Spider dragline silk, which the spider uses for its lifeline when hanging in midair, has long amazed scientists with its high strength and ability to stretch before breaking. A report by researchers in China and the United Kingdom sheds new light on another critical function of the insect’s dragline silk: preventing dangling spiders from spinning uncontrollably in midair. “Seeing an abseiling spider descend its dragline silk gracefully instead of spiraling, we simply wanted to know why,” says the study’s lead author, Dabiao Liu of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
Liu and the team found that the dragline silk of orb-weaver spiders irreversibly deforms in order to rapidly dissipate most of the energy of twisting, so that a suspended spider quickly stops spinning. “This behavior is quite unlike man-made ropes, whether of hemp or modern synthetics, which tend to twist uncontrollably and unpredictably,” says David J. Dunstan of Queen Mary University of London, a co-author on the study.
The study’s findings, which recently appeared in Applied Physics Letters (doi:10.1063/1.4990676), quantified the twisting behavior of the dragline silk using a torsion pendulum and a video camera. Unlike a conventional pendulum that consists of a swinging mass on a string, the torsion pendulum comprises a twisting mass on a string. When conventional fiber materials, such as metal wires or carbon fiber, are twisted, they oscillate around the untwisted equilibrium position.
However, the researchers were surprised to observe that dragline silk immediately oscillated around a deformed position, and that it never relaxed to the original equilibrium position. The researchers rotated the silks to a range of initial twist angles (∼20°–3300°) and found that the silks dissipated greater than 75% of the energy of the initial excitation. This strong energy dissipation reduces the amplitude of the subsequent oscillations, preventing the spider from twisting uncontrollably.
Hierarchical structure of Nephila spider draglines and physical mechanisms for the torsional oscillation. Credit: Advanced Materials (doi:10.1002/adma.201104668) (adapted).
The researchers believe that the energy dissipation by torsion deformation is only possible because of the hierarchical structure of the spider’s dragline silk. In particular, dragline silk is composed of both crystalline and amorphous components, which each play an important role for the unique torsional properties of the silk. The researchers hypothesize that the plastic-like, irreversible energy dissipation occurs by deformation of amorphous chains. The remainder of the energy is elastically dissipated through the stretching of the hydrogen bonds and the extension and twisting of the crystalline domains. “The authors show the significance of the nanoscale structure of silk, and in particular the [hydrogen]-bonding network, on the macroscopic properties,” says Markus J. Buehler of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a leader in the field of the mechanics of biological materials, including spider silks.
However, “the big issue will be to find out exactly how to engineer these properties in synthetic systems,” Dunstan says. “Nature has had four billion years of evolution to find out how to do it by trial-and-error.”
