Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the solid portion of barley malt which remains following wort production for the brewing industry. Black barley (roasted to 200 °C) or pale barley (unroasted) is used for the brewing process, resulting in black or pale BSG( Reference McCarthy, O' Callaghan and Neugart 1 ). BSG is a potentially useful source of phenolic acids following a published extraction procedure( Reference McCarthy, O' Callaghan and Connolly 2 ). The alkaline-extracted phenolic acids have been shown to possess antioxidant activity( Reference McCarthy, O' Callaghan and Connolly 2 ). The aim of this research was to determine antioxidant effects of BSG phenolic extracts following an enzymatic extraction process.
The BSG extracts were derived from either dry or wet BSG and were either black (labelled A-F) or pale (labelled G-J). The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess the effect of extracts on U937 cell proliferation at concentrations ranging from 0–20 % (v/v). The antioxidant effect of the extracts was measured by determining the DNA protective effects of the extracts in U937 cells exposed to H2O2, using the Comet assay.
DNA damage in U937 cells exposed to 75μM H2O2 for 30 minutes following 24 hour incubation with brewers' spent grain extracts (0·1 % or 2·5 % v/v black extracts; 4 % v/v pale extracts) or Ferulic acid (FA) (1μg/ml). Values are mean of at least two independent experiments. Statistical analysis by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. *Denotes significant difference (P < 0·05) in DNA damage relative to H2O2 control.
In general, pale BSG phenolic extracts (G-J) (IC50 values 19·60–45·02 % v/v) were less cytotoxic than black BSG extracts (A-F) (IC50 values 0·06–7·01 % v/v) in U937 cells (data not shown). Preliminary results suggest that phenolic extracts can reduce H2O2-induced DNA damage in U937 cells. Previous research suggested that black BSG phenolic extracts had a greater DNA protective effect compared to pale BSG phenolic extracts( Reference McCarthy, O' Callaghan and Connolly 2 ), however, results presented here demonstrated that there were no marked differences between black and pale extracts. This may be due to the lower concentration of black BSG phenolic extracts used in the present study (0·1 % v/v). In conclusion, these results suggest that phenolic extracts when prepared from BSG using enzymatic procedures possess good antioxidant activity in U937 cells.
This research was supported through the Food Institutional Research Measure, administered by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland.
