The metabolic syndrome (MS) affects as many as 25% of the UK population(Reference Tonkin1) and confers substantial risk of CVD. A key scientific and public health question is whether reducing intakes of SFA via low-fat–high-carbohydrate (CHO) diets or by moderate-fat diets in which SFA are substituted with MUFA have differential effects on risk factors for MS. Moreover, a further question to be addressed is the type of dietary CHO, and there is current interest in the role of foods with a low glycaemic index (GI).
RISCK is a multi-centre randomised controlled dietary intervention study of 720 subjects at increased risk of MS. The study design has been reported previously(Reference Jebb, Frost, Griffin, Lovegrove, Moore, Sanders and Williams2). All subjects followed a 4-week run-in diet (high-SFA (HS)–high-GI (HGI)). They continued on this diet for a further 24 weeks or followed one of four isoenergetic interventions: high-MUFA (HM)–HGI; HM–low-GI (LGI); low-fat (LF)–HGI; LF–LGI. A food-exchange model was developed to implement each diet, facilitated by the supply of specifically-formulated or selected foods(Reference Moore, Gitau, Frost, Griffin, Jebb, Sanders and Lovegrove3). Dietary records (4 d) during run-in and at 24 weeks were used to assess compliance with the intervention strategy.
A total of 548 subjects completed the study. Reported intakes showed that the dietary strategy was largely successful in meeting target intakes (see Table). During the intervention differences in dietary fat and CHO (LF v HS and HM) and SFA (HS v HM and LF) and MUFA (HM v HS and LF) were highly significant (P<0.001). An inadvertent small, but significant, increase in n-6 PUFA was shown in the HM groups, primarily as a result of prescribed increases in nut intake. The GI difference between the HGI and LGI groups was slightly smaller than predicted, but significantly lower in the LGI group than the HGI group (P<0.001).
Table. Intakes (% food energy) during run-in and on each intervention diet compared with RISCK target intakes (T)
* Global test (Kruskal Wallis; 4 df) of differences between treatments during the intervention.
† Target difference between HGI and LGI diets.
The RISCK food-exchange model was a broadly effective dietary strategy for the implementation of five experimental diets with specific targets for fat and CHO intake in a free-living population.
The RISCK study was funded by the Food Standards Agency (NO2031).
