Hostname: page-component-669899f699-tpknm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-24T13:45:31.992Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anna Maria van Schurman: Self-Portraiture, Female Scholarly Identity, and the Republic of Letters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 March 2025

Anne R. Larsen Open the ORCID record for Anne R. Larsen [Opens in a new window]
Anne R. Larsen*
Affiliation:
Hope College, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This essay argues that emerging scholar and artist Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–78) disseminated her 1633 engraved self-portrait as a bid to enter the Republic of Letters and add her voice to the Europe-wide debate on women’s intellectual equality. To assess the portrait’s significance, I examine its sociocultural and artistic complexities, as well as its effect on two elite viewers, poet and diplomat Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687) and Neo-Latin poet Caspar Barlaeus (1584–1648). I conclude that although Van Schurman was unable to control the responses to her self-portraiture, its circulation afforded a crucial inflection point in her life’s journey, both outward and inward.

Type
Article
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 77 , Issue 3 , Fall 2024 , pp. 879 - 922
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Renaissance Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

It is a great pleasure to thank the anonymous RQ reviewers for their insightful comments on an earlier version. I thank Jane Couchman, Steve Maiullo, Cornelia Niekus Moore, Alice Ward, and Colette Winn as well for their thoughtful suggestions for revision and Erika Gaffney, Mary Garrard, and Sheila Barker for their generous assistance in tracking several of the figures.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliothèque Municipale de Lille (BML), Fonds manuscrits, t. I (cote 694), 123–30. De la Rivière, Guillaume.Google Scholar
Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), The Hague, MS 133 B 8. Van Schurman, Anna Maria. A Collection of Seventy-four letters & four Latin Poems &c. in the handwriting of the very talented & very celebrated Anna Maria de Schurman. The letters almost altogether addressed to Andrew Rivet D. D. Tutor of the Young Prince of Orange and Author of Critici Sacri &c. &c., 1632–1669. Cited as KB Collection, with the number of the letter.Google Scholar
KB, MS KA 44. Huygens, Constantijn. Letters. Cited as KB, MS KA 44, with letter number.Google Scholar
KB, MS KA 45, fols. 82v–83r. Huygens, Constantijn. Letters from Constantijn Huygens. Cited as KB, MS KA 45, with folio number.Google Scholar
Leiden University Library (LUL), Special Collections, MS Hug. 37, 41. Poem from Caspar Barlaeus to Constantijn Huygens, 8 January 1630.Google Scholar
LUL, MS Hug. 37, fol. 109r. Poem from Van Schurman to Caspar Barlaeus.Google Scholar
LUL, MS PAP 2. Letter from Johan Godschalk van Schurman to Caspar Barlaeus, 5 December 1629.Google Scholar
Bibliothèque Municipale de Lille (BML), Fonds manuscrits, t. I (cote 694), 123–30. De la Rivière, Guillaume.Google Scholar
Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), The Hague, MS 133 B 8. Van Schurman, Anna Maria. A Collection of Seventy-four letters & four Latin Poems &c. in the handwriting of the very talented & very celebrated Anna Maria de Schurman. The letters almost altogether addressed to Andrew Rivet D. D. Tutor of the Young Prince of Orange and Author of Critici Sacri &c. &c., 1632–1669. Cited as KB Collection, with the number of the letter.Google Scholar
KB, MS KA 44. Huygens, Constantijn. Letters. Cited as KB, MS KA 44, with letter number.Google Scholar
KB, MS KA 45, fols. 82v–83r. Huygens, Constantijn. Letters from Constantijn Huygens. Cited as KB, MS KA 45, with folio number.Google Scholar
Leiden University Library (LUL), Special Collections, MS Hug. 37, 41. Poem from Caspar Barlaeus to Constantijn Huygens, 8 January 1630.Google Scholar
LUL, MS Hug. 37, fol. 109r. Poem from Van Schurman to Caspar Barlaeus.Google Scholar
LUL, MS PAP 2. Letter from Johan Godschalk van Schurman to Caspar Barlaeus, 5 December 1629.Google Scholar

Printed Sources

Academiae Ultrajectinae inauguratio unà cum orationibus inauguralibus. Utrecht: Aegidius & Petrus Roman, 1636. www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch///Latijn/Schurman.html.Google Scholar
Adams, Ann Jensen. Public Faces and Private Identities in Seventeenth-Century Holland: Portraiture and the Production of Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Adams, Ann Jensen. “The Seventeenth-Century Dutch Portrait Comes of Age.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to Dutch Art of the Seventeenth Century, ed. Wayne, E. Franits, 13–42. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Barker, Sheila. “The Universe of Giovanna Garzoni: Art, Mobility, and the Global Turn in the Geographical Imaginary.” In “The Immensity of the Universe” in the Art of Giovanna Garzoni, ed. Barker, Sheila, 16–29. Livorno: Sillabe, 2020. Exhibition catalogue.Google Scholar
Barlaeus, Caspar. Poemata: Editio IV, altera plus parte auctior: Pars I: Heroicorum. Amsterdam, 1645.Google Scholar
Beets, Hubertus. Oratio in laudem mulieris. Harlem, 1650.Google Scholar
Beranek, Saskia, and ffolliott, Sheila. “The Agency of Portrayal: The Active Portrait in the Early Modern Period.” In Challenging Women’s Agency and Activism in Early Modernity, ed. Merry, E. Wiesner-Hanks, 207–28. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Birch, Una. Anna Maria van Schurman: Artist, Scholar, Saint. New York: Longmans, 1909.Google Scholar
Bohn, Babette. Women Artists, Their Patrons, and Their Publics in Early Modern Bologna. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Brouwer, Marjan. Vrouw van de wereld: Het leven van Anna Maria van Schurman, 1607–1678. Franeker: Museum Martena, 2007.Google Scholar
Capern, Amanda L. “Literature and Letters.” In The Routledge History of Women in Early Modern Europe, ed. Amanda, L. Capern, 404–26. London: Routledge, 2020.Google Scholar
Cats, Jacob. Houwelick. Dat is Het gansche gelegentheyt des Echten-Staets. Middelburg, 1625.Google Scholar
Cats, Jacob. ’s Werelts begin, midden, eynde, besloten in den Trou-Ringh, met den Proef-Steen van den zelven. Dordrecht, 1637.Google Scholar
Choosing the Better Part: Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678). Ed. Mirjam de Baar etal. Trans. Lynne Richards. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.Google Scholar
Clarke, Desmond M. French Philosophy, 1572–1675. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conroy, Derval. “Introduction: Thinking Equality in the Early Modern Period.” In Towards an Equality of the Sexes in Early Modern France, ed. Conroy, Derval, 1–11. New York: Routledge, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corson, Richard. Fashions in Hair: The First Five Thousand Years. New York: Hastings House, 1965.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, Aoife. “The ‘Talented Hands’ of Giovanna Garzoni: Calligraphy’s Significance to the Work of a Seventeenth-Century Woman Artist.” Early Modern Women 18.1 (2023): 25–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bie, Cornelis. Het gulden cabinet van de edele vry schilder-const. Antwerp, 1662.Google Scholar
Evelyn, John. Sculptura: Or the History and Art of Chalcography and Engraving with Copper. London, 1662.Google Scholar
Ezell, Margaret J. M. “Seventeenth-Century Female Author Portraits, or, the Company She Keeps.” Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 60.2 (2012): 31–45.Google Scholar
Feng, Aileen A. Writing Beloveds: Humanist Petrarchism and the Politics of Gender. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franits, Wayne E. Paragons of Virtue: Women and Domesticity in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Frederick, Amy Reed. “Reclaiming Reproductive Printmaking.” In Women Artists and Patrons in the Netherlands, 1500–1700, ed. Sutton, Elizabeth, 143–55. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Fucci, Robert. “Landscape into History: The Early Printed Landscape Series by Jan van de Velde II (1593–1641).” PhD diss., Columbia University, 2018.Google Scholar
Garrard, Mary D. “Here’s Looking at Me: Sophonisba Anguissola and the Problem of the Woman Artist.” In Reclaiming Female Agency: Feminist Art History after Postmodernism, ed. Broude, Norma and Mary, D. Garrard, 26–47. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Garrard, Mary D. Artemisia Gentileschi and Feminism in Early Modern Europe. London: Reaktion Books, 2020a.Google Scholar
Garrard, Mary D. “Two of a Kind: Giovanna Garzoni and Artemisia Gentileschi.” Art Herstory (blog), 20 April 2020b. artherstory.net/two-of-a-kind-garzoni-and-gentileschi.Google Scholar
Gournay, Marie Le Jars de. The Equality of Men and Women . In Apology for the Woman Writing and Other Works, ed. and trans. Hillman, Richard and Quesnel, Colette, 69–95. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gournay, Marie Le Jars de, Anna Maria van Schurman, and François Poulain de la Barre. The Equality of the Sexes: Three Feminist Texts of the Seventeenth Century. Ed. and trans. Desmond, M. Clarke. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
[Henry Holland], H. H.. Heroologia Anglica. Arnhem, 1620.Google Scholar
Hind, Arthur M. Engraving in England in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries: A Descriptive Catalogue with Introductions; Part II: The Reign of James I with 618 Illustrations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955.Google Scholar
Howe, Sarah. “The Authority of Presence: The Development of the English Author Portrait, 1500–1640.” The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 102.4 (2008): 465–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, Martha. “The Problem of Women’s Agency in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe.” In Women and Gender in the Early Modern Low Countries, 1500–1750, ed. Sarah Joan Moran and Amanda Pipkin, 21–31. Leiden: Brill, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huygens, Constantijn. De Gedichten. Ed. Jacob, A. Worp. 8 vols. Groningen: Wolters, 1892–98.Google Scholar
Huygens, Constantijn. De Briefwisselin g. Ed. Jacob, A. Worp. 6 vols. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1911–17.Google Scholar
Huygens, Constantijn. Correspondence of Constantijn Huygens, 1607–1687. The Hague: Huygens Institute, 2022. resources.huygens.knaw.nl/briefwisselingconstantijnhuygens.Google Scholar
Huysman, Ineke, and Leerintveld, Ad. “New Perspectives of the Digitized Correspondence of Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687).” Dutch Crossing 38.3 (2014): 244–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettering, Alison McNeil. The Dutch Arcadia: Pastoral Art and Its Audience in the Golden Age. Montclair, NJ: Boydell Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Kloek, Els. Vrouw des huizes: Een cultuurgeschiedenis van de Hollandse huisvrouw. Amsterdam: Balans, 2009.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Thomas. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Larsen, Anne R. Anna Maria van Schurman, the ‘Star of Utrecht’: The Educational Vision and Reception of a Savante. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Le Thiec, Guy. “Dialoguer avec des hommes illustres: Le rôle des portraits dans les décors de bibliothèques (fin XVe–début XVIIe siècle).” Revue française d’histoire du livre 130 (2009): 7–32.Google Scholar
MacGowan, Margaret. “Le phénomène de la galerie des portraits des illustres.” In L’Age d’or du Mécénat (1598–1661): Actes du colloque international CNRS (mars 1983), ed. Roland Mousnier and Jean Mesnard, 411–22. Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S., 1985.Google Scholar
Marin, Louis. Portrait of the King. Trans. Martha, M. Houle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markey, Lia. “The Female Printmaker and the Culture of the Reproductive Print Workshop.” In Paper Museums: The Reproductive Print in Europe, 1500–1800, ed. Rebecca Zorach and Elizabeth Rodini, 51–61. Chicago: David and Alfred Smart Museum of Art, 2005.Google Scholar
Montenay, Georgette de. Livre d’armoiries en signe de fraternité contenant cent comparaisons de vertus et emblèmes chrétiens. 1619. Reprint, Paris: Aux Amateurs de livres, 1989.Google Scholar
Ovid. Metamorphosis, Books IX–XV. Trans. Frank Justus Miller. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Pal, Carol. Republic of Women: Rethinking the Republic of Letters in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parente, James A. Jr. “Anna Roemers Visscher and Maria Tesselschade Roemers Visscher.” In Women Writing in Dutch, ed. Kristiaan Aercke, 145–84. New York: Garland, 1994.Google Scholar
Patin, Guy. Une lettre de Guy Patin à Jean Beverwyck, médecin hollandais et réponse de ce médecin. Paris: Chaix, 1883.Google Scholar
Patin, Guy. Correspondance française de Guy Patin. Ed. Loïc Capron. 4th edition, May 2022. www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/patin.Google Scholar
Peacock, Martha Moffitt. “The Inner Cause and the Better Choice: Anna Maria van Schurman, Self Fashioning, and the Attraction of the Labadist Religion.” In Mental Health, Spirituality, and Religion in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age, ed. Classen, Albrecht, 607–46. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, Martha Moffitt. “The Maid of Holland and Her Heroic Heiresses.” In Women and Gender in the Early Modern Low Countries, 1500–1750, ed. Moran, Sarah Joan and Pipkin, Amanda, 68–127. Leiden: Brill, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, Martha Moffitt. Heroines, Harpies, and Housewives: Imaging Women of Consequence in the Dutch Golden Age. Leiden: Brill, 2021.Google Scholar
Pettigree, Andrew, and der Weduwen, Arthur. The Bookshop of the World: Making and Trading Books in the Dutch Golden Age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Plato. Lysis, Symposium, Phaedrus. Ed. and trans. Emlyn-Jones, Chris and Preddy, William. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Quaintance, Courtney. Textual Masculinity and the Exchange of Women in Renaissance Venice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Lissa, and Schaffer, Simon. “Preface.” In The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialization, ed. Roberts, Lissa, Schaffer, Simon, and Dear, Peter, xiii–xxvii. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2007.Google Scholar
Saumaise, Claude, and Rivet, André. Correspondance échangée entre 1632 et 1648. Ed. Leroy, Pierre and Bots, Hans. Amsterdam: Holland University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Ariadne. “Labour Ideologies and Women in the Northern Netherlands, c. 1500–1800.” International Review of Social History 56 (2011): 45–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Robert A. Dignified Retreat: Writers and Intellectuals in the Age of Richelieu. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schotel, G. D. J. Anna Maria van Schurman. ’s-Hertogenbosch: G. Muller, 1853.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonin, Charlotte. “Les portraits de femmes auteurs ou l’impossible représentation.” In Espace de l’image, Europe XVI e –XVII e siècles, ed. Richard Crescenzo, 35–53. Nancy: Université Nancy 2, 2002.Google Scholar
Sneller, A. Agnes. “‘If she had been a man …’: Anna Maria van Schurman in the Social and Literary Life of Her Age.” In Choosing the Better Part (1996), 133–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, Joaneath A. “The Role of Printmaking in Utrecht during the First Half of the Seventeenth Century.” The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 57 (1999): 105–32.Google Scholar
Spies, Marijke. “Women and Seventeenth-Century Dutch Literature.” Dutch Crossing 19 (1995): 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, Jane B. Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, and Authority from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, Jane B. “Inventing Fame.” In A History of Early Modern Women’s Writing, ed. Phillippy, Patricia, 348–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trotot, Caroline. “Women’s Portraits of the Self: Introduction.” Trans. Colin Keaveney. Arts et Savoirs 6 (2016): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.4000/aes.701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, James Grantham. Schooling Sex: Libertine Literature and Erotic Education in Italy, France, and England, 1534–1685. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Beek, Pieta. The First Female University Student: Anna Maria van Schurman (1636). Utrecht: Igitur, 2010.Google Scholar
Van Beek, Pieta. “‘O schoonheid, Schurman’: Caspar Barlaeus aan Constantijn Huygens, 8 Januari 1630.” In Constantijn Huygens: Een leven in brieven, ed. Ineke Huysman and Ad Leerintveld, 62–71. Soest: Uitgeverij Catullus, 2022.Google Scholar
Van Beverwijck, Johan. Van de wtnementheyt des vrouwelicken geslachts. Dordrecht, 1639, 1643.Google Scholar
Van Deinsen, Lieke. The Panpoëticon Batavûm: The Portrait of the Author as a Celebrity. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum Studies in History, 2016.Google Scholar
Van Deinsen, Lieke. “Een vrouwelijk gezicht van geleerdheid. Auteursportretten en de constructie van intellectuele autoriteit in de Nederlandse Republiek.” Jaarboek Zeventiende Eeuw (2019a): 129–32.Google Scholar
Van Deinsen, Lieke. “Visualising Female Authorship. Author Portraits and the Representation of Literary Authority.” Quaerendo 49 (2019b): 283–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Deinsen, Lieke. “Spiegels van Sophia. Geleerdenportretten en de verbeelding van vrouwen als wetenschappelijke autoriteit: Een historische kadering.” In Vroegmoderne geschiedenis in actuele debatten, ed. van der Steen, Jasper and Cools, Hans, 53–78. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Deinsen, Lieke. “Female Faces and Learned Likenesses: Author Portraits and the Construction of Female Authorship and Intellectual Authority.” In Memory and Identity in the Learned World of Learning and Science, ed. Scholten, Koen, van Miert, Dirk, and Karl, A. E. Enenkel, 81–116. Leiden: Brill, 2022.Google Scholar
Van Deinsen, Lieke, and Geerdink, Nina. “Cultural Branding in the Early Modern Period: The Literary Author.” In Branding Books Across the Ages: Strategies and Key Concepts in Literary Branding, ed. van den Braber, Helleke etal., 31–60. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Passe, Crispijn, the Younger. Miroir des plus belles courtisanes de ce temps. Amsterdam, 1631.Google Scholar
Van de Passe, Crispijn, the Younger. Les vrais pourtraits de quelques unes des plus grandes dames de la Chrestienté, desguisées en bergeres. Amsterdam, 1640.Google Scholar
Van der Stighelen, Katlijne, and de Landtsheer, Jeanine. “Een suer-soete Maeghd voor Constantijn Huygens: Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678).” In Vrouwen rondom Huygens, ed. Kloek, Els, Blom, Frans, and Leerintveld, Ad, 149–202. Hilversum: Verloren, 2010.Google Scholar
Van der Stighelen, Katlijne. “Portretjes in ‘Spaens loot’ van de hand van Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678).” Zeventiende Eeuw 2.2 (1986): 27–44.Google Scholar
Van der Stighelen, Katlijne. Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678) of “Hoe hooge dat een maeght kan in de konsten stijgen.” Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1987a.Google Scholar
Van der Stighelen, Katlijne. “Constantijn Huygens en Anna Maria van Schurman: veel werk, weinig weerwerk.” De zeventiende eeuw 3 (1987b): 138–48.Google Scholar
Van der Stighelen, Katlijne. “‘Et ses artistes mains …’: The Art of Anna Maria van Schurman.” In Choosing the Better Part (1996), 55–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Duijn, Johanna, and Verhave, Jan Peter. “Portraying a homo universalis: Images of Anna Maria van Schurman.” https://knipperslexicon.nl/wp-content/uploads/Portraying-a-homo-universalis-4-.pdf.Google Scholar
Van Elk, Martine. Early Modern Women’s Writing: Domesticity, Privacy, and the Public Sphere in England and the Dutch Republic. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Elk, Martine. “The Delicate Hand: Female Engravers.” Early Modern Women: Lives, Texts, Objects (blog), 22 February 2017b. martinevanelk.wordpress.com/2017/02/22/the-delicate-hand-female-engravers.Google Scholar
Van Elk, Martine. “Female Glass Engravers in the Early Modern Dutch Republic.” Renaissance Quarterly 73.1 (2020): 165–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Gemert, Lia, etal., eds. Women’s Writing from the Low Countries, 1200–1875: A Bilingual Anthology. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. “Inclytæ et antiquæ urbi Trajectinæ Nova Academia nuperrimè donatæ gratulatur Anna Maria à Schurman.” In Academiae Ultrajectinae inauguratio unà cum orationibus inauguralibus. Utrecht: Aegidius & Petrus Roman, 1636. www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch///Latijn/Schurman.html.Google Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. Amica Dissertatio inter Nobilissimam Virginem Annam Mariam à Schurman, et Andræam Rivetum, de Ingenii Muliebris ad scientias, & meliores literas capacitate. Paris, 1638.Google Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. De Vitae Termino. In Johan van Beverwijck, Epistolica quæstio de Vitæ Termino, fatali an mobili? Leiden, 1639.Google Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. Nobiliss. Virginis Annae Mariae à Schurman. Dissertatio, de Ingenii Muliebris ad Doctrinam, & meliores Litteras aptitudine. Accedunt Quædam Epistolæ, ejusdem Argumenti. Leiden, 1641.Google Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. Opuscula hebræa, græca, latina, gallica: Prosaica & metrica, 3rd ed. Utrecht, 1652.Google Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. Eukleria, seu melioris partis electio: Tractatus brevem vitae ejus delineationem exhibens. Altona, 1673.Google Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. Whether a Christian Woman Should Be Educated and Other Writings from Her Intellectual Circle. Ed. and trans. Joyce, L. Irwin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria, de Gournay, Marie, and de la Barre, Poulain. The Equality of the Sexes: Three Feminist Texts of the Seventeenth Century. Ed. Desmond, M. Clarke. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Van Schurman, Anna Maria. Letters and Poems to and from Her Mentor and Other Members of Her Circle. Ed. and trans. Anne, R. Larsen and Maiullo, Steve. Toronto: Iter Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Van Tilburg, Marja. “Becoming a Woman in the Dutch Republic: Advice Literature for Young Adult Women of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” In The Youth of Early Modern Women, ed. Elizabeth, S. Cohen and Reeves, Margaret, 255–72. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veldman, Ilja M. Crispijn de Passe and His Progeny (1564–1670): A Century of Print Production. Trans. Hoyle, Michael. Rotterdam: Sound and Vision, 2001.Google Scholar
Virgil. Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid I–VI. Trans. Rushton Fairclough, H.. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Wall, Wendy. The Imprint of Gender: Authorship and Publication in the English Renaissance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Woods-Marsden, Joanna. Renaissance Self-Portraiture: The Visual Construction of Identity and the Social Status of the Artist. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar