Index

Norbert Götz; Georgina Brewis; Steffen Werther

doi:10.1017/9781108655903.008

Index

Abdulmejid I (Ottoman Sultan), 34

absence of humanitarian action, 13

abuse of aid, see misappropriation of aid

academics, aid appeals by, 114

accountability of aid, 219–224, 291–294

Ethiopian famine relief, 266–291

Irish famine relief, 224–245

moral economy of, 221–224

Soviet famine relief, 245–266

ad hoc humanitarianism, 4, 24, 28, 33, 302

accountability of aid in, 293–294

limitations of, 170

Addis Ababa, 192

adoption of children, symbolic, 48, 112

adult feeding programmes, 180–181

advertisements, use of, 116, 121

in accountability of aid, 123, 231, 263

criticism on costs of, 250–253

Africa, Western conceptions of, 129, 137

Aftonbladet (newspaper, Sweden), 120

AFSC (American Friends Service Committee, USA), 49

Soviet famine relief by, 51, 96

conflicts with ARA, 188, 190, 248

aggression, famines resulting from, 304

agricultural machinery, as famine relief, 186–187

aid workers

expatriate

in Ethiopian famine relief, 193

in Soviet famine relief, 249–250

on gratitude of aid beneficiaries, 262

idealism of, 218

in-group solidarity of, 15

local, hiring of, 246

on misappropriation of aid, 287

sexual abuse by, 167, 175, 218, 306

working conditions of, 171

aid-in-kind, see in-kind relief

airlifting of aid, for Ethiopian Famine, 191–192, 201

allocation of aid, 144–145

decision-making on, 145–147, 213–215

earmarking, 217

Ethiopian famine relief, 133, 191–213

Irish famine relief, 149–170

priority regimes in, 19–22

Soviet famine relief, 170–191

American Philanthropy Abroad (Curti), 25

Amin, Mohamed, 63, 116–118, 137

AMR (American Mennonite Relief), 189

Anglican Church humanitarianism, 77

anonymity of aid beneficiaries, 295–296

anti-communism, Soviet famine relief affected by, 50, 96–98, 214

anti-famine contracts, 11

ARA (American Relief Administration), 29, 51

child-focused charity by, 48

professionalisation of, 55–56

Soviet famine relief by, 52–53, 56, 95–97, 109, 179, 265

accountability of, 245–250, 256–257, 261–265

allocation of aid, 172–173, 177, 183–184

conflicts with other organisations, 188–190

food remittance programme, 46, 113–116, 173–175, 180, 183, 185, 249

fundraising strategies, 100–102, 105

medical aid, 182

overhead costs, 253–254

Special Funds for the Relief of Individual Cases of Suffering, 185

ARC (American Red Cross), 28, 121

fundraising campaigns by, 125

Soviet famine relief by, 182

archives of relief organisations, 308

Article 19 (human rights organisation), 207

Assab (Ethiopia), 191

asymmetric power relations, between donors and beneficiaries of aid, 222–224, 300–301

attacks on aid convoys, in famine relief for Tigray and Eritrea, 201

‘Austria für Afrika’ (song), 132

authoritarian regimes, and famine, 9

Baker, George B. (ARA head of public relations), 253

Band Aid (Trust), 59

accountability of aid by, 266, 276, 278–282, 286, 290, 294

allocation of aid by, 133, 195–196, 199, 211–213

and resettlement programme, 210

underspending accusations, 284

fundraising by, 270, 283

launching of, 65

success of, 67, 127–130, 134–136

banks, role of

in Irish famine relief, 165

Barder, Sir Brian, 135

Barnes, Julius H., 110

Barnes, Nicoll, 104

Barnett, Michael, 25

BBC television broadcasts on Ethiopian Famine, 116–118

Belafonte, Harry, 130, 210

Benedict XV (pope), 48

beneficiaries of aid

accountability towards, 290

agency of, 309

anonymity of, 295–296

asymmetric power relations with donors of aid, 222–224, 300–301

direct contact with donors, 113, 262–264

gratitude of, 110, 220, 295, 300

evidence in accounting reports of, 246–248, 261–266

repayment offers, 115–116

use in fundraising campaigns of, 259

registration of, 217

selection of, 20–21, 184–185

suspicions of donor motivations of, 214, 306

symbolic empowerment of, 73

voices of, 245, 301, 303

Biafra crisis (1960s), 59–60

international relief effort for, 31

origins of expressive humanitarianism in, 58

bills of exchange, use for monetary donations, 164–165

biscuits, Oxfam, 202

Bitter Harvest (film, Gill), 118

Blue Peter Appeal (UK), 133, 280

Boltanski, Luc, 18

bookkeeping, moral, 221

Borton, John, 309

Boston, Irish famine relief from

accountability of, 235–238

fundraising for, 91–92

Boston Repeal Association, 90

BRA (British Relief Association), 40

founding of, 75

Irish famine relief by

accountability of aid, 226–228, 231–232, 244

allocation of aid, 149–155

fundraising campaigns, 78

Scottish famine relief by, 226

Bradish, David, 127

Brand Aid, 136

Brandt, Willy, 199

Braskén, Kasper, 113

Brauman, Rony, 286, 290

Brewis, Georgina, 29

Bruch, Ricky, 129

Buerk, Michael, 63, 116–118, 137

Bulletin de la Société de Saint-Vincent de Paul, 241

Burritt, Elihu, 93

businesslike humanitarianism, 302

criticism of, 101, 251

in Ethiopian famine relief, 276, 291

in fundraising, 48, 60, 72

in Soviet famine relief, 104, 142, 183, 251–252

Caffin, James Crawford, 150

Calcutta, Irish Relief Fund in, 78

Callaghan, Luc, 165

Canada

Ethiopian famine relief by

accountability of, 278

fundraising, 119, 131, 270

resettlement programme support, 205

famine-related Irish emigration to, 169

Irish diaspora in, 88

capitalism

and humanitarianism, 299–300

rise of, 26

CARE, 118–119, 286

Ethiopian famine relief by, 194, 199, 203, 281

accountability of, 277

and celebrity humanitarianism, 212

fundraising for, 125, 272, 277

and resettlement programme, 209

cash donations

versus in-kind relief, 146, 215–216, 306

in Irish famine relief, 153–155, 160–166

Catholic Church

Irish famine relief by, 40–43, 82–88

accountability of, 235–244, 293

allocation of aid, 161–163

fundraising for, 78, 80–88

Soviet famine relief by, 51

Caulfield, Charles, 75–76

causal contribution appeals, 69, 142

causes of famine, 7–9

Sen’s theory of, 7–14

criticism on, 10–14

Soviet Famine of 1920s, 97

targeting of relief towards, 185

CDAA (Churches Drought Action for Africa/Ethiopia), 194, 201

Cecil, Lord Robert, 105

celebrity humanitarianism, 65, 138

in fundraising

for Ethiopian famine relief, 127–136, 210–213

for Soviet famine relief, 112

persistence of, 306

reduced impact of, 303

Chanteurs sans Frontières, 131

Chapin, Harry, 130

charity, 1, 26, 298

child-focused, 47–48

Christian obligation of, 81

consumerism in, 136, 143

humanitarianism based on, 73

influence through use of, 141

social psychology of, 73

‘charity begins at home’ slogan, 70, 95, 139

charity shops, 126, 277

children

charity/aid focused on, 47–48, 216

in Ethiopian famine relief, 122, 202

in Irish famine relief, 232

in Soviet famine relief, 97–101, 106, 112, 176–177, 179–181, 186

fundraising activities aimed at, 133–134

images of suffering of, used in fundraising, 30, 100

symbolic adoption of, 48, 112

Chouliaraki, Lilie, 32, 307

Christian Aid, 124, 135

Ethiopian famine relief by

and relief for Tigray and Eritrea, 198, 274

and resettlement programme, 207

Christmas, charity appeals linked to, 124

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), on misappropriation of Ethiopian famine relief, 287

civil war in Ethiopia

famine relief causing prolongation of, 289

silence in fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief on, 122

Clay, Henry, 89

clothing

charitable donations of, 161

as in-kind relief, 216

Cold War

humanitarianism after, 31–32

humanitarianism in, 12, 59, 214

Comic Relief, 135

Comité de secours pour l’Irlande (France), 41, 88, 163

Commercial Bank, 165

committees for humanitarian aid, 33

in Irish Famine, 37, 42–43

in USA, 233

in Soviet Famine, 176–177

communication strategies

in accountability of aid, 273–274, 277, 293–294

in fundraising campaigns, 71, 138–141

for Soviet famine relief, 100–102

social media use, 305

communist relief organisations, 53

in-group solidarity appeals by, 110–113

Soviet famine relief by, 185–188

compassion, 17–18

conditionality of, 15

obstacles to, 299

Concern Worldwide, 209

conditionality of compassion, 15

consortia of aid organisations, emergence of, 194

constraints

supply-side, 18–20

constraints of humanitarian aid, 15

consumerism, in charity, 136, 143

conversion, relief conditional upon, 80

Cork

famine relief in, 243–244

famine-related migration to, 166

Cork Examiner (journal), 241

corn, as famine relief

in Irish Famine, 234

in Soviet Famine, 179

costs

of fundraising, 109, 277

of humanitarian aid, see overhead costs, accounting for

in Irish Famine, 38, 234

logistics, 148

transaction costs, 165

of live saving, 5, 142, 255–256

countries of origin statements on relief goods, 247–248

CRB (Commission for Relief in Belgium), 46, 220

CRC (Central Relief Committee, Ireland), 156–157, 160

CRDA (Christian Relief and Development Association), 61

Ethiopian famine relief by, 62, 66, 195

rehabilitation programme, 210

and resettlement programme, 206–207

credits for delivery of aid, claiming of, 216

Crolly, William (Archbishop of Armagh), 162, 237

CRS (Catholic Relief Services, USA), 123

Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 209

fundraising for, 272

Cullen, Paul, 41, 84–85, 162

Cultural Survival (research organisation, USA), 206, 267, 289

Curti, Merle, 25, 28, 33

Curtis, Richard, 135

Curzon, Lord George, 172

Daily Express (newspaper, UK), criticism on costs of SCF by, 251–253, 256

Daily Mirror (newspaper, UK), 120

Davey, Eleanor, 208

death tolls, see victims of famine

DEC (Disasters Emergency Committee, UK), 62, 116, 119, 278

democracy, and famine, 9

Denmark, Soviet famine relief by, 53

depoliticisation of famine, 140

Ethiopian Famine, 122, 129

development aid versus emergency aid dilemma, 142, 160

Devereux, Stephen, 12–13

de Waal, Alex, 11, 288, 290

diasporas, aid and fundraising by, 88–90, 137

Irish diaspora, 42, 80, 225

Jewish diaspora, 107, 124, 175, 189, 264

Dibango, Manu, 202

Dickens, Charles, 19

digital humanitarians, 307

Dimbleby, Jonathan, 61

Dingle (Ireland), famine relief in, 164

diseases, famine-related, 158, 169, 181

distribution of famine relief

in Ethiopian Famine, 191, 201

in Irish Famine, 237, 241

in Soviet Famine, 171, 173, 175, 178

diversion of aid, see misappropriation of aid

diversity of humanitarianism, 302

‘Do They Know It’s Christmas?’ (song, Geldof and Ure), 128, 303

donations, humanitarian

Ethiopian famine relief

magnitude of, 269–273, 291

underspending accusations, 283–285

in kind, see in-kind relief

Irish famine relief, 224–228, 233

Catholic Church, 238, 240–241

markets for, 144

moral value of, 296–297

Soviet famine relief, 254, 257–258

donor community, 301

donor-driven aid, 17, 104, 125, 254, 309

food aid, 215

donors of aid

accountability focus on, 289, 291

assessments of aid by, 145

asymmetric power relations with aid beneficiaries of, 222–224, 300–301

backgrounds of, 227, 296–297

direct contact with aid beneficiaries of, 113, 262–264

fundraising focus on, 125–127, 140, 142

emotional relief of giving emphasis, 258–261

obligation to give emphasis, 107–110

hierarchies of, 228–230

motivations/interests of, 2, 69–72, 103–107, 144, 300, 307

suspicions by aid beneficiaries of, 214

public listing of, 221, 294

research focus on, 309

self-centredness of, 296, 307

Donovan, Daniel, 158, 167–168

Dublin, soup kitchen in, 159–160

Dufferin, Lord, 155

Duffield, Mark, 32, 307

Dutch Interchurch Aid, 198

dystopian horror scenarios, in denial of aid narratives, 107

earmarking of aid, 217

Ebrahim, Alnoor, 221, 292

economic reasoning

in fundraising campaigns, 104

economics

of humanitarian aid, 16

and morality, 300, see also moral economy

EEC (European Economic Community)

Ethiopian famine relief of, 63–64, 66

criticism of, 198

food surpluses of, 63, 202

effective altruism movement, 146

effectiveness

of fundraising campaigns, 72–73, 277

of humanitarian aid, 5, 155–160, 246

efficiency, 302

accountability of aid based on, 291

allocation of aid based on, 144, 183–185

elites

European

and Irish Famine, 35

obligation to provide relief felt by, 23

Soviet, 177

emergencies

complex, 13

gendered perceptions of, 74

scale of, 33

emergency structures

disruptive nature of, 14

emigration/resettlement

resulting from famine, 167–170, 173

as solution for famine, 64, 92

emotional relief of giving, 121, 258–261

Empire of Humanity (Barnett), 25

empowerment, fundraising emphasis on, 130

encyclicals, papal

on Irish famine relief, 82–84

entitlements, see rights

to aid/famine relief, 72, 302

doubts about, 138–141

in Irish Famine, 74, 93

to food, 12–13

Sen on, 10

to subsistence, 23, 36

ERA (Eritrean Relief Association), 124, 198

ERC (European Relief Council, USA), 50, 171

ERD (Emergency Relief Desk), 124, 198, 200, 278

Eritrean Famine, 124

public awareness of, 137

relief for, 191–192, 197–201

accountability of, 274, 288, 294

ethics

of fundraising, 72, 141–143

humanitarian, 14, 16

Ethiopian Famine of 1980s, 56–57

domestic relief efforts

accountability of, 268

resettlement programme, 64

fundraising for, 65, 121–127, 276–277

and resettlement programme, 206

celebrity activism in, 127–136

media coverage of, 61–63, 116–121

transnational famine relief, 4, 63–67, 129–136

accountability of, 266–291

allocation of aid, 133, 191–214

and gratitude of beneficiaries, 295

media coverage of, 202, 204, 207, 269, 274, 284, 286, 289, 296

‘Ethiopie’ (song, Chanteur sans Frontières), 131

ethnicity, fundraising focus in kinship in, 107

Europe

abundance of food in, 118

guilt feelings over, 120, 142

Irish Famine from, 34

evangelical movement, in Great Britain

moralist attitude towards Great Irish Famine by, 36

exchange rates, manipulation of, 292

by Ethiopian government, 289

by Russian government, 245

expenditures on aid

in Ethiopian famine relief, 274–275, 282

in Irish famine relief, 38

in Soviet famine relief, 247, 254

expressive humanitarianism, 4, 24–25, 32, 57–61, 121, 303

accountability of aid in, 294

businesslike practices in, 276

and celebrity activism, 136

and Ethiopian Famine, 61–63, 67

and media coverage of humanitarian aid, 215

persistence of, 303–307

FAI (Fondo Aiuti Italani), 284

‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’ (article, Singer), 5

‘famine shock’, 171

famine studies, 13

famines, 299

contemporary, 12–13

governmental responsibilities for, 140–141

media coverage of, 32, 140

scale of, 33

war-induced, 304

Fassin, Didier, 20–21

fasting, as fundraising effort, 129, 134

feeding programmes

in Ethiopian famine relief, 202–203

in Soviet famine relief, 180–181

feminisation, of humanitarianism, 29

FEWVRC (Friends’ Emergency and War Victims Relief Committee, Great Britain), 49, 101

Soviet famine relief by, 184

films

of famines, as fundraising tool, 101, 118

of humanitarian aid, 55

as accountability tools, 274, 280, 294

Finkielkraut, Alain, 32, 303

Finucane, Jack, 207

First World War, humanitarian aid in, 46

Fisher, Harold Henry, 247, 254, 257, 265

Fitzpatrick, John Bernard, 88

Fizsbin, Michel, 207

Flynn, Jeffrey, 69, 142

Fonda, Jane, 131

food

abundance in West of, 120, 142

aid in form of, 215, see also in-kind relief

child-focused, 216

in Ethiopian Famine, 201–204, 268–269

in Irish Famine, 151–153, 158

misappropriation of, 287

in Soviet Famine, 215

distribution of

in Ethiopian Famine, 66, 191, 201

in Soviet Famine, 171, 173, 175, 178

entitlements to, 12

high energy/fortified, 216

as power tool, 12

‘Food for the North’ agreement (USA–Ethiopia), 200

Food for Peace programme (USA), 12

food riots, in Ireland, 35

Food and Trucks and Rock ‘n’ Roll (film, Band Aid), 280

Foot, Isaac, 106, 110

‘For a Million Years’ (Za milion godina, song, YU Rock Misija), 132

Forbes, Captain Robert Bennet, 235

France

fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, 131

Irish famine relief by, 35, 41, 86–88, 163

accountability of, 238

Soviet famine relief by, 261

communist, 110

Fry, Ruth, 101, 184, 252, 258

FSR (Friends of Soviet Russia), 53

fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 95, 102, 106

accountability of, 260

communication/public relations strategies, 107, 109–112, 256

Soviet famine relief by, 186

accountability of, 185, 254

Agricultural Relief Unit, 186–187

FUJ (Federation of Ukrainian Jews), 100

fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 108, 256

fundraising, 136–143

and accountability of aid, 250–253, 292

and donor motivation, 69–72

ethics of, 72–73, 141–143

for Ethiopian famine relief, 65, 121–127, 276–277

celebrity activism in, 127–136

and resettlement programme, 206

for Irish famine relief, 42–43

by Catholic Church, 41, 80–88, 242

criticism of, 159

in Great Britain, 40, 74–79

in USA, 88–93

photographs used in, 30

for Soviet famine relief, 49, 54, 94–96, 100, 114

and anti-communism in West, 96–98

communication strategies, 98–110

by communist relief organisations, 110–113

individual appeals by Russians, 113–116

success of, 68–72, 139–141

Galloway, George, 197

GCRC (General Central Relief Committee for All Ireland), 162, 168

Geldof, Bob, 61, 67, 196

on accountability of aid, 280

control over disbursement of funds by, 133, 195–196

fundraising by, 65, 128, 135

personal motivation of, 127–129

renewed efforts of, 303

in Sahel region, 211

gender, and perceptions of emergencies, 74

Germany

fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, 130–131

fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78

Soviet famine relief by, 182

fundraising strategies, 105

Gibson, Lydia, 187

Giddens, Anthony, 222

gifts-in-kind, see in-kind relief

Gill, Peter, 62, 118, 204

Giorgis, Dawit Wolde, 193

global aid regime, formation of, 59

Golden, L.B., 190

Gorky, Maxim, Soviet famine relief appeal by, 93–94, 137–138, 142

Gossin, Jules, 41, 82–86

governance, mass starvation as failure of, 8–9

governments

dependence of relief organisations on, 292

of Ethiopia

and famine relief for rebel areas, 200

misappropriation of famine relief by, 287–288

side-stepping by foreign donors of, 191

humanitarianism by, 214

in Ethiopia Famine, 266

in Irish Famine, 232

in Soviet Famine, 55

of Soviet Union

anti-capitalism of, 265

famine relief accounting by, 261

responsibilities for famines of, 140–141

gratitude of aid beneficiaries, 110, 220, 295, 300

evidence in accounting reports of, 246–248, 261–266

fundraising use of, 259

repayment offers, 115–116

Great Britain

humanitarianism in

ad hoc humanitarianism, 33

charity shops, 126

emergence of, 27

Ethiopian famine relief, 119, 126, 133–136, 270, 278

governmental, 214

and imperialism, 29

Irish famine relief, 4, 34–40, 43, 74–79, 82, 149–155, 225–232, 238–241, 244, 301

nationalism motive in, 106

organised humanitarianism, 47–50

Soviet famine relief, 110, 172

Irish famine-related migration to, 167–169

media coverage of famine in

Ethiopian Famine, 119

Protestant revival in, 26

Greatest Good Donation Calculator, 146

Greece, international aid for independence struggle of, 33

Groom, Simon, 280

Gurney, Samuel, 229

Haenning, Gitte, 131

Hall, Stuart, 135

Hamburg, fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78

Hancke, Edith, 131

Hands across America event, 136

Harding, Warren, 103

Harrison, George, 128, 276

Harston, Henry Cooke, 152

Harvey, Jacob, 92

Haskell, Thomas L. (author), 27, 299

Haskell, William (ARA director in Moscow), 114, 250, 254

Help the Aged, 125

Hibernian Society (Charleston), 90

Hibernian Society (Philadelphia), 90

Hilferding, Rudolf, 25

historical analysis of humanitarianism, 2–4, 24–33, 301

fresh look at, 1

research on, 4, 307–310

A History of Humanitarianism (Salvatici), 26

Hoover, Herbert, 46–47, 50, 52, 54, 142

on accountability of aid, 220

leadership of ARA by, 55, 95

role in Soviet famine relief by, 96, 171, 179

accountability of aid, 248

and self-interest motive, 103–104

united relief front aspirations, 190

human rights

and Ethiopian resettlement programme, 205–206

to subsistence, 23

humanitarian studies, 24

in South, 308

humanity, 15

common, theme of, 128, 130, 307

principle of humanitarianism, 14–16, 20

‘Hungry for Change’ campaign (Oxfam), 126

hyperbolic language, use of, 121

Ibenat relief camp (Ethiopia), closing of, 204

ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), 50

access to resettlers in Ethiopia demanded by, 205

humanitarian aid by, 56

Eritrea and Tigray famine relief, 200

in Ethiopian Famine, 194, 274

in Soviet Famine, 53

on misappropriation of Ethiopian famine relief, 197

ICRR (International Committee for Russian Relief), 53

Soviet famine relief by, 52, 54, 257, 266

criticism of, 190–191

ideals of humanitarianism, 5, 14–16, 20

identifiable victim effect, 70

IFTU (International Federation of Trade Unions), 53

impartiality, 14

of humanitarianism, 5, 14–16, 217

imperialism, British

and humanitarianism, 29

in Ireland, 36–37

in-group effects for charitable donations, 114

creation of, 71, 138–139

exploitation of, 108

persistence of, 303

in-group solidarity

of humanitarian aid workers, 15

in-kind relief

appeals for, 134

in Ethiopian famine relief, 201–204

in Irish famine relief, 160, 234

in Soviet famine relief, 178–179, 183–184

accountability of, 256–257

versus cash donations, 146, 160–166, 215–216, 306

India

famine in, 9

fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78

humanitarianism in, 29

Indian Relief Fund, 165

individuals

appeals for aid by, 109, 113–116

moral motivations of, 1

responses to media coverage of famine by, 120–121

information sharing, 217

inspections of aid, 176, 190

intelligentsia, Soviet famine relief aimed for, 114

InterAction (USA), 123, 209, 270, 277

The Irish Crisis (Trevelyan), 230–231

Irish diaspora

fundraising for Irish famine relief by, 80, 88–90, 225

remittances by, 42

Irish Famine (Great Irish Famine, 1840s), 36

British denial of existence of, 230–232

British relief efforts in, 4, 34, 301

accountability of, 225–232

allocation of aid, 149–155

fundraising campaigns, 74–79

and racial stereotyping, 214

deaths in Great Britain resulting from, 169

domestic relief, 224

media coverage of, 73

migrations resulting from, 167–170

transnational relief, 34–35, 40–44, 80–93, 161–163

accountability of, 224–245, 293

aid-in-kind versus monetary aid, 160–166

regional distribution of, 162–164

soup kitchens, 155–160

Irish Relief Committee (Charleston), 90

Irish Relief Committee (New York), 92–93

Irish Relief Committee (Philadelphia), 90

ISCU (International Save the Children Union), 48, see also SCF (Save the Children Fund)

Soviet famine relief by, 248, 257

Italy

Ethiopian famine relief by

accountability of, 267, 284

fundraising for, 64, 129–130

fundraising for Irish Famine in, 86, 238

IWRF (Imperial War Relief Fund), 50, 105

Jackson, Michael, 130

James, John W., 90

Jamestown (ship), 42, 166, 234–235

Jansson, Kurt, 63, 203

on accountability of Ethiopian famine relief, 288

on Band Aid, 196

on Ethiopian government role in famine relief, 196, 208

on private donations for Ethiopian famine relief, 270

on voluntary organisations in Ethiopian famine relief, role of, 65, 192

JDC (Joint Distribution Committee), Soviet famine relief by

accountability of, 264

conflicts with ARA, 188

fundraising for, 94, 107

Jebb, Eglantyne, 47–48, 97, 261, 292

Jenden, Kevin, 195, 211

Jenden, Penny, 195, 212, 286

Jewish diaspora

airlifting of Ethiopian Jews fundraising by, 124

Soviet famine relief by, 175

accountability of, 264

criticism on, 189

fundraising for, 107

Jewish Life Here and There – Some Pictures and a Few Facts (pamphlet, Federation of Ukrainian Jews), 100

JRO (Joint Relief Operation), 194, 201

justice, 18

distributive, 221

humanitarianism based on, 73

Kim Jong-il, 305

Kollwitz, Käthe, 111

Korem relief camp (Ethiopia), media coverage of, 116, 129

Kouchner, Bernard, 60

Kragen, Ken, 130

Krause, Monika, 32

labour movement, humanitarianism of, 53

Laurent, Henri, 242

League of Nations

ambitions of, 56

Nansen's work for, 54

life-saving

costs of, 5, 142

public relations/communication strategies on, 255–256

Live Aid concerts, 32, 65, 67, 128–129, 133, 136, 280

Liverpool, Irish Famine refugees in, 168

logistics of aid, 147–149, 217

in Ethiopian famine relief, 66, 191–197

in Irish famine relief, 157

in Soviet famine relief, 170–171, 173, 185–187, 248–249

London

fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 80, 239

long-term aid, see development aid versus emergency aid dilemma

Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 269

Louisiana, fund for rebuilding of black churches in, 301

Lousley, Cheryl, 121, 128

Lucas, Frederic, 81, 239–240

lyrics of fundraising songs, 132, 143

MacHale, John (archbishop of Tuam), 162, 237

Mahony, James, 151

Malthus, Thomas Robert, 8

Mansion House Committee (Ireland), 37

markets for donations, 144

marriages between aid workers and local women, 176

Maul, Daniel, 51

Mauss, Marcel, 17, 300

means testing for aid allocation, 178

media coverage

of famine

Biafra crisis, 60

Ethiopian Famine, 61–63, 116–121

impact of, 32, 137, 140

Irish Famine, 40, 73, 81, 159

Soviet Famine, 102–103, 173

of famine relief

in Ethiopia, 202, 204, 207, 269, 274, 284, 286, 289, 296

impact of, 215–216

in Soviet Union, 55, 253, 265

medical aid, in Soviet famine relief, 181

Mekelle camp (Tigray), 203

Mennonite humanitarianism, 189

Mercury, Freddy, Live Aid performance of, 67

migrations, famine induced, 218

in Ethiopia, 197, 202

in Ireland, 167–170

in Soviet Union, 173, 180

military humanitarianism, 304

military service, humanitarian work as alternative for, 49

misappropriation of aid

accountability of aid to counter fears of, 223, 228

in Ethiopian famine relief, 197, 214

fears of, 191, 267, 285–290

to resettlers, 203

in Irish famine relief, 168

in Soviet famine relief, 175

prevention of, 249

mistrust of famine relief, 214–215

monetisation of humanitarianism, 306

moral accounting, of Band Aid, 279

moral arguments for humanitarianism, 1, 5

analysis of, 2

fundraising emphasis on, 258–260

moral economy, 1, 16, 300

alternative versions of, 298

of humanitarianism, 2–3, 21–23, 299–301, 309

and accountability, 221–224

dilemmas in fundraising, 72–73

food aid, 12, 69

Irish, 35, 93

paternalistic element of, 12

moral obligations to donate, 299

appeals to, 69, 73, 107–110

moral value, of donations, 296–297

MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières), 19, 219

aid allocation by, 146–147

Ethiopian famine relief by, 66, 267

accountability of, 284–285, 289–290

fundraising for, 132, 272, 276–277

and resettlement programme, 207–209

founding of, 31–32, 60

Mucha, Alfons Maria, 99

Münzenberg, Willi, 113, 261, 265

Murray, Daniel (archbishop of Dublin), 162, 237

musicians, humanitarian engagement of, 60, 127–129, 131–133

‘Nackt im Wind’ (song), 132

Nansen, Fridtjof, 100, 142

costs of travel by, 255

on necessity of governmental support for humanitarianism, 55

role in Soviet famine relief of, 54–55, 97, 103, 177, 265

ICCR leadership, 52–53, 190

nationalisation, of transnational humanitarianism, 49–51

nationalism, in fundraising campaigns, 141, 221

for Soviet famine relief, 105–106

natural law, entitlement to subsistence as, 23

NCWC (National Catholic Welfare Council, USA), 51

neo-liberalism, humanitarian, 306

NER (Near East Relief, USA), 47

Netherlands, fundraising in

for Ethiopian famine relief, 129

for Irish famine relief in, 82

for Soviet famine relief in, 261

New Internationalist (journal), 269

New York, Irish famine relief from

accountability of, 234, 236

fundraising for, 92–93

New York Times (newspaper, USA), 120

NGOs (non-governmental organisations), use of term, 10, 245

North Korean Famine, 305

Norway, Soviet famine relief by, 103

Notre Dame (Paris) fire (2019), donations after, 298–299, 301

Ó Gráda, Cormac, 299

O’Carroll, Redmund, 163

O’Keefe, Gus, 195, 206

obligations

of charity, Christian, 81

to donate, 23, 299

appeals to, 72, 107–110

occupation, links between donors and beneficiaries through, 113–114

OEOE (Emergency Operations in Ethiopia, UN), 63, 196

auditing of Ethiopian famine relief by, 267

‘Olive Leaf' pamphlets, 93

organised humanitarianism, 4, 24–25, 138, 303

accountability of aid in, 293

emergence of, 29–31

in Soviet famine relief, 44–49, 183

Oriental famines, 296

origin, countries of

statement on relief goods of, 247–248

other, British views of Ireland/Irish as, 37

Ottoman Empire

Greek struggle for independence from, international relief for, 33

and Irish Famine, 34

overhead costs, accounting for, 233, 246

by Band Aid Trust, 281–282

in Soviet famine relief, 249–256

Owen, Robert Dale, 89

Oxfam

Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 204

accountability of, 274–276, 288

allocation of aid, 193, 202

criticism of, 203

fundraising for, 119, 121–123, 125, 207, 277

and resettlement programme, 207–208

research by, 135

Page, Frank (ARA secretary), 114

Pankhurst, Alula, 206

Pankhurst, Richard, 206

Papal Relief Mission, 104

paternalistic model of moral economy, 2, 12

Paul, E. V., 240

Paulmann, Johannes, 31–32

Peberdy, Max, 286

Peel, Robert, 37

Philadelphia, Irish famine relief from

accountability of, 234

fundraising for, 90

philanthropy, emergence of, 29

photographs, use in fundraising of, 30, 123

Pictet, Jean, 14, 20

Pigou, Frederick, 155

pity, 18, see also compassion

Pius IX (pope), Irish famine relief efforts by, 34, 41, 82, 84–86

political goals

aid exploited for, 305

of humanitarian aid, 12, 16, 46–47

anti-communist, 50, 214

Soviet famine relief, 104

politics, see also depoliticisation of famine

of Ethiopian Famine, 132

Polk, James K. (US president), 89

poor laws, Irish, 38

post-humanitarianism, 307

power

asymmetry between donors and beneficiaries, 222–224, 300–301

food as an instrument of, 12

principles of humanitarianism, 14

priority regimes in humanitarian aid allocation, 19–22

professionalisation of humanitarian aid, 48, 55–56

in Soviet famine relief, 184, 250

protest, means of, 10–11

Protestant Church, Irish famine relief by, 80

Protestant revival, 26

Protestants, Irish

Catholic famine relief for, 243

public health, utilitarian approaches in, 21

public sector, see governments

public works schemes, in Irish Famine, 38, 158

Punch (magazine, UK), 79

Quaker humanitarianism, 49

communication/public relations strategies, 101

Irish famine relief, 38, 42, 155–160

accountability of aid, 227, 232–233, 244

Soviet famine relief, 51, 96, 172, 179, 181, 184

conflicts with ARA, 188, 190

overhead costs of, 252

state support sought for, 56

quasi-accounts, of Ethiopian famine relief, 274

Quisling, Vidkun, 176

R2P (responsibility to protect principle), 304

railway network, Soviet, 170

rationality

of charitable donations, 69

of fundraising by relief organisations, 70–72

recipes for soup, in Irish famine relief, 159–160

recipients of aid, see beneficiaries of aid

reciprocity in famine relief, 139

Record (SCF magazine), 94, 96–97, 99, 102

accountability of, 294

costs of fundraising, 251

nationalism motive, 106, 248

and self-interest motive, 105

Red Cross/Crescent movement, 14, 28, see also ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross)

in Sweden, 172, 178

in USA, see ARC (American Red Cross)

rehabilitation programmes, Ethiopian, 210, 216

Relief Association for Ireland (USA), 91

relief camps/shelters, Ethiopian, 202, 204

Relief Committee of Skibbereen, 75

relief organisations, 10, see also voluntary relief organisations

accountability of aid by, 220

communication strategies in, 273–275

archives of, 308

communist, 53

appeals to in-group solidarity by, 110–113

conflicts between, 188–191

co-operation/coordination between

in Ethiopian famine relief, 194, 277–278

in Soviet famine relief, 172–173, 217

fundraising by

communication/public relations strategies, 18, 100–102, 106–110, 127, 255–256

criticism on costs of, 250–253

rationality of, 70–72

individual appeals to, 109, 113–116

needs assessments by, 145

newcomers, 210–213, 217

accountability of aid by, 278–283, 290

in Ethiopian famine relief, 194

religious dimensions of humanitarian action, 22, 108

resettlement

Ethiopian government programme of, 64

and famine relief, 204–210, 288–289

in Irish Famine, 166

REST (Relief Society of Tigray), 124, 198, 200

RFRF (Russian Famine Relief Fund), 257

Rickard, Edgar (ARA associate director), 249

rights, see entitlements, see also human rights

assertion of, 11

riots, see violent behaviour, as means of protest

in Ireland, 35

Ritchie, Lionel, 130

Robertson, Sir Benjamin, 172, 176–178, 180

Roddy, Sarah, 228

Rogol, Marty, 211

Rosmini, Antonio, 82

RRC (Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Ethiopia)

distrust of, 61, 286

and international donor organisations, 193, 208

monitoring of famine relief by, 267, 269

and United Nations, 196

rule of rescue, 147

Russell, Lord John, 38, 83, 229

Russia, see Soviet Union

Rusted, Philip, 280

Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Vatican), 41

Salvatici, Silvia, 26

Saratov province (Soviet Union), famine relief in, 172–173, 176, 180

SCF (Save the Children Fund), 29, 47–49

Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 199

accountability of, 288

and resettlement programme, 207

fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief by, 122, 134, 272, 277

fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 49, 94, 97, 142

accountability of, 257

communication and public relations, 98–100, 102, 104, 106–107, 255

criticism on costs of, 250–253

kitchen system, 108–109, 255

fundraising for Yemen famine relief by, 299

national chapters of, 50

professionalisation of, 55

Soviet famine relief by, 171–172

accountability of, 248, 250–251, 257–258, 296

and adult feeding programmes, 180–181

governmental support for, 55

soup kitchens, 176–178

School Aid (UK), 134, 279

Schull (Ireland), famine relief in, 164

Scotland, famine relief for, 40, 76, 154, 226

Second World War, German Hunger Plan for Soviet Union in, 11

selection

of aid categories, 274

of aid recipients, 20–21, 184–185

self-interest

fundraising emphasis on, 103–107

motivation for humanitarian action, 307

self-reliance of crisis-affected populations, emphasis on, 307

self-sacrifice, of donors who have little to give, 259

Sen, Amartya, 161, 306

on causes of famine, 8–10, 13

criticism on, 10–14

on entitlement to subsistence, 23

sentimental exchange culture, 128

sexual abuse, by aid workers, 167, 176, 218, 306

Singer, Peter

on cost of live saving, 142

on entitlement to subsistence, 23

on famine relief, importance of, 1, 3, 5

on Notre Dame donations, 298

on obligation to help, 15

on selection of aid recipients, 20

Skibbereen (Ireland)

famine in, 82, 93

media coverage of, 137

relief for, 154–155

famine-related migration from, 167–168

famine-related migration to, 166

Relief Committee of, 75

Slattery, Michael, 162

Smith, H., 74

social media, role in humanitarian communication, 305

solidarity

communist, 110–113

in-group, of aid workers, 15

Somalian Famine, 304

soup kitchens, see feeding programmes

in Irish Famine, 38, 166

effectiveness of, 155–160

in Soviet Famine, 176–178

children only policies of, 180–181

South, humanitarian studies in the, 308

Soviet Russia (journal), 173

Soviet Union

Ethiopian famine relief by, 64

famine in Second World War in, 11

famine of 1920s in, 44–45

domestic famine relief for, 265

famine relief accountability, 245–266

famine relief allocation, 170–191

fundraising for relief for, 93–116

transnational famine relief for, 4, 50–56, 94–113, 214

Soyer, Alexis, 159

Special Fund for the Spiritual Exigencies of Ireland, 80

Spectator (journal), 180

Sport Aid, 135

SRC (Swedish Red Cross), Soviet famine relief by, 172, 178

starvation, mass

as failure of governance, 8–9

intentional, 11–13

stereotyping of Irish/Ireland, in Great Britain, 75–76, 214, 225

Strange, Julie-Marie, 228

strangers, aid to

moral economy approaches to, 19

moral obligation of, 69

Strategy for Salvation (film, ICRC), 274

Strauss, Lewis, 107, 264

Stringer, Guy, 212

Strum, Harvey, 170

subsistence, entitlement to, 23, 36

Sudan

famine refugees from Tigray and Eritrea in, 197

food aid to, 12

suffering stranger appeals, 69, 142

supply side of humanitarian aid, 17

constraints in, 19–20

Survival International, 206

SVP (Society of St Vincent de Paul), 28, 44

Irish famine relief by, 41

accountability of, 241–244, 293

allocation of aid, 163

fundraising for, 43, 82

Sweden, famine relief for Ethiopia by, 64

accountability of, 278

fundraising for, 123, 126–127, 129–130, 134, 272

media coverage of, 120, 287

Switzerland, fundraising for Irish Famine in, 84

symbolic empowerment of aid beneficiaries, 73

Tablet (journal, Great Britain)

accountability of Catholic aid in, 236, 239–241

on Irish Famine/famine relief, 40, 81

Taithe, Bertrand, 228, 307

‘Tears Are Not Enough’ (song), 132

technology, humanitarianism influenced by, 307

telephone donations, introduction of, 129

Thompson, E. P.

on entitlement to subsistence, 23

moral economy concept of, 1, 300

Tigray Famine, 124

public awareness of, 137

relief for, 191–192, 197–201, 203

accountability of, 274, 288, 294

Times (newspaper, UK), 76

Townsend, Richard B., 75–76, 154, 167, 227

TPLF (Tigray People's Liberation Front), 287–288

transactions costs, 165

transnational humanitarianism, 140–141

historical analysis of, 4, 27–28, 137

motivations for, 19, 301

nationalisation of, 49–51

transparency of aid distribution

lack of, 237, 241

promotion of, 244

Trevelyan, Charles, 40, 75, 153–154, 230–232, 245

triage systems, in humanitarian aid, 19–22

triggers of famine, 12

Trotsky, Leon, 104

trust

lack of, 245

need for fostering of, 123

Tyrrell, Ian, 29

underspending of donations, accusations of

in Ethiopian famine relief, 283–285

UNICEF

Ethiopian famine relief by, 199

fundraising by, 127

United Nations, and Ethiopian Famine, 62–63, 196

universalism, humanitarian, 14

The Unknown Famine (documentary film, Dimbleby), 61

URA (United Relief Association), 150

Ure, Midge, 128

USA

famine-related Irish emigration to, 169

humanitarianism in

ad hoc humanitarianism, 33

anti-communist goals of, 50

emergence of, 27–29

Ethiopian famine relief, 63–64, 128, 130, 136, 193, 270, 282–283

governmental, 214

Irish famine relief, 35, 41–43, 88–93, 227, 233–235, 244

organised humanitarianism, 46–47

political use of, 12

Soviet famine relief, 50–51, 95–96, 103, 172–173, 188–190

USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for Africa organisation), 130, 133, 136, 210–211

accountability of aid by, 266, 282–284, 290

USAID

disaster relief by, 291

on Ethiopian famine relief accountability, 267, 270, 288

and Ethiopian resettlement programme, 205, 209

famine relief for Tigray and Eritrea by, 200

utilitarianism, in public health, 21

Van Schaick, Myndert, 92

Vasset, Brigitte, 117, 290

Vatican, Irish famine relief by, 34, 84–86, 161–163, see also Catholic Church

accountability of, 238

Vaux, Tony, 202–203, 281, 286, 288

Ventura, Gioacchino, 85–86

Vera (Russian rag doll), 259

victims of famine

children, fundraising focus on, 30, 98–101

entitlements to aid of, 138–141

of Ethiopian Famine, 57

in resettlement programme, 205

in India, 10

of Irish Famine, 36, 38–39

in Great Britain, 169

of Soviet Famine

moral worth of, 96

selection for famine relief of, 176

sympathy for, 7

voices of, 137–138

Victoria (Queen of Great Britain and Ireland), 40

and gendered perceptions of emergencies, 73

and Irish famine relief, 76–77, 229

violent behaviour, as means of protest, 10–11

rights/entitlements to, 23

visibility of aid, as goal in itself, 293

voices

of aid beneficiaries, 137, 301, 303

of famine victims, 137–138

Volga region, famine relief in, 173

voluntary relief organisations

in Ethiopian Famine, 65, 192

accountability of aid, 269–278

aid management by, 193

food aid by, 201–202

fundraising by, 65, 119, 127

and resettlement programme dilemmas, 205–210

in Irish Famine, 75

fundraising by, 39–43

research on history of, 308

rise of, 60

VRS (Volga Relief Society), Soviet famine relief by, 173

accountability of, 264

fundraising for, 94

Walker, Brian, 212

Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 289

Walzer, Michael, 73

War on Want, 118–119

Ethiopian famine relief by, 197

accountability of, 273, 288

for Eritrea and Tigray, 199

fundraising for, 122–123, 126, 134, 272, 276

warfare, starvation as a means of, 11–13

wars

famines resulting from, 304

humanitarian aid in, 30

Watson, Brad, 251–252, 254

Watts, Arthur, 181

‘We Are the World’ (song, Jackson & Ritchie), 131, 143

wealth, calculations of, 178

Weardale, Lord, 106–107

Weber, Max, 302

Webster, Laurence, 177, 179, 181

Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley), 73–74

West

abundance of food in, guilt feelings on, 120, 142

Africa conceptualisations of, 129, 137

aid appeals from secessionist Ethiopian liberations fronts to, 123–124

anti-communism of, and Soviet famine relief, 96–98

culpability for Soviet Famine of, 94, 112

observers on Ethiopian famine relief convoys from, 286

WFP (World Food Programme, UN), 21

accountability of aid by, 266

famine relief in North Korea by, 305

Whig party (UK), moralist attitude towards Irish Famine by, 36

Williams, David, 125

WIR (Workers’ International Relief), 53

founding of, 110

Soviet famine relief by, 185–188

accountability of, 246, 259–261

fundraising for, 95, 112

‘With Love from Band Aid’ (report), 280

women

in humanitarian aid work, 30

sexual exploitation by aid workers of, 176

women’s liberation movement, first wave, 29

Workers’ Bonds

famine relief through sale of, 188

World Bank

resettlement advice to Ethiopia from, 204

World Vision, 121, 199

YCare International, 125

Yemen, famine in, 298–299, 304

YU Rock Misija (rock band), 132

Yugoslavia, fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, 132

Zangwill, Israel, 101, 107

Zavatti, Francesco, 82

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