of significant stress. Canadian emergency medicine residency programs effectively prepare resident physicians for clinical responsibilities of staff physicians, but there is much heterogeneity in curricula to prepare them for the extra-clinical challenges of career transition. The development and implementation of a new emergency medicine curriculum as part of the RCPSC CBD transition is an opportunity to enhance transition to practice training.

The 2016 Collaborative Working Group (CWG) report on the future of emergency medicine in Canada describes that new emergency medicine graduates from both streams of training are adequately prepared to medically treat “patient zero”. 106 Yet the transition from resident to staff physician is associated with challenges beyond providing excellent medical care. Decisions relating to career planning, finances, and personal wellness can be psychologically taxing on resident physicians studying for licensing exams. Teaching focused on expanded staff physician responsibilities (including bedside teaching, departmental management, and resource utilization) is heterogeneously taught in Canadian emergency medicine programs.Reference Koczerginski 107 These competing demands should not come as a surprise after graduating, but need to be incorporated into the transition and preparation for becoming a staff physician. There is renewed emphasis on transition to practice preparation from the RCPSC CBD curriculum. 108

Transitional Challenges

Much of the published literature discussing the challenges of transitioning from residency to working as a staff emergency physician is anecdotal. These range from clinical cases demonstrating practice challengesReference Shouldice 109 to advice of how to smoothly adapt to the new roles and responsibilities.Reference Ruffling 110 A 2015 survey of 48 American emergency medicine program directors described ten categories of advice for graduating residents. Their guidance focused on personal and financial wellbeing, developing a professional identity, and remaining compassionate and balanced in the face of stress.Reference Hayden and King 111 Whether similar counseling was imparted, as part of a formal resident physician education was not addressed. These topics are not traditionally included in residency curricula. Currently, many resident physicians rely on informal discussion with staff physicians and mentors for specific recommendations.Reference Koczerginski 107

Career Counselling

A survey of Canadian resident physicians demonstrates specific opportunities for addressing resident physician concerns as they approach the end of training. 112 One in ten resident physicians receive formal specialty-specific career training. More than one half describe career training as being part of the ‘hidden curriculum’, and almost one third received no career training at all. Not surprisingly, only 13% of Canadian resident physicians are satisfied with their program’s career counseling resources. While these results are not specific to emergency medicine programs, they show a desire from residents for formal career development advice with specialty-specific guidance.

Mental Framework

In transition psychology, transition is defined as a process of change in which individuals experience a personal awareness of discontinuity in their life space, forcing them to develop new behavioral responses to cope with a new situation.Reference Westerman, Teunissen and van der Vleuten 113 Emergency resident physicians are acutely aware of the evolution in their environment and job responsibility that accompanies completion of their training. The transition model is described in organizational psychology literature as having four phases: 1) Preparation; 2) Encounter; 3) Adjustment; and 4) Stabilization.Reference Nicholson 114 Psychological studies support that with increased exposure through the preparation phase (like residency), there is decreased mental stress through the subsequent three stages. Interviews with 14 new staff physicians from a variety of specialties reflect this model.Reference Westerman, Teunissen and van der Vleuten 113 Residency aims to prepare trainees for a career as a staff physician. The discrepancy between the resident physician experience of a task and the staff physician perception of the same task determines the degree of mental stress and discomfort through the adjustment phase of the transitional model. A structured curriculum addressing challenges associated with transition to practice will ease the stress and improve wellbeing of graduating residents.

Focus on the Future

There is currently heterogeneity in formal and informal transition to practice preparation across Canada.Reference Koczerginski 107 Some emergency medicine residency programs have dedicated longitudinal curriculums. Others rely on a hidden curriculum, with advice being passed along through non-structured conversation between resident and staff physicians.

We recognize a need for the development of a structured set of objectives meant to teach and evaluate emergency medicine resident physicians’ preparedness for a transition to practice. Areas of focus should expand beyond clinical aptitude. Formal career counseling, burnout prevention strategies, and clinician-as-teachers and managers are suggested themes which should be included.

The new RCPSC CBD curriculum includes a dedicated final year in residency for transition to practice. 108 The CAEP Resident Section looks forward to the competencies included in this year. Given the lack of emergency medicine-specific research on this transitional phase, there will be ample opportunity for further studies as CBD is incorporated into Canadian residency curricula.

Recommendations

Given the inherent challenges of transition to practice, emergency medicine residency programs should:

  1. 29. Provide access to career and financial counseling and support services.

  2. 30. Educate resident physicians on the non-medical aspects of transition to practice as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  3. 31. Provide formal mentorship opportunities to facilitate the transition to practice process.

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

Given the increasing evidence of the toll of emergency residency on resident wellness, we recommend that emergency residency programs:

  1. 1. Form a working group with all relevant stakeholders to address a national strategy for wellness curriculum design and implementation.

  2. 2. Create a formal wellness curriculum as part of the emergency medicine residency program.

  3. 3. Adopt resiliency training such as the RDoC Resiliency Curriculum, as part of the formal wellness curriculum.

  4. 4. Empower resident physicians to champion resiliency training by identifying a resident wellness position and create incentives for resident physicians to champion these efforts.

  5. 5. Provide faculty development for faculty involved in educational activities that allow faculty to promote and support resident wellness including support for residents in crisis.

  6. 6. Establish and maintain mechanisms for resident physicians to access services to manage stress and similar issues. 2

  7. 7. Make emergency resident physicians aware of the available wellness and support services. These may include local university, community health centre contacts for primary medical and mental health care, crisis lines for mental health, assistance in obtaining a family physician, post-graduate office resources for counseling, online resources for wellness and stress management, and the CAEP Resident Section Wellness Resources list.Reference Schooley, Hikmet, Tarcan and Yorgancioglu 14

  8. 8. Identify mechanisms by which residents can bring forward their concerns to program leadership.

  9. 9. Identify a faculty member with expertise in resident wellness to act as a resident physician advocate within the emergency medicine program.

  10. 10. Ensure that wellness and crisis resources and supports are offered in a confidential manner without impact on resident physician education, standing in the program or future employment and educate residents on mandatory reporting requirements.

  11. 11. Maintain a policy on time off for personal reasons and resident physicians in crisis that is in line with provincial collective bargaining agreements on sick leave.

  12. 12. Continue engaging provincial and national efforts to define optimal duty hours with a stronger focus on its implications on resident physician wellness.

  13. 13. Define a fatigue management section as part of the formal wellness curriculum.

  14. 14. Provide access to fatigue management resources, counseling and support.

  15. 15. Ensure access to safe alternatives to driving after night shift or long duty hours such as a place to rest onsite, or access to public transportation or taxi compensation.

  16. 16. Instruct resident physicians on the principles of proper shiftwork structure, and adapting a healthy lifestyle associated with shift work as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  17. 17. Permit residents to self-schedule emergency shifts where possible. If programs are scheduling residents, they should adhere to best practices for scheduling shift workers including ample notice, and flexibility of shift trades.

  18. 18. Educate residents on personal safety with aggressive patients, including de-escalation techniques, safe egress, and situational control as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  19. 19. Ensure access to support and counseling resources in the event of personal safety concerns.

  20. 20. Ensure training of emergency medicine faculty to debrief with resident physicians post safety related incidents.

  21. 21. Ensure that educational sites have adequate resources (such as security personnel) to respond to aggressive patient threats.

  22. 22. Educate, routinely assess and refresh resident physicians on proper personal protective equipment donning, use, and removal as part of a formal wellness curriculum, along with policies and protocols associated with body fluid exposure.

  23. 23. Take pragmatic steps to create a non-punitive culture to reporting needlestick injuries and exposures with a clear process for follow up.

  24. 24. Educate resident physicians on effective methods of personal and professional conflict resolution as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  25. 25. Create a just culture that is open and responsive to reporting adverse interactions, and implement a safety management system to investigate root causes and promote system-level changes.

  26. 26. Create effective mechanisms to manage issues of perceived lack of resident physician safety, intimidation, harassment and abuse in a timely and efficient manner. 2

  27. 27. Educate resident physicians on effective means of addressing power differentials with more senior resident and staff physicians, especially in critical scenarios as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  28. 28. Ensure continuing professional education for faculty to raise awareness of power differentials and conflict resolution, especially in critical scenarios.

  29. 29. Provide access to career and financial counseling and support services.

  30. 30. Educate resident physicians on the non-medical aspects of transition to practice as part of a formal wellness curriculum.

  31. 31. Provide formal mentorship opportunities to facilitate the transition to practice process.

NEXT STEPS

This position statement is intended to drive forward a national emergency resident physician wellness agenda. Moreover, it represents a minimum standard of wellness attributes that emergency residency programs should work towards beyond accreditation standards. A wide collective of national stakeholders from residency programs and accreditation bodies should create a working group to address current program structures and curricula to meet the identified deficits and to create a formal national wellness curriculum.

CONCLUSION

Emergency medicine residency training has a high toll on resident physician wellness. Key attributes of training programs have been identified to mitigate these risks. Training programs must enable sustainable methods to advance towards meeting these benchmarks.

Conflicts of interest: None declared.

Supplementary material

To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.8

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