Prehospital vital signs are an important and required component of patient assessment. We compared the temporal artery thermometer (TAT) to the digital thermometer currently used in our emergency medical service (EMS) system and then to the digital thermometer used in the emergency department. The primary objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of the TAT in the prehospital setting. Other outcomes of interest included whether extraneous factors or cold ambient temperatures affected the TAT readings and paramedic satisfaction with the TAT.

This was a prospective, observational study. Patient temperature was taken by EMS personnel with both the digital thermometer and the TAT, and a chart review was conducted on a sample of these patients to compare the TAT to the emergency department digital thermometer.

A total of 818 patients had their temperatures taken with both thermometers in the prehospital setting. The relationship between the TAT and digital thermometer measurement was positive and moderate; however, there was poor agreement between the two devices. Sixty-nine charts were reviewed, and a positive correlation was found between the TAT and the emergency department digital thermometer, with good agreement between the two devices. No extraneous factors were found to have a noticeable effect on the temperature measurements; the TAT performed well in cold weather, and the EMS personnel reported it to be easy to use.

The TAT appears to be a suitable alternative to digital thermometers currently used in many EMS systems. The paramedics involved in this study liked the TAT better than the in-ambulance digital thermometer and believed it to be more accurate. Further research on this topic is required.

To quantify the current availability and use of bedside emergency department ultrasonography (EDUS) for blunt trauma at Canadian pediatric centres and to identify any perceived barriers to the use of bedside EDUS in such centres.

An electronic survey was sent to 162 pediatric emergency physicians and 12 site directors from the 12 pediatric emergency departments across Canada.

Ninety-two percent (11 of 12) of centres completed the survey. The individual physician response rate was 65% (106 of 162), with 100% of site directors responding. Ultrasound machines were available in 45% (5 of 11) of centres. Forty-two percent (32 of 77) of emergency physicians working in equipped pediatric centres used bedside EDUS to evaluate blunt abdominal trauma (BAT). In the subgroup of staff who also worked at adults sites, the frequency of ultrasonography use for the evaluation of pediatric BAT was 75%. In the 55% (6 of 11) of centres without ultrasonography, 88% of staff intend to incorporate its use in the future and 81% indicated that they believed the incorporation of ultrasonography would have a positive impact on patient care. The main perceived barriers to the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of BAT were a lack of training (41%) and a lack of equipment (26%).

Bedside EDUS is currently used in almost half of pediatric trauma centres, a frequency that is significantly lower than adult centres. Physicians in pediatric centres who use ultrasonography report that it has a high utility, and a great majority of physicians at pediatric centres without EDUS plan to incorporate it in the future. The main reported barriers to its use are a lack of training and a lack of equipment availability.

Multiple studies have demonstrated low rates of antithrombotic use, low neuroimaging rates, and high subsequent risk of stroke at 90 days following an emergency department (ED) diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA). This study assessed the use of antithrombotic medications, neuroimaging, and subsequent 90-day stroke rate for patients in a more recent cohort of ED patients discharged home with TIA.

We conducted a 1-year historical cohort study of all patients discharged with a TIA at a tertiary care ED (census 60,000 visits/year), which was one of the four sites participating in one of the aforementioned studies. Data were extracted from paper and electronic records onto standardized data extraction forms. Clinical findings, medications, and tests were recorded.

A total of 211 patients were enrolled in the study. The patients had the following characteristics: the mean age was 71.2 years (SD 13.8 years), 56.9% were female, 53.1% had a history of hypertension, 26.5% had a history of ischemic heart disease, and 17.1% had a previous stroke. The most frequent neurologic deficit was unilateral weakness (53.6%), and most deficits lasted for more than 60 minutes (71.6%). Antithrombotic medications were used for 96.7% of patients at ED discharge. Neuroimaging was conducted in 94.3% of patients while in the ED. Our cohort had a 90-day stroke rate of 1.9%.

This study established that most TIA patients receive neuroimaging in the ED and are started on or maintained on antithrombotic agents. Clinicians are encouraged to ensure that electrocardiography is done routinely and to involve Neurology in follow-up care.

The Broselow Pediatric Emergency Tape (Armstrong Medical Industries, Inc., Lincolnshire, IL) (BT) is a well-established length-based tool for estimation of body weight for children during resuscitation. In view of pandemic childhood obesity, the BT may no longer accurately estimate weight. We therefore studied the BT in children from Ontario in a large recent patient cohort.

Actual height and weight were obtained from an urban and a rural setting. Children were prospectively recruited between April 2007 and July 2008 from the emergency department and outpatient clinics at the London Health Science Centre. Rural children from junior kindergarten to grade 4 were also recruited in the spring of 2008 from the Avon Maitland District School Board. Data for preschool children were obtained from three daycare centres and the electronic medical record from the Maitland Valley Medical Centre. The predicted weight from the BT was compared to the actual weight using Spearman rank correlation; agreement and percent error (PE) were also calculated.

A total of 6,361 children (46.2% female) were included in the study. The median age was 3.9 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.56-7.67 years), weight was 17.2 kg (IQR 11.6-25.4 kg), and height was 103.5 cm (IQR 82-124.4 cm). Although the BT weight estimate correlated with the actual weight (r = 0.95577, p < 0.0001), the BT underestimated the actual weight by 1.62 kg (7.1% ± 16.9% SD, 95% CI -26.0-40.2). The BT had an ≥ 10% PE 43.7% of the time.

Although the BT remains an effective method for estimating pediatric weight, it was not accurate and tended to underestimate the weight of Ontario children. Until more accurate measurement tools for emergency departments are developed, physicians should be aware of this discrepancy.

The Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) sepsis guidelines created by the CAEP Critical Care Practice Committee (C4) and published in the Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine (CJEM) form the most definitive publication on Canadian emergency department (ED) sepsis care to date. Our intention was to identify which of the care items in this document are specifically necessary in the ED and then to provide these items in a tiered checklist that can be used by any Canadian ED practitioner.

Practice points from the CJEM sepsis publication were identified to create a practice point list. Members of C4 then used a Delphi technique consensus process over May to October 2009 via e-mail to create a tiered checklist of sepsis care items that can or could be completed in a Canadian ED when caring for the septic shock patient. This checklist was then assessed for use by a survey of ED practitioners from varying backgrounds (rural ED, community ED, tertiary ED) from July to October 2010.

Twenty sepsis care items were identified in the CAEP sepsis guidelines. Fifteen items were felt to be necessary for ED care. Two levels of checklists were then created that can be used in a Canadian ED. Most ED physicians in community and tertiary care centres could complete all parts of the level I sepsis checklist. Rural centres often struggle with the ability to obtain lactate values and central venous access. Many items of the level II sepsis checklist could not be completed outside the tertiary care centre ED.

Sepsis care continues to be an integral and major part of the ED domain. Practice points for sepsis care that require specialized monitoring and invasive techniques are often limited to larger tertiary care EDs and, although heavily emphasized by many medical bodies, cannot be reasonably expected in all centres. When the resources of a centre limit patient care, transfer may be required.

Les directives de l'Association canadienne des médecins d'urgence (ACMU) relatives à la sepsie, créées par le Critical Care Practice Committee de l'ACMU (C4) et publiées dans le Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine (CJEM), constituent la plus importante publication consacrée à la prise en charge de la sepsie au sein des services des urgences (SU) canadiens. Notre intention consistait à identifier lesquels, parmi les éléments de prise en charge proposés dans ce document, sont spécifiquement nécessaires au sein du SU et de présenter ensuite ces éléments sous la forme d'une liste de contrôle à plusieurs niveaux pouvant être utilisée par n'importe quel praticien d'un SU canadien.

Les points pratiques de la publication du CJEM consacrée à la sepsie ont été identifiés afin de générer une liste pratique en plusieurs points. Les membres du C4 ont ensuite eu recours, de mai à octobre 2009, à une procédure de consensus selon la technique Delphi, par courriel, en vue de créer une liste de contrôle à plusieurs niveaux relatives aux eléménts de la prise en charge de la sepsie pouvant ou non être assurés au sein d'un SU canadien lors de la prise en charge d'un patient victime d'un choc septique. Cette liste de contrôle a ensuite été évaluée en vue de son utilisation par le biais d'un questionnaire adressé à des praticiens de SU travaillant dans divers contextes (SU rural, SU communautaire, SU tertiaire), cela de juillet à octobre 2010.

Vingt éléments de la prise en charge de la sepsie ont été identifiés dans les directives de l'ACMU relatives à la sepsie. Quinze eléménts ont été jugés nécessaires pour la prise en charge dans le cadre d'un SU. On a ensuite crée deux niveaux de liste de contrôle pouvant être utilisés dans un SU canadien. La plupart des médecins urgentistes travaillant dans des centres de soins communautaires et tertiaires ont pu réaliser toutes les parties de la liste de contrôle de niveau I pour le sepsis. Les centres ruraux rencontrent souvent des difficultés en ce qui concerne la possibilité d'obtention d'un dosage du lactate valeurs et d'un accès veineux central. Un grand nombre d'éléments de la liste de contrôle de niveau II pour le sepsis n'ont pas pu être réalisés en dehors des SU de centres de soins tertiaires.

La prise en charge de la sepsie fait toujours partie intégrante et constitue un élément majeur du domaine des SU. Les points pratiques pour la prise en charge de la sepsie qui requièrent un monitorage spécialisé et des techniques invasives sont souvent limités aux SU de soins tertiaires plus importants et, bien que bon nombre de corps médicaux soulignent leur importance, ne peuvent pas raisonnablement être attendus dans tous les centres. Lorsque les ressources d'un centre limitent la prise en charge du patient, un transfert peut s'avérer nécessaire.