Appendix I Coding Manual
Columns and Codes
A. Conflict Name: Taken from Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP).
B. Conflict ID: Taken from UCDP.
C. Warring Party: Taken from UCDP.
D. Year of Intervention: Taken from UCDP.
E. Party Receiving Support: Taken from UCDP. The party that is the recipient of assistance from the intervening party.
F. ID of Actor Receiving Support: Taken from UCDP.
G. Invitation: Whether the intervening party sent troops on to the territory of the target state with the consent of one or more warring parties. The consent can be given in advance of the intervention or at the time of the intervention. Consent cannot be given after the fact.
H. Purpose of the Intervention: What is the reason for the intervention? Five options are given below.
1. If purpose is to assist government in conflict with rebels seeking to overthrow the government or to secede from the state, code as 1.
2. If purpose is to assist the government in putting down low-level disturbances, such as riots or crime, code as 2.
3. If purpose is to assist government in conflict with terrorist organisation(s), code as 3.
4. If purpose is to assist rebels seeking to overthrow the government or to secede from the state, code as 4.
5. If the purpose is to assist an individual or group not in effective control of the government but which claims an electoral mandate to hold office, or to assist a regime that is in effective control and claims a democratic mandate and seeks to defend that mandate against an opposition group or groups, code as 5.
6. If there is another purpose for the intervention not described above, code as 6.
I. Severity of the Conflict – Number of casualties as of the date of the intervention: This involves the number of fatalities in the conflict at the time of the intervention.
If the number of casualties is 0–500, code as 1.
If the number of casualties is 500–1,000, code as 2.
If the number of casualties is 1,000–5,000, code as 3.
If the number of casualties is 5,000–10,000, code as 4.
If the number of casualties is more than 10,000, code as 5.
J. Length of the Conflict: Taken from UCDP. This variable asks for the length of the conflict at the time of the intervention. One of the criteria for determining whether a conflict has become a ‘civil war’ is its length. Several sources say that a conflict needs to be ‘protracted’ to qualify as such.
If on the date of intervention, the conflict has lasted 0–1 month, code as 1.
If on the date of intervention, the conflict has lasted 2–6 months, code as 2.
If on the date of intervention, the conflict has lasted 6–12 months, code as 3.
If on the date of intervention, the conflict has lasted more than 12 months, code as 4.
K. Level of Organisation of Rebel Group: Following the criteria for a NIAC set out in Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II to those Conventions, this variable asks whether (i) the rebel group has an overall command structure, apart from having just one single leader, (ii) whether orders are given through the command structure, and (iii) whether those orders are usually obeyed.
If the rebel group involved in the conflict is well organised, code as 1.
If the rebel group involved in the conflict is moderately organised, code as 2.
If the rebel group involved in the conflict is disorganised, code as 3.
L. International Reaction: How did international organisations (global or regional) and individual states react to the intervention? The question here is whether ANY international actor condemned or supported the intervention. Columns below deal with how individual international actors responded.
If at least one international actor condemns the intervention, code as 1.
If at least one international actor supports the intervention, code as 2.
If at least one international actor issues a statement/resolution/comment that expresses neither condemnation nor support, code as 3.
If no international actor reacts, code as 0.
M. Who is Reacting to an Intervention? Which international actor or actors reacted to an intervention, either positively or negatively. The coding covers both situations in which only a single actor reacts and those in which more than one actor reacts.
If no international actor reacts, code as 0.
If the UN Security Council reacts, code as 1.
If only the UN General Assembly reacts, code as 2.
If both the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly react, code as 3.
If only one or more regional organisation reacts, code as 4.
If one or more regional organisations and at least one state reacts, code as 5.
If only one or more states react, code as 6.
N. Reaction by the UN Security Council: The Council’s reaction can come in either a resolution or a presidential statement. We looked for reactions no more than six months after the date of the intervention.
If the Council condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If the Council supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If the Council issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If the Council issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
O. Reaction by the UN General Assembly: If the Council did not comment, we coded for relevant UN General Assembly resolutions. We looked for resolutions issued up to one year after the date of the intervention.
If the General Assembly condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If the General Assembly supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If the General Assembly issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If the General Assembly issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
P. Reaction by the European Union: The reaction could come in any document issued by an EU body or official authorised to comment on foreign relations matters. We looked for such documents issued within 6 months of the date of the intervention.
If the European Union condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If the European Union supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If the European Union issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If the European Union issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
Q. Reaction by the African Union: The reaction could come in any document issued by an AU body or official authorised to comment on foreign relations matters. We looked for such documents issued within 6 months of the date of the intervention.
If the African Union condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If the African Union supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If the African Union issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If the African Union issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
R. Reaction by the Organization of American States: The reaction may come in any document issued by an OAS body or official authorised to comment on foreign relations matters. We looked for such documents issued within 6 months of the date of the intervention.
If the OAS condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If the OAS supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If the OAS issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If the OAS issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
S. Reaction by the United States: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of the United States on foreign relations matters.
If the United States condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If the United States supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If the United States issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If the United States issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
T. Reaction by Russia: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of Russia on foreign relations matters.
If Russia condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If Russia supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If Russia issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If Russia issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
U. Reaction by China: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of China on foreign relations matters.
If China condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If China supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If China issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If China issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
V. Reaction by the United Kingdom: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of the United Kingdom on foreign relations matters.
If the United Kingdom condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If the United Kingdom supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If the United Kingdom issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If the United Kingdom issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
W. Reaction by France: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of France on foreign relations matters.
If France condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If France supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If France issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If France issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
X. Reaction by Argentina: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of Argentina on foreign relations matters.
If Argentina condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If Argentina supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If Argentina issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If Argentina issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
Y. Reaction by South Africa: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of South Africa on foreign relations matters.
If South Africa condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If South Africa supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If South Africa issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If South Africa issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
Z. Reaction by Australia: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of Australia on foreign relations matters.
If Australia condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If Australia supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If Australia issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If Australia issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
AA. Reaction by Japan: The reaction may come from any agency or official authorised to comment on behalf of Japan on foreign relations matters.
If Japan condemns an intervention, code as 1.
If Japan supports or approves of an intervention, code as 2.
If Japan issues a statement, resolution or other document that neither condemns nor approves of an intervention, code as 3.
If Japan issues no statement at all on an intervention, code as 0.
AB. State of Intra-State Conflict: Taken from UCDP.
AC. Location ID: Taken from UCDP.
AD. Dyad in Which Primary Warring Party Involved: Taken from UCDP.
AE. Name of Dyad in Which Primary Warring Party Involved: Taken from UCDP. The name of the dyad in which the primary warring party is involved, as listed in the UCDP Dyadic Dataset.
AF. External Supporter: Taken from UCDP.
AG. External Type: Taken from UCDP.
AH. External Type X: Taken from UCDP. Contains an English-language description of external supporters, together with the types of support they provided, for added legibility of the dataset. Each type of support provided by an external supporter is listed in the cell using standardised phrasing. The general format of the text is: ‘(It is alleged that) external supporter 1 supported receiver of support with types of support. (It is alleged that) external supporter 2 supported receiver of support with types of support.’
AI. External Comments: Taken from UCDP.
AJ. Changes Made: Taken from UCDP.
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