Hostname: page-component-669899f699-2mbcq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-01T23:24:37.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mary Astell's Female Retirement: Feminist Pedagogy and Politics in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2024

Penny A. Weiss*
Affiliation:
Department of Women's and Gender Studies, Saint Louis University, 3750 Lindell Blvd., Saint Louis, MO, USA 53108
*
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Mary Astell's female retreat is a political project, dedicated to the full self-realization of students in a world that diminishes them and thwarts the development of their potential. Newly analyzing the pedagogical tools and distinctive setting of her seminary, I reveal its most progressive promise. In this political reading of A Serious Proposal, Astell emerges as an early figure in the broad political tradition of female resistance to patriarchal domination. She enables a subordinated group of women to arrive at new and oppositional ways of understanding themselves, each other, and even the world, and to act for change. The methods and tactics she employs in her retreat bring to light some surprisingly democratic and feminist dimensions of Mary Astell.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hypatia, a Nonprofit Corporation

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Addams, Jane. 1899. The subtle problems of charity. Atlantic Monthly, February. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/settlement-houses/jane-addams-on-the-problems-of-charity-1899/.Google Scholar
Ahern, Kathleen A. 2009. The passions and self-esteem in Mary Astell's early feminist prose. PhD diss., University of Denver. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=etd .Google Scholar
Ahmed, Sara. 2017. Living a feminist life. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Alvarez, David. 2011. Reason and religious tolerance: Mary Astell's critique of Shaftesbury. Eighteenth-Century Studies 44 (4): 475–94.10.1353/ecs.2011.0015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apetrei, Sarah. 2008. “Call no man master upon earth”: Mary Astell's Tory feminism and an unknown correspondence. Eighteenth-Century Studies 41 (4): 507–23.10.1353/ecs.0.0008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apetrei, Sarah. 2010. Women, feminism and religion in early Enlightenment England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Astell, Mary. 1694 and 1697/2002. A serious proposal to the ladies, ed. Patricia Springborg. Toronto, Ont.: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Astell, Mary. 1700/1996. Some reflections upon marriage. In Astell's political writings, ed. Patricia Springborg. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bejan, Teresa. 2019. “Since all the world is mad, why should not I be so?”: Mary Astell on equality, hierarchy, and ambition. Political Theory 47 (6): 781808.10.1177/0090591719852040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broad, Jacqueline. 2009. Mary Astell on virtuous friendship. Parergon: Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies 26 (2): 6586.10.1353/pgn.0.0169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Anna Julia. 1998. The voice of Anna Julia Cooper, ed. Lemert, Charles. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
de Cleyre, Voltairine. 1887/2005. “Secular Education” in Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of Voltairine de Cleyre (New York: SUNY Press).Google Scholar
Detlefsen, Karen. 2016. Custom, freedom, and equality: Mary Astell on marriage and women's education. In Feminist interpretations of Mary Astell, ed. Sowaal, Alice and Weiss, Penny. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Donawerth, Jane. 1998. Conversation and the boundaries of public discourse in rhetorical theory by Renaissance women. Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 16 (2): 181–99.10.1353/rht.1998.0029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellenzweig, Sarah. 2003. The love of God and the radical Enlightenment: Mary Astell's brush with Spinoza. Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (3): 379–97.10.1353/jhi.2003.0037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, Allauren. 2021. Mary Astell, friendship, and relational autonomy. European Journal of Philosophy 29 (2): 487503.10.1111/ejop.12578CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. 1990. Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text (25/26): 5680.10.2307/466240CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricker, Miranda. 2007. Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frye, Marilyn. 1983. The politics of reality: Essays in feminist theory. Freedom, Calif.: The Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Glaspell, Susan. 1916. Trifles. In Trifles, by Glaspell, Susan. New York: Frank Shay. http://www.one-act-plays.com/dramas/trifles.html.Google Scholar
Green, Karen. 2015. A moral philosophy of their own? The moral and political thought of eighteenth-century British women. The Monist 98 (1): 89101.10.1093/monist/onu010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Sandra. 1991. Whose science? Whose knowledge? Thinking from women's lives. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Bridget. 1987. “A refuge from men: The idea of a Protestant nunnery.” Past & Present 117 (November): 107130.10.1093/past/117.1.107CrossRefGoogle Scholar
hooks, bell. 1965/1999. Toward a revolutionary feminist pedagogy. In Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking black. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Jaggar, Alison. 2008. Love and knowledge: Emotion in feminist epistemology. In Just methods: An interdisciplinary feminist reader, ed. Jaggar, Alison. Boulder, Colo.: Paradigm.Google Scholar
Johns, Alessa. 1996. Mary Astell's “excited needles”: Theorizing feminist utopia in seventeenth-century England. Utopian Studies 7 (1): 6074.Google Scholar
Kendrick, Nancy. 2018. Mary Astell's theory of spiritual friendship. British Journal for the History of Philosophy 26 (1): 4665.10.1080/09608788.2017.1347869CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohlbrener, William. 2003. Gendering the modern: Mary Astell's feminist historiography. The Eighteenth Century 44 (1): 124.Google Scholar
Langton, Rae. 2000. Feminism in epistemology: Exclusion and objectification. In The Cambridge companion to feminism in philosophy, ed. Fricker, Miranda and Hornsby, Jennifer. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. http://web.mit.edu/langton/www/pubs/FeminismInEpistemology.pdf.Google Scholar
Larson, K. R. 2011. Early modern women in conversation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230319530CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leduc, Guyonne. 2010. The representation of women's status in domestic and political patriarchy in Mary Astell and Mary Wollstonecraft. French Journal of British Studies 15 (4): 117.Google Scholar
Lorde, Audre. 1978. Sister outsider. Freedom, Calif.: The Crossing Press.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, Catriona. 1993. Reason and sensibility: The ideal of women's self-governance in the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft. Hypatia 8 (4): 3555.10.1111/j.1527-2001.1993.tb00274.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, Vivian. 2007. Anna Julia Cooper, visionary black feminist. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Michelson, Elana. 1996. “Auctoritee” and “experience”: Feminist epistemology and the assessment of experiential learning. Feminist Studies 22 (3): 627–55.10.2307/3178133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 1869/1988. The subjection of women. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett.Google Scholar
Moskop, Wynne. 2019. Addams's friendship practices. In Jane Addams on inequality and political friendship. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203731154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Judith Sargent. 1784/1995. Desultory thoughts: Upon the utility of encouraging a degree of self-complacency, especially in female bosoms. In Selected writings of Judith Sargent Murray, ed. Harris, Sharon. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Narayan, Uma. 1988. Working together across difference: Some considerations on emotions and political practice. Hypatia 3 (2): 3148.10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00067.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nightingale, Florence. 1994. Suggestions for thought by Florence Nightingale: Selections and commentaries. Eds. Michael D. Calabria and Janet A. Macrae. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Olson, Philip, and Gillman, Laura. 2013. Combating racialized and gendered ignorance: Theorizing a transactional pedagogy of friendship. Feminist Formations 25 (1): 5983.10.1353/ff.2013.0011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neill, Eileen. 2005. Early modern women philosophers and the history of philosophy. Hypatia 20 (3): 185–97.10.1111/j.1527-2001.2005.tb00494.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pizan, Christine de. 1405/1982. The book of the city of ladies. New York: Persea Books.Google Scholar
Pollack, Anthony. 2010. Gender and the fictions of the public sphere 1690–1755. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203891087CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, Lisa. 2013. The outward and inward beauty of early modern women. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger 203 (3): 327–46.10.3917/rphi.133.0327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spender, . 1982. Women of ideas: And what men have done to them. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Springborg, Patricia. 1995. Mary Astell (1666–1731), critic of Locke. American Political Science Review 89 (3): 621–33.10.2307/2082978CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springborg, Patricia. 2002. Introduction. A serious proposal to the ladies. Toronto, Ont.: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. 1848a. Address on woman's rights. Voices of Democracy. https://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/stanton-address-on-womans-rights-speech-text/.Google Scholar
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. 1848b/2004. Declaration of Sentiments. Tucscon: Kore Press. https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/declaration-of-sentiments.htm.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Christine. 1991. Outside the rhetorical tradition: Mary Astell's advice to women in seventeenth-century England. Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 9 (2): 147–63.10.1525/rh.1991.9.2.147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, Christine. 2005. The eloquence of Mary Astell. Calgary, Alta.: University of Calgary Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Derek. 1999. Clarissa Harlowe, Mary Astell, and Elizabeth Carter: John Norris of Bemerton's female “descendants.” Eighteenth-Century Fiction 12 (1): 1938.10.1353/ecf.1999.0016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Derek. 2005/2006. Mary Astell's work toward a new edition of A serious proposal to the ladies, part II. Studies in Bibliography 57: 197232.10.1353/sib.0.0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waithe, Mary Ellen. 1987. A history of women philosophers, vol. 1. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.10.1007/978-94-009-3497-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Bari. 2018. The brain-changing power of conversation. Usable Knowledge. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/uk/18/02/brain-changing-power-conversation.Google Scholar
Webb, Simone. 2018. Mary Astell's “A serious proposal to the ladies.” 1000-Word Philosophy. https://1000wordphilosophy.com/2018/06/03/mary-astells-a-serious-proposal-to-the-ladies-1694/.Google Scholar
Weiss, Penny. 2009. Canon fodder: Historical women political thinkers. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, Penny. 2016. “From the throne to every private family”: Mary Astell as analyst of power. In Feminist Interpretations of Mary Astell, ed. Sowaal, Alice and Weiss, Penny. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Frances. 1834/2004. Reason, religion, and morals. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books.Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. 1929. A room of one's own. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. 1963 [1938]. Three guineas. Boston: Mariner Books Classics.Google Scholar