Index

David DeGrazia; Joseph Millum

doi:10.1017/9781009026710.013

Index

abortion, 68, 288–293, 301

addiction, 49, 120, 218

adoption, 236, 241–242, 284–285, 291, 304

advance directive, 90, 92, 127–131, 244, 265–270

adverse selection, 169

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement), 170–174

Alzheimer’s disease. See dementia

American Medical Association, 135

Amnesty International, 72

anencephaly, 237

animals. See nonhuman animals

apes. See great apes

assisted reproductive technology (ART), 282–284, 286

autonomous action, 7, 48–49, 98–102, 117

autonomous authorization, 92, 125

autonomy, 36–37, 48–50, 97–137, 142–143, 146–147, 149–150, 244, 265, 281–288

Beauchamp, Tom, 2, 14, 22, 49–51

Benatar, David, 286

beneficence, 7, 42–45, 50, 79, 81, 112, 154–167

imperfect duty of, 7, 43–44, 157, 191

perfect duty of, 7, 43–44, 157–161, 163–166

special duties of, 8, 43–45, 166

best-interests standard, 129–130

brain death. See death

Brock, Dan, 245

Buchanan, Allen, 245, 260

capacity. See competence

Capron, Alexander, 120

casuistry, 22

Categorical Imperative, 53

children, research with, 38, 77–83, 116

Childress, James, 2, 14, 22, 49–51

CIOMS. See Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences

coercion, 72, 89, 103–105, 124

dispositional, 103

occurrent, 103

as subjection, 106–108

coherence model. See reflective equilibrium

coma, 85, 243–244, 274

competence, 48–49, 97, 100–102, 127–130, 132, 223

competition, fair, 65, 67

confidentiality, 158

congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), 304–307

consent, 17, 37, 50, 89, 95, 118–127, 229

age of, 101

tacit, 29

consent form, 123, 125–126

consequentialism, 44, 51–53

direct, 52

indirect, 52

considered judgment, 4, 15–18, 34

cosmopolitanism, 8, 150–154

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 105

Cowart, Dax, 132–133

Cushman, Fiery, 27

Dancy, Jonathan, 23

Daniels, Norman, 15, 168

death

badness (disvalue) of, 62, 67–69, 83–84, 87–89, 92, 96, 187, 189, 193, 239, 289–291

gradualism, 69, 241, 290

definition of, 253, 271–278

cardiopulmonary standard, 273

higher-brain standard, 275

whole-brain standard, 273

deception, 108–109, 136

deductivism, 4

dementia, 238, 251, 265–270

deontology, 53–55

difference principle, 141

direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA), 134–137

disability, 145, 229–235

adaptation to, 84, 230, 232

interactive model of, 234

medical model of, 232

social model of, 232

disclosure, 120–122

discrimination, 46, 233, 303

Down syndrome, 242–243, 295

DTCA. See direct-to-consumer advertising

duty of rescue. See beneficence, perfect duty of

egalitarianism

liberal, 140–146, 151, 169

luck, 140, 144–146

embryo. See fetus

embryonic stem cell research, 204–206

Engelhardt, Tristram, 2, 54, 147

enhancement, 259–265

enjoyment, 9, 36, 220, 225–227, 237

equal consideration, 35, 38–40, 46, 50, 177

arguments against, 190–192

arguments for, 192–196

concept explained, 187–190

qualified, 198–202

European Medicines Agency, 170

euthanasia, 239

definition of, 85

objections to, 86–93

safeguards for a policy of, 93–96

experience machine, 217

experimental philosophy, 27–29

exploitation, 106

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration

Feinberg, Joel, 99, 163

feminism, 2, 27

fetus

evidence for sentience of, 184, 206, 290–291

moral status of, 185–186, 289

Fletcher, Joseph, 51

flourishing. See well-being

Focquaert, Farah, 264

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 113, 170

foster care, 284–285

foundationalism in ethics, 25

framing effect, 111

Frankena, William, 5

generic medicines, 170, 172–174

Gert, Bernard, 5, 34

Glannon, Walter, 261

great apes, 210–213

Greene, Joshua, 28

Guantanamo Bay, 72–73

Halpern, Jodi, 133

harm, 58–60, 222. See also nonmaleficence

comparative accounts of, 60

counterfactual account of, 42, 60, 62–63

of death. See death, badness (disvalue) of

historical account of, 60

noncomparative accounts of, 61

by omission, 64

risk of, 69–70, 104, 116

Harm Principle, 116–118

Harvard Medical School, 272

Health Canada, 170

Health Impact Fund, 174

health insurance, 167, 169–170

hedonism, 216–217

Herissone-Kelly, Peter, 303

Hooker, Brad, 214

human

moral relevance of being, 180, 195, 200–202

nonparadigm, 194–196, 200–202, 258

human rights. See rights

ideal theory, 8, 139

identity, personal

narrative, 179, 198–200, 203–204, 250, 257, 259, 261, 263–265, 268

numerical, 250

biological account, 251–254

mind-based account, 254–256

person-based account, 249–251

social account, 256–258

in vitro fertilization (IVF), 282, 288–289, 294, 301

incapacity. See competence

incompetence. See competence

induced pluripotent stem cells, 205

informed consent. See consent

institutional review board, 81

intellectual property. See patent

interests. See well-being

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 168

intuition, 14, 27–29

irreversibly unconscious state, 186, 243–246. See also coma

Joffe, Steve, 123

justice

distributive, 140–154, 162–163, 282–288

global, 150–154

and recognition, 146

site of, 143

juvenile Batten disease, 241–242

Kagan, Shelly, 214

Kamisar, Yale, 90

Kamm, Frances, 53

Kant, Immanuel, 5, 24, 53

legal moralism, 117

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, 239–241

liberalism, political theory of, 97, 140–146, 228

libertarianism, 50, 54, 146–150

life support, 128, 246, 277

Locke, John, 148, 179

locked-in syndrome, 84, 91

MAiD. See medical assistance-in-dying

manipulation, motivational, 108, 110–112, 136–137

markets, economic, 150, 169, 172

McDougall, Rosalind, 303

McMahan, Jeff, 68

medical assistance-in-dying (MAiD), 21, 83–96

Medical Research Council, 80

metaethics, 26, 29–33

Mill, John Stuart, 116–118

Millennium Developmental Goals, 168

Miller, Franklin, 123

minimal risk, 80–82

minimally conscious states, 243

moral status, 40, 50, 175–213, 258, 289–290. See also equal consideration

levels of, 189, 194

potential for, 185–186

sliding-scale account of, 189, 193

Murphy, Liam, 164

narrative capacity, 6, 40, 257–258, 269–270

narrative identity, 9, 178, 179, 194, 198–199, 201, 203, 204, 211, 249–251, 258, 259, 261, 263–265, 268–270

National Health Service, 158

National Institutes of Health, 101

neutrality, state, 143

next-of-kin hierarchy, 128

noncompliance, 161–166

nondiscrimination. See discrimination

nonhuman animals, 43, 88, 180, 184, 250, 280

cats, 187–189

fish, 183–184

great apes, 210–213

insects, 184, 197–198

research with, 190, 206–213

rights of, 40, 196–198, 203–204, 210–213

rodents, 196–197, 206–210

sentience in, 183–184

nonideal theory, 8, 45, 139, 163–166, 285

nonidentity problem, 61, 293–300, 302, 304–307

expectational, 298

genetic, 298

nonmaleficence, 5, 35, 41–42, 58–60, 66–71, 177

Nozick, Robert, 149, 217

nudging, 111–112

Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 206

numerical identity. See under identity, personal

O’Neill, Onora, 54

offer

conditional, 17, 103, 105–106

irresistible, 106–108

omission, harm by, 89

organ procurement, 271, 274, 276–277

palliative care, 89, 236

parenting, 78, 117, 236, 239, 241–242, 283–285, 288, 291, 299, 303–304

Parfit, Derek, 252

particularism, 23–24

patent, 170–174

paternalism, 48, 113–116

hard, 113, 117

soft, 49, 113

pediatric research. See children, research with

Pellegrino, Edmund, 55

persistent vegetative state, 243, 273

personal identity. See identity, personal

persons, separateness of, 199–200

persuasion, 109

physician-assisted suicide, 85, 94. See also medical assistance-in-dying

physicians, special duties of, 44–45, 166

Pogge, Thomas, 171–172, 174

potential, moral relevance of, 185–186, 194, 263, 289

poverty, 106, 151, 165

pregnancy, 185, 262, 279–280, 282, 286, 289, 291–294, 305–306

prerogative, agent-centered, 155–157

President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 272, 274

principle, definition of, 14

Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 49

principlism, 2, 23

prioritarianism, 39, 47, 144

procreation, 61, 281–288, 293–307

procreative autonomy, 281–288

professional morality. See role morality

proxy decision-maker, See surrogate decision-maker

prudential value. See well-being

quarantine, 38, 53

Rachels, James, 21

Rawls, John, 141, 152, 154

reasonable subject standard, 79, 130–131, 236, 245

reconsent, 126

reflective equilibrium, 4–5, 13–23, 25–30, 33–34, 37

refusal of care, 132

relativism, ethical, 30, 32–33

reproductive liberty. See procreative autonomy

research, 38, 77–83, 99, 101, 105–108, 112, 122–123, 125–127, 131, 170–174, 283

alternatives to animal models, 208

with animals, 41, 190, 200

with children, 6, 60, 70, 71, 77–83, 308

with embryonic stem cells, 204–206

with great apes, 210–213

with rodents, 206–210

respect for rights-holders, 5, 36–38, 40, 48, 53–55, 99, 102–103, 121, 131–134, 156

responsibility for health, 168, 305

Ridge, Michael, 164

right, negative, concept of, 37

rights, 5–6, 35–38, 54, 72–77, 98, 104, 116–117, 156, 170, 177–178, 196–204, 212

of animals, 57, 267–270, 277–278, 287–290

autonomy, 48–49, 99–103, 113–116, 118–127, 142, 146–147, 149–150, 281–288

to die, 87–88, 131–134

of fetuses, 290

to health care, 167–170, 172

positive, 37

waiver, 37, 88, 118

risk, 69–70, 77–83, 94, 104, 121, 134, 162–163

of harm, 69, 104, 116

minimal, 79–82

pooling of, 169

Roberts, Melinda, 298–299

rodents, 196–197, 206–210

role morality, 21, 43–45, 93, 166

Ross, W.D., 5

rules, definition of, 14

Schermer, Maartje, 264

Schwitzgebel, Eric, 27

self-deception, 230

self-governance. See autonomy

Senate Intelligence Committee, 72

sentience, 69, 88, 182–183, 185–187, 193, 197–198

definition of, 182

evidence for, in animals, 183–184

evidence for, in fetuses, 184, 206, 290–291

sex selection, 301–304

Shiffrin, Seana, 114–115

Shue, Henry, 76

Simmons, A. John, 29

Singer, Peter, 28, 51, 158, 164

skepticism about morality, 25–26, 30–32

sovereignty, personal. See autonomy

statism, 152–154. See also justice, global

substituted judgment standard, 129, 244

suffering, 9, 22, 36, 38–39, 71, 83, 87, 93–94, 182, 220, 225–227, 237, 298, 304

Sunstein, Cass, 111

surrogate decision-maker, 127–131, 244

Sustainable Development Goals, 168

Tarasoff case, 158

Tay-Sachs disease, 238

terminal illness, 58, 90–91, 94

terminal sedation, 85, 96

Thaler, Richard, 111

threat, 103–105, 124

ticking bomb case, 74–76

token of consent. See autonomous authorization

torture, 71–77, 102

physician involvement in, 73

triage, 130

truth in ethics, 26, 30

understanding, as condition of consent, 101, 115, 120–124, 132

undue inducement, 105–106

Uniform Definition of Death Act (UDDA), 272

United Nations, 71–72, 153

utilitarianism, 34, 51–53, 196, 200, 207–209

utility, principle of, 34, 51

value theory. See well-being

Veatch, Robert, 2

virtue ethics, 55–57

voluntariness

as condition for consent, 17, 19, 118, 124

in euthanasia policy, 89, 95

and responsibility, 100, 144, 162

welfare. See well-being

well-being, 5, 35–38, 40, 48, 98, 130–131, 143, 182, 214–247, 296, 299

desire-satisfaction theories, 217–220, 226–227

equal consideration of interests. See equal consideration

Experience Requirement, 221–222

hedonism, 216–217

Individual Requirement, 222

mental-state theories, 216–217, 219, 226–227

Narrative Requirement, 222–223

objective theories, 220–221, 225, 227–229, 231

World Bank, 153

World Health Organization, 153

World Trade Organization, 153

Zika virus, 304–307

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