Shredders play a major ecological role in temperate streams, but their numerical importance is highly variable within the tropics. Detailed studies on the diets of tropical stream invertebrates are advisable to be able to better describe and understand this variation. Here, we examined the diets of invertebrates collected from the leaf litter of three tropical streams in Colombia, using gut content analysis. Fine and coarse particulate organic matter were the main food resources for invertebrates, which could be divided into four main dietary groups: predators, shredders, specialist collectors and generalist collectors. While the specialist collectors were the most numerically abundant group (54%), shredder biomass accounted for 63% of total invertebrate biomass, suggesting that shredders play a significant ecological role in the study streams. We describe the diets of 12 out of 47 taxa that were previously unknown, which indicates that knowledge about the feeding ecology of tropical stream invertebrates is still incipient.

The present study evaluated the relative growth and allometry of Massartella brieni Lestage and Thraulodes sp. (Leptophlebiidae: Ephemeroptera). The morphometric analysis was based on 23 measurements and was conducted using a multivariate approach. Throughout postembryonic ontogeny, all of the head measurements, including those of the mouthparts, exhibited negative allometric growth. The mesothorax and wing pad exhibited positive allometric growth. The hind legs lengths in M. brieni and the fore and hind legs lengths in Thraulodes sp. exhibited positive allometry. The abdominal length in these two species exhibited positive allometric growth. Positive allometry was also observed along the abdomen width for M. brieni, and isometry was observed for Thraulodes sp. The relative strengthening of the thorax (in preparation for the winged stage) and the relative increase in the abdomen (which may be related to the development of the reproductive structures) during growth indicate that many of the structures that exhibit positive allometric growth are related to the transition from the aquatic to the adult stage of development.

Despite their ecological importance and ability to react to environmental changes, including pollution, monogonont rotifers have never been used in palaeolimnological studies because they do not leave subfossil remains. In this study, we tested the possibility of using rotifer resting eggs as a proxy for reconstruction of changes in biodiversity during chronic copper pollution and recovery of a deep sudalpine lake (Lake Orta, Italy). The lake was selected owing to a rich history of previous studies that explored species-specific responses to environmental stressors. Rotifer-based results were compared with those on ephippia and on previously investigated Cladocera subfossil remains. Responses of Rotifera resting eggs to environmental changes were clear and consistent with those previously observed on Cladocera. The abundance of resting eggs increased during pollution, and new morphotypes appeared in addition to those already present. However, overall diversity decreased sharply, as a few morphotypes became dominant. Resting eggs of Brachionus calyciflorus as old as ca. 100 years were still fully viable; viability was not affected by toxic conditions of the environment in which the eggs were produced. Over a period of ca. 80 years, all resting eggs of B. calyciflorus belonged to a single clone, the most widely distributed one in North America. Cladocera ephippia started to accumulate later and at a lower level of abundance than rotifer resting eggs. Overall, Cladocera ephippia were, however, less effective than rotifers in tracing lake historical changes. The results point out at the great potential of using rotifer resting eggs in palaeolimnological reconstructions.

In order to determine the influence of lentic habitats and macrophyte stands on the plankton development and seston flux, an investigation of zooplankton was carried out in the karst Jankovac flow-through system (Papuk Nature Park, Croatia). The system was characterized by low abundance (1–116 ind.L−1) and high diversity of identified zooplankton. Eighty-six taxa were recorded, comprising 57 rotifers, 15 cladocerans, 8 copepods and 6 members of other groups of organisms. The spatial oscillations of environmental parameters and biocoenosis assemblage revealed statistically significant differences between lotic and lentic habitats, as well as between vegetated and non-vegetated stations. These differences mainly respond to higher concentration of food resources and zooplankton/zooseston abundance and biomass in lentic, especially vegetated, habitats. This is also proved by results of principal component analysis (PCA), which suggested that the main drivers of development of the planktonic community were the food resources and the avoidance of flow velocity. Accordingly, shoreline areas with submerged macrophyte stands of Hippuris vulgaris L. were the most productive parts, represented by highest zooplankton abundance, biomass and biodiversity. Flow velocity significantly affected crustaceans assemblage, so that higher abundances of the larger cladocerans and copepods were achieved in vegetated stations with low flow velocity, while rotifers showed to be rheotolerance organisms. On the other hand, the longitudinal discontinuum of the stream channel by two man-made reservoirs could offer new habitats to enrich seston with organic particles and bioseston. The results of our study pronounce the need for further monitoring of this hydrosystem, especially considering biodiversity and microhabitats conservation.

Cyanobacteria are a worldwide group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that can cause nuisance blooms in eutrophic waters. It is generally accepted that their resting cells, akinetes, play an important role in the dispersal, recruitment, initiation of blooms and survival under unfavourable conditions, therefore information on the germination, distribution and abundance of akinetes in natural sediments is essential for understanding the ecology and bloom dynamics of N2-fixing cyanobacteria. The present study describes the effect of irradiance on the germination and subsequent growth of N2-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria developed from natural akinete stock in sediment of Lake Balaton (Hungary) with varying phosphorous supply. The research focuses on the invasive Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae the most abundant species of this lake. In the experiments, the germination of ten filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria species was observed. The species assemblages of the germinated cyanobacteria populations showed strong light and phosphorus dependence. Anabaena and Anabaenopsis species became dominant in phosphorous-rich conditions, while in phosphorus-deficient environments Aphanizomenon species and C. raciborskii dominated. Among the germinated filaments we have detected Anabaenopsis cunningtonii and Anabaena compacta, which have not been observed in Lake Balaton previously. Our results suggest that among the filamentous heterocytic cyanobacteria of this shallow lake the invasive C. raciborskii was the best competitor when phosphorus supply and irradiance were low.

Two new genera of Baetidae are described from East Kalimantan (Borneo): Asiobaetodes n.gen. and Acerobiella n.gen. Both genera are monospecific and only known from a very restricted area. They are highly adapted to fast flow and are closely related to Oriental genera Liebebiella Waltz & McCafferty, 1987 and Platybaetis Müller-Liebenau, 1980. Asiobaetodes is characterized by five pairs of ventrally orientated gills and tubular accessory gills at the bases of mouthparts and forelegs; these characters are also present in the Panamerican genus Baetodes Needham and Murphy, 1924 and the African genus Afrobaetodes Demoulin, 1970. The study of the mouthparts clearly indicates that the similarities must be considered as homoplasies. Acerobiella is characterised by its dorsal armature, especially the spike tubercles turned upwards on tergum II, which constitutes a unique character among the Baetidae.

Based on collections in three coast Brazilian states, Hydrosmilodon plagatus sp. nov. and Needhamella mazama sp. nov. are described based on nymphs and adults. Besides the description of these species, new geographic records of the Hermanella complex are presented. The species included are: Hermanella maculipennis (Ulmer, 1920); Hermanella froehlichi Ferreira and Domínguez (1992); Hydrosmilodon gilliesae Thomas & Péru (2004); Hylister plaummani Domínguez and Flowers (1989); Leentvaaria palpalis Demoulin (1966); and Needhamella ehrhadti (Ulmer, 1920). In addition, in this work Leentvaaria palpalis is recorded from Brazil for the first time.

The larvae of three species of the Rhyacophila tristis group: Rhyacophila aquitanica, Rhyacophila pubescens and Rhyacophila tristis are described. A key is given. Revised data on their distribution in France are presented.

The impact of Elodea canadensis on aquatic macrophyte biodiversity in (Lake) Steinsfjord has been studied through extensive lake-wide surveys and photographic sampling. E. canadensis greatly expanded in Steinsfjord since its appearance in 1978 and still dominated the macrophyte community in 2004. The areal distribution of E. canadensis peaked within 6 years from invasion and has remained relatively stable since; however, stands no longer reach the water surface. E. canadensis significantly increased its depth range, but the cover-weighted mean depth remained unchanged, suggesting that 3–4 m is its optimal depth in Steinsfjord. Species richness has not changed significantly since the earliest survey in 1936–38. However, species composition has changed remarkably, from isoetid dominance in 1936–38 to a diverse community dominated by Najas flexilis in 1979–80 to a less diverse community dominated by E. canadensis in 2004, with Potamogeton berchtoldii and Myriophyllum alterniflorum as lake-wide subdominants. Regardless of their abundance at the onset of the E. canadensis invasion, taxa whose cover-weighted mean depth overlapped with E. canadensis's in 1979–80 greatly reduced their abundance in 2004, shifted to deeper or shallow water or disappeared from sampling stations. Our survey indicates that E. canadensis may be the reason for the decrease of N. flexilis, likely through depletion of CO2 in the water column and reduced nutrients in sediments. The abilities to survive and grow in periodically exposed shallow areas, combined with minor herbivory by waterfowl, are likely important factors for the increase of M. alterniflorum in Steinsfjord's shallow waters.

Phragmites australis is a stand forming emergent macrophyte that displays large phenotypic variation within Lake Balaton. The present study assesses morphological variations of P. australis within three transects of different reed stands of Lake Balaton which differ with respect to bathymetry, reed quality and geographic position in order to achieve a morphological typization. On average the southern stable stand produced the largest and thickest plants (295±9 cm and 7.5±0.2 mm), while plants of the northern die-back stand were approximately half this size (141±2 cm and 3.5±0.1 mm). The slow growth and development of Phragmites characterizing the northern die-back stand was the result of fewer and shorter internodes, which also resulted in the low number of green leaves. The most influential factor shaping the phenotypic properties of the plants was determined to be the reed quality (general condition), although site-specific differences, shore-specific differences, water depth and spatial position within reed stand transects were also found to be significant. Despite the differences in the studied stands and almost certain genetic dissimilarities, three morphological ecotypes of Phragmites were distinguished on the basis of stem height to basal diameter ratio, stem density and phenotypic plasticity of plants. These ecotypes were primarily correlated to water depth at their position within the reed stand. The similarity of the spatial distribution of stem heights to basal diameter ratios and phenotypic plasticity of plants along all studied reed stands suggests that morphological typization should be considered to provide additional information on ecological zonation of stands.