Index

Augusto Lopez-Claros; Arthur L. Dahl; Maja Groff

Index

abolition, of war, 190–193

absolute sovereignty, 441–443

acceleration, 3–4

accountability, good governance and, 445–446, 455–456

Acemoglu, Daron, 392

Advisory Committee on Post-War Foreign Policy, 48

advisory mechanisms, 118–122

Afghanistan, 160–161

Afghanistan War, 166

African Americans, discrimination against, 50–51

African Union, 137–138, 154

Agenda 21, 302, 304, 362

An Agenda for Peace (Boutros-Ghali), 159

air pollution, transboundary, 374–375

Albright, Madeleine, 27

Alexander III (Tsar), 183

alienation, 3–4

Allies, 46

Allison, Graham, 13

Alonso-Terme, R., 402

American Scholar, 149–150

Annan, Kofi, 110–111, 124, 158–159, 162, 228–229, 241–242

Anthropocene, 7

anthropology, 221

Anti-Bribery Convention, 397, 405

Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, 27, 113–114, 196, 206–207, 460–461

Applebaum, Anne, 341

Arab League, 154

Arab Spring, human rights and, 240–241

arbitration, 153–154

Arias, Oscar, 181

arms control

recent developments in, 186–189

systemic, 198–199

Arms Control Association, 12–13

arms race, 195, 205–206

Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), 197

Articles of Confederation, US, 32

artificial intelligence, 127, 295

Asian values

on human rights, 247–248

Western culture and, 247–248

Atahualpa, 163–164

Athens, 13

Atlantic Charter, 48. See also United Nations

atmosphere, 374–375

ATT. See Arms Trade Treaty

Attlee, Clement, 43

Autesserre, Severine, 157

authoritarianism, 13, 31

WPA and, 117

autocracies, 481

rise of, 77–78

Axis Powers, 62–63

Baha’i Faith, 129

Bank of England, 336

Bank of International Settlements (BIS), 338–339

Baratta, Joseph, 37, 41–43, 53–54, 477–478

Barr, Stringfellow, 62–63

Barrett, Scott, 261

al-Bashir, Omar, 230

Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 248

Bentham, Jeremy, 211–212

Beveridge, William, 43

Bevin, Ernest, 43

Bill of Rights, 29

biodiversity

conservation of, 376–377

global governance and, 318

biological weapons, 202–203

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 195

biosphere integrity, 306, 372–373, 439

BIS. See Bank of International Settlements

Black Death, 31

Boisdeffre, Mouton de, 149

Bolshevik revolution, 37

Borah, William, 39–40

Borchardt, Klaus-Dieter, 76

border controls

common market and, 70–71

European Union and, 69–71

streamlining, 70

Bosnia, 157

Boutros-Gali, Boutros, 157, 159, 162

Brazil, 221

Bregman, Rutger, 457

Bretton Woods Conference, 17, 51–52, 88–89, 280–281, 356, 466

Keynes on, 345

Brewster, Kingsman, 62–63

Brexit, 41–42, 47, 72–73

Briand, Aristide, 214–215

bribes, 403

in Soviet Union, 400

Brown, Gordon, 343

Brown University, 166

Browning, Christopher, 184

Brundtland Commission, 304

budgetary management, 268–275

Buffet, Warren, 350

bureaucracy, 407

BWC. See Biological Weapons Convention

Cadogan, Alexander, 52–53

Cajamarca, 163–164

Camdessus, Michel, 358–359

Canada, 15, 110–111

carbon compounds, 371

carbon dioxide emissions, 6, 370

carbon tax, 285–286

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 156

carrying capacity, 382–383

determining, 383

Carson, Rachel, 361

Cassesse, Antonio, 221–222

Castaneda, Jorge, 344–345

CBD. See Convention on Biological Diversity

CBMs. See Confidence Building Measures

CCA. See Commission on Conventional Armaments

CCW. See Convention on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons

CD. See Conference on Disarmament

Cecil, Robert, 146–147

Center for Global Development, 17

central bank, 19

Chang, Peng Chun, 248

Chautemps, Camille, 44–45

Chayes, Sarah, 403–404

Chemical Weapons Conventions (CWC), 84, 196

chemicals, 373–374

CHH. See Common Home of Humanity

Chile, 12

ChileCompra, 407–408

China, 117, 248, 266–267, 315–316

emissions from, 15

as P5, 131, 133–134, 137–138, 227–228

poverty in, 312

quota shares of, 357–358

United States and, 13

CHR. See Commission on Human Rights

Churchill, Winston, 41–44, 56, 61, 65–73

France and, 43–47

CITES. See Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

citizenship, 43

common, 47

European Union and, 74–76

civil rights movement, 50–51

Civil Society Chamber, 28–29, 124–125

consensus-building in, 125–126

decision-making and, 125–126

civilization, defining, 18

CJEU. See Court of Justice of the European Union

Clark, Grenville, 28–29, 54–59, 156, 473–474

background of, 20–21

on disarmament, 202

on funding, 277–279

on global governance, 20–21

on International Peace Force, 171

optimism of, 463

on peace, 54

on second chamber, 108

on UN Attorney General, 233–234

UN Charter and, 25, 60–61, 171, 435, 458

on UN General Assembly, 82, 140–141

on UN Security Council, 55–56, 144

on United Nations, 61–62, 144

on weighted voting, 51–52, 98–99

World Peace through World Law, 63–64, 90–91, 98–99, 108, 168–169, 224, 264–265, 277–279, 476–487

climate change, 6, 13–15, 249, 348–349, 366–369

action against, 366

causes of, 366–367

disarmament and, 205–206

education on, 369

geo-engineering and, 370–371

human rights and, 386–387

humanity and, 367

migration and, 369

political sensitivity of, 366–367

responses to, 370–371

scientific opinion on, 366–367

technology and, 367

tipping points, 366–367

Clive, Robert, 163–164

CMS. See Convention on Migratory Species

coalition of the willing, 467–468

Cold War, 27, 133, 159–160, 178–179, 184–185

ICJ during, 226

collective action, 437–441

collective security

disarmament and, 199

force and, 199

Kissinger on, 59

Colombia, 53

colonialism, 41–42, 333

Diamond on, 164

inequality and, 316–317

Colville, John, 46

Commission on Conventional Armaments (CCA), 84, 186–189

Commission on Global Governance, 124, 242

Commission on Human Rights (CHR), 254–255

Commission on Population and Development, 379–380

Committee on Foreign Relations, 40

Committee to Frame a World Constitution, 60

Declaration of, 63–64

goals of, 64

Preamble, 60

common citizenship, 47

Common Home of Humanity (CHH), 365–366

common interest, UN Charter on, 185

common language, 75–76

common market, 67

harmonization and, 68–69

common property, 365

common values, 220–221

Communist Party (China), 117

community, 128–129

building, 414

education and, 414

in global governance, 414–415

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 84, 196

compromissory clause, 221–225

concrete proposals, 21

Conference of the Parties (COP), 298–299, 367–368. See also UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Conference on Disarmament (CD), 84, 186–187, 196, 201

Conference on Environment and Development, 304. See also Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992)

Confidence Building Measures (CBMs), 199–202

Confucius, 248

Congo, 161, 268

Congressional Budget Office, 198, 347–348

Connally, Thomas, 49–50, 53–54

consensus, 267–269

Constitutional Convention, US, 32–33

consultation, in good governance, 446–447, 451–452

consumer protection, 352

consumption, population growth and, 381

contingency planning, 294

Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 196

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources, 373

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 298–299, 372

Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), 298–299

Convention on Cluster Munitions, 197

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), 298–299, 372

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), 298–299, 372

Convention on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), 195–196

Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution, 374–375

Cooper, Richard, 20, 338–339

COP. See Conference of the Parties

coral reefs, 370

corruption, 324, 398, 405–406

crime and, 403

defining, 392–394

in development process, 394–397

economic growth and, 402

fighting, 406–408

globalization and, 396

good governance and, 395

government and, 397–401

human resources and, 402

impact of, 394

inequality and, 327

prohibition of, 394

prosperity destroyed by, 401–404

ramifications of, 391–392

reduction of, 404–406

in Soviet Union, 398

stability and, 403

taxes and, 401

trust and, 403

uncertainty and, 402

Corruption Perceptions Index, 397–398

Costa Rica, military power of, 199

Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard von, 46–47

Council of Europe, 154

Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 213–214, 228

Cousins, Norman, 61–63

Covenant of the League of Nations, 37

Article 5, 37–38

Article 8, 37–38

Article 10, 38–40

Article 15, 39

Article 19, 40–41

cooling off period, 38–39

Lodge on, 40

negotiation of, 37

voting down of, 40

Cranston, Alan, 62–63

credit default swaps, 351

crime

corruption and, 403

migration and, 386

organized, 393–394

critical risks, 293–296

CRPD. See UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Cruickshank, 305–306

CTBT. See Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

cultural relativism, Henkin on, 250–251

cultures of contest, 424

Curtis, Lionel, 43

CWC. See Chemical Weapons Conventions

cyberwarfare, 182, 296

Czech Republic, 128–129

Dafoe, Allan, 293

Daniels, Ronald J., 447–448

Dante Alighieri, 31–32, 211, 403–404

Darfur, 161, 230

Davoodi, Hamid, 401–402

De Gaulle, Charles, 44–45

debt

bubbles, 11

emerging markets and, 348

decentralization, of decision-making, 3–4

decision-making

Civil Society Chamber and, 125–126

decentralization of, 3–4

of European Parliamentary Assembly, 112

in good governance, 451–452

sovereign equality and, 97–98

Declaration of Independence, US, 32

Declaration of Union (France and United Kingdom), 44, 47

historians on, 45

decolonization, 83

del Ponte, Carla, 231

democracy, 14

gender equality and, 240

principles of, 445

WPA and, 118

Democracy Index 2018, 117–118

Democracy Without Borders, 110–111

Denmark, 70, 112

Department of Defense, US, 166

Department of Energy, US, 198

Department of Homeland Security, US, 166

Department of Veterans Affairs, US, 166

depoliticization, 179–180, 241

DESA. See UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Destined for War (Allison), 13

developing countries, 322–323

development

barriers to, 186

corruption in process of, 394–397

Development as Freedom (Sen), 343

Diamond, Jared, on colonialism, 164

Diogenes, 211

disarmament, 182–183

accompanying measures, 204–205

advances in, 206–207

binding, 200–201

challenges in, 189–190

Clark on, 202

climate change and, 205–206

collective security and, 199

comprehensive, 199–202

costs of, 202–203

financial challenges in, 202–203

gradual, 214–215

history of, 194

military budgets and, 203

national sovereignty and, 201–202

of nuclear weapons, 203

obstacles to, 205–207

past proposals, 194–198

process of, 198–199

Schell on, 201–202

self-defense and, 193

simultaneous execution of, 201

Sohn on, 202

systemic, 198–199

technical challenges in, 202–203

technology and, 192

UN Charter on, 185–186, 200–201

voting power and, 200–201

after World War II, 194

Disarmament Conference of 1932, 146–147

disaster, 464

discrimination

against African Americans, 50–51

gender equality and, 327–328

dispute settlement, UN Charter and, 151–154

diversity

gender, 115–118

in International Peace Force, 173

political union and, 75–76

between states, 315–316

doctrine of deterrence, 191–192

Dominica, 275

dotcom bubble, 351–352

drift, 463–464

Dublin Conference, 60–64

Dublin Declaration, 63–64

Dublin Diplomatic Conference, 197

Dulles, John Foster, 222–223

on Human Rights Commission, 236–237

Dumbarton Oaks conference, 54, 56, 476

Durban conference, 15–16

EAEC. See European Atomic Energy Commission

early visions, 31–34

Earth Charter, 362–363

Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992), 15–16, 362–363

Earthwatch, 361

Eastern Economic Association, 282

ECCC. See Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 88–89, 124–125, 236–237, 244

economic challenges, 10–11

economic growth, 31

corruption and, 402

pursuit of, 8

standards of living and, 10–11

technology and, 6–7

economic power, United States as global, 34–35

economic protectionism, 68

Economic Security Council, 336

economic transformation, 328–330

economic union, 74–76

The Economist (magazine), 117–118

ECOSOC. See Economic and Social Council

ECSC. See European Coal and Steel Community

ECtHR. See European Court of Human Rights

education

central messages of, 413–415

on climate change, 369

community and, 414

formal, 415–417

forms of, 411–412

globalization and, 321–322

on human rights, 244

informal, 418

leadership and, 422–425

public, 413

public support for, 412–413

SDGs on, 416–417

tertiary, 417

UDHR on, 243

EEC. See European Economic Community

efficiency, globalization and, 396–397

Eichengreen, Barry, 285–286

Einstein, Albert, 20–21, 41, 147–151, 473–474

on global governance, 21–22

on nuclear power, 61–62

on UN General Assembly, 108–109

on war, 21–22

Eisenhower, Dwight, 208–213, 222–223

Elizabeth (Queen), 342–343

emergencies, International Peace Force in, 177

Emergency Committee of the Atomic Scientists, 61–62

emerging markets, debt and, 348

emissions

from China, 15

from United States, 15

enemies, war and, 189–190

energy

challenges in, 371–372

demand, 8

the Enlightenment, on peace, 212

entrepreneurs, norm, 214–215

environmental challenges, 5–8

environmental crisis, 205–206

“An Essay towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe” (Penn), 32

ethics, human rights and, 244–245

EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, 72, 263

the euro, launch of, 71–72

Eurobarometer, 73–74

European Atomic Energy Commission (EAEC), 66–67, 84, 469

European Central Bank, establishment of, 71–72

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 46, 469

establishment of, 66–67

European Community, 47, 67–68

authority in, 78

European Community Commission, 69–70

European Council, meetings, 78

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 213–214, 259

European Court of Justice, 68–69, 469

European Economic Community (EEC), 66–67, 112, 469

European Federation, 74

European Monetary System, exchange rates and, 71–72

European Parliamentary Assembly, 112, 117–118

decision-making of, 112

origins of, 112

European Union, 18, 41, 263

border controls and, 69–71

budgeting, 279–280

citizenship and, 74–76

creation of, 25

funding model of, 279–280

future of, 76–78

historical perspective on, 71–74

inequality in, 319

integration in, 76–77

Monnet on, 66

nationalism and, 73–74

stepwise approach, 468–470

success of, 78

support for, 73–74

exchange rates, European Monetary System and, 71–72

exploitation, 316–317

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), 229

fact finding, 153–154

Falk, Richard, 107, 115, 124, 245, 458, 477–478, 488–489

Fashoda, 149

The Fate of the Earth (Schell), 85–86, 475

Federal Republic of the World, 60

Federal Reserve, US, 347, 355

Federal Union, 42–43

Federalism, 47, 476–477

Fihn, Beatrice, 457

finance, globalization of, 9–10

financial collapse, 11, 464

financial transaction tax, 282, 285

Firearms Protocol, 196

fixed exchange rates, 280–281

Food and Agriculture Organization, 272, 299, 373–374, 377

force

collective security and, 199

UN Charter on, 184, 209–213

war and, 189–190

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), US, 397

foreign exchange trading, 284

Founding Fathers, US, 35–36

France, 134–135, 146–147

Churchill and, 43–47

Declaration of Union, 44–45, 47

as P5, 131, 133–134, 137–138, 227–228

United Kingdom and, 44

Francis (Pope), 129

Franklin, Benjamin, 33

free movement, 9–10

freedom of expression, 239–240

Friedman, Benjamin, 321–322

Fry, Douglas, on peace, 221

Fukushima power plant, 203

Fukuyama, Francis, 235

Fulbright, William, 53–54

funding, 264–265

future scenarios, 458–460

G7, 17–18, 345

G9, 437

G20, 17–18

Gambari, Ibrahim, 27

Gat, Azar, 217

GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades

GDP. See gross domestic product

GEMS. See Global Environment Monitoring System

gender diversity, in WPA, 115–118

gender equality

democracy and, 240

discrimination and, 327–328

human rights and, 240

in United States, 327–328

women’s empowerment, 240

World Bank on, 240

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT), 332–333

creation of, 88

General Assembly Resolutions, 84–85

General Treaty for the Renunciation of War as Instrument of National Policy. See Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 373

genetics, 128–129

Geneva Conventions, 229

Geneva Protocol (1925), 194

genocide, in Rwanda, 158

Genocide Convention, 229

geo-engineering, 127, 295

climate change and, 370–371

geostrategic relationships, 184–185

Germany, 148, 266–267, 487

Poland invaded by, 47–48

Gini coefficients

in Japan, 319–320

in Nordic countries, 320–321

in US, 319–320

global catastrophic risks, 125–128

global civic ethic, cultivation of, 242–247

Global Compact, 332

global currency, 335

Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), 361

global financial crisis of 2008–2009, 6, 26, 76

Global Financial Stability Report, IMF, 341–342

global governance, 14, 334, 442–443, 479–482

biodiversity and, 318

challenges for, 336

Clark on, 20–21

community in, 414–415

economics and, 329–330

effective, 449–450

Einstein on, 21–22

human rights and, 236–239

IMF and, 356–359

incrementalism and, 23

leadership and, 422–425

levels of, 414–415

national sovereignty and, 478–479

objections to, 481

positive forces for, 485–488

private sector and, 331–335

Russell on, 22

shift to, 27–28

Sohn on, 20–21

strengthening, 24

global liquidity, IMF and, 355–356

Global Pact for the Environment, 363

global power dynamics, 184–185

global values, 437

globalization, 3–4, 239, 320

corruption and, 396

drivers of, 321

education and, 321–322

efficiency and, 396–397

of finance, 9–10

human rights and, 9–10

Ignatieff on, 244–245

inequality and, 312–313

management of, 321

multinational corporations and, 333–334

social challenges of, 10

GMOs. See genetically modified organisms

GNIs. See gross national incomes

Goertz, Gary, 216–217, 220

Gonzalez, Felipe, 70

good faith, 250

good governance, 239, 434

accountability and, 445–446, 455–456

approaches to, 445–449

consultation in, 446–447, 451–452

corruption and, 395

decision-making in, 451–452

effectiveness of, 452–453

financing, 453–454

flexibility of, 454–455

general security and, 454

poverty and, 315

resources, 453–454

rule of law and, 451–452

transparency in, 446, 455–456

2030 Agenda and, 306–307

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 188, 194, 205–206

government

corruption and, 397–401

role of, 20

Great Depression, 6, 42–43, 295

Greece, 349

Green, Robert, 191

greenhouse gases, 366

Greenspan, Alan, 341–342

gross domestic product (GDP)

global, 4

GNI and, 94–95

IMF on, 94–95

of Russia, 95

of Spain, 95

gross national incomes (GNIs), 91–94, 287–288

funding through fixed proportion of, 275–277

GDP and, 94–95

tax rates and, 276

in United States, 322–323

Gupta, Sanjeev, 402

Habermas, Jürgen, 18–19, 215–216, 435, 461–462

on incrementalism, 18–19

on rule of law, 213

Hague Academy of International Law, 233

Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907), 153–154

Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907), 183

Hamilton, Alexander, 32–33

Hammarskjold, Dag, 155

ul Haq, Mahhub, 241–242

harmonization, 334

common market and, 68–69

of taxes, 69–70, 301

Hathaway, Oona, 215, 220

Havel, Vaclav, 128–129, 433

hazardous wastes, 141–142

hedging, 283

Heimann, F., 403–404

Heineman, Ben W., 403–404

Heinrich, Dieter, 110, 115, 128

on WPA, 115–118

Henkin, Louis, 247

on cultural relativism, 250–251

on human rights, 251–252

on war, 209–213

Henry IV (King), 33

Herriot, Edouard, 147–148

Higgins, Rosalyn, 221–226

High Level Political Forum (HLPF), 304

Hill, Nancy Peterson, 62–63

Hiroshima, 60, 149–150, 167

Hitler, Adolf, 43

HLPF. See High Level Political Forum

Homer-Dixon, Thomas, 316

honesty, 394

Hopkins, Harry, 48

House, Edward M., 37

Hull, Cordell, 48

human dignity, 437–441

human evolution, 3–4, 31

human resources, corruption and, 402

human rights, 86–87, 218, 259

abuses, 244–245, 252

advocacy, 244

Arab Spring and, 240–241

Asian values on, 247–248

cascading effects of, 239–242

climate change and, 386–387

courts, 257

education on, 244

enforcement of, 238–239, 251–252

ethics and, 244–245

fundamental, 237–239

gender equality and, 240

global governance and, 236–239

globalization and, 9–10

Henkin on, 251–252

human security and, 242

Al Hussein, Zeid Ra’ad Al, on, 253

ICJ on, 258–259

importance of, 239–242

infrastructure, 239–245

inter-cultural challenges in, 260

international, 261–263

justiciability of, 259–260

leadership, 254

League of Nations on, 237

noncompliance and, 253

norms, 251–252

Pillay on, 261–262

reform, 242–247, 256–261

religion and, 249–250

standards, 247, 251–252

treaties, 252–253

UN Charter on, 237, 243

UN General Assembly on, 87

unfinished tasks, 251–254

universal, 236–237, 243, 247–251, 260–261

violations, 257–258, 261

Western culture and, 247–248

Human Rights Commission, Dulles on, 236–237

Human Rights Council, 218, 254–255

human security, 241–242

human rights and, 242

human welfare, 4

humanity, 129

climate change and, 367

Hussein, Saddam, 59–60, 160–161

Al Hussein, Zeid Ra’ad, 258

on human rights, 253

IACC. See International Anticorruption Court

IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency

IBRD. See International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

ICC. See International Criminal Court

ICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ICESCR. See International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ICISS. See International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty

ICJ. See International Court of Justice

ICRtoP. See International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect

ICTR. See International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Rwanda

ICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

IEDs. See improvised explosive devices

Ignatieff, Michael, on globalization, 244–245

ILC. See International Law Commission

ILO. See International Labour Organization

IMF. See International Monetary Fund

IMFC. See International Monetary Financial Policy Committee

IMO. See International Maritime Organization

imperialism, 250

imports, 69

improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 197

income gaps, 309–310

incrementalism

global governance and, 23

Habermas, 18–19

Independent Working Group, 474

India

nuclear powers of, 226–227

poverty in, 312

indirect costs, 167–168

inequality, 10–11, 127, 309–311, 320

colonialism and, 316–317

corruption and, 327

in European Union, 319

globalization and, 312–313

between individuals, 311–315

justice and, 311

narrowing of, 319–323

national sovereignty and, 316

natural resources and, 317–318

population growth and, 318, 381

profit sharing and, 326–327

redressing, 323–328

SDGs on, 310, 329

between states, 315–319

UDHR on, 310–311

UN agency for, 330–331

UN Charter on, 310–311

INF Treaty. See Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles

infant mortality, 4

inflation, 340, 395

informal education, 418

information technology, 418–419

inquiry, 153–154

insecurity, 4–5

Institute for Economics and Peace, 167–168

institutional turn in economics, 254

intellectual property, 333, 428–429

intercivilizational dialogue, 250

interdependence, 18

Russell on, 18–19

intergovernmental conferences, 15–16

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 126, 367–368

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 126–127

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, 12–13

internalized values, 433–434

International Anticorruption Court (IACC), 392, 409–410, 425

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 201, 272, 371–372

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 51–52

international civil service, 425–426

International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP), 162–163

International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, 196

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), 162–163

International Committee of the Red Cross, 197

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 226–227

International Convention on the Ozone Layer, 374–375

international cooperation, 18–21

mechanisms for, 18

International Court of Justice (ICJ), 50–51, 58, 85–86, 143–144, 153–154, 193

Article 36(1) of the Statute of the ICJ (Annexed to the Charter), 227

Article 36(2) of the Statute of the ICJ, 221–225, 227

Article 60 of the Statute of the ICJ, 153–154

Article 61 of the Statute of the ICJ, 153–154

Article 92 of the UN Charter, 224–225

Article 93 of the UN Charter, 221–225

case law of, 234–235

Chapter XIV of the UN Charter, 227

in Cold War, 226

compulsory jurisdiction of, 169–170, 221–226

enforcement of judgments of, 227–228

Executive Council, 227–228

on human rights, 258–259

rule of law and, 219–228

use of, 226

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 51, 86, 239

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 51, 86, 239

International Criminal Court (ICC), 219–220, 222, 231, 250, 408–409, 425

commencement of operations of, 228–229

membership, 231

opposition to, 231

Rome Statute for, 113–114, 159, 228–229, 231, 460–461

on rule of law, 228–233

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Rwanda (ICTR), 229

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 229

International Energy Agency (IEA), 8

International Financial Stability Fund, 339–340

international human rights, 261–263

International Human Rights Tribunal, 408–409, 425

international human rights tribunals, 29

establishment of, 257, 261–262

reform of, 256–261

International Judicial Training Institute, 233, 426

International Labour Organization (ILO), 298–299

international law, 258

International Law Commission (ILC), 210, 227–228, 234–235

International Maritime Organization (IMO), 372–373

International Monetary Financial Policy Committee (IMFC), 358–359

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 29, 70, 268, 276–277, 335–336, 395–396

Articles of Agreement, 284, 339, 353–354

asymmetry at, 159–160

bailouts, 11

Board of Governors, 357

in crises, 340–341

establishment of, 293–299, 332–333

on GDP, 94–95

Global Financial Stability Report, 341–342

global governance and, 356–359

global liquidity and, 355–356

importance of, 338–345

intervention by, 341

as lender of last resort, 339

lending capacity of, 338–339

on military budgets, 178

quota shares at, 356–358

reform of, 308

risk-identification in, 342

Russia and, 341

staff of, 344–345

on subsidies, 326

surveillance of, 352–355

on taxes, 288

voting power at, 90–91, 357

weighted voting at, 51–52, 88–89

World Bank and, 128–129

World Economic Outlook, 94–95

International Organization for Migration (IOM), 369, 384–385

International Peace Force, 29, 59–60, 143, 151, 157–158, 161–162, 167–168, 425–426, 452

action protocol of, 175–177

administration, 174

Clark on, 171

diversity in, 173

in emergencies, 177

establishment of, 168–172, 222

expenses, 174

formation of, 173

implementation challenges, 178–180

language and, 173

logistics, 174–175

military budgets and, 178

necessity of, 179

objectives, 172

oversight bodies, 177–178

R2P doctrine and, 177–178

recruitment, 172–174

rule of law and, 177–178

Sohn on, 171

staffing, 172–174

standing component of, 175

utilization of, 171

weaponry of, 175

International Renewable Energy Agency, 371–372

international tribunals, 153–154

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 361

International Whaling Convention (IWC), 373

the Internet, 10

Interparliamentary Union (IPU), 115–116

intervention, peace enforcement and, 162

IOM. See International Organization for Migration

IPBES. See Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

IPCCI. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPU. See Interparliamentary Union

Iraq, 53

Iraq War, 166

Ireland, 72, 112

Islamic law, 248

isolationism, 49–50

Israel, 268–269

Italy, 9

IUCN. See International Union for the Conservation of Nature

IWC. See International Whaling Convention

Japan, 9, 61–62, 163–164, 266–267

Gini coefficients in, 319–320

Jay, John, 32

JCPOA. See Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

Jefferson, Thomas, 35–36

job creation, 8–9

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 187–188

judicial oversight, 257–258

justice, inequality and, 311

Kant, Immanuel, 27–28, 33–34, 213

Kissinger on, 34

on national sovereignty, 34

on peace, 34, 211–212

Kaufman, Daniel, 444–445

Kellogg, Frank, 214–215

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 39, 214–216

Kelsen, Hans, 27–28, 208

on peace, 212–213

Kennan, George F., 149

Kerry, John, 391–392

Keynes, John Maynard, 282, 335

on Bretton Woods Conference, 345

Kiribati, 94–95

Kissinger, Henry, 33–34

on collective security, 59

on Kant, 34

on UN Charter, 59

on Wilson, 35

kleptocracy, 403–404

knowledge-sharing, 307, 427–429

Koh, Harold, 220

Korean War, 155, 160

Kuwait, 52–53, 59–60, 160–161

Kyoto Protocol, 15

Land Mines Treaty. See Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention

language

common, 75–76

International Peace Force and, 173

political union and, 75–76

Latin America, 53, 82–83, 322–323, 349–350

Laurenti, Jeffrey, 117, 269

law, 19

Law of the Sea, 87, 373

Le Pen, Marine, 47

leadership, 24

education and, 422–425

global governance and, 422–425

human rights, 254

moral, 424–425

nationalism and, 189–190

League of Nations, 34–42, 54, 134–135

Covenant, 237

enforcement mechanisms of, 39

establishment of, 145–146

failure of, 41

flaws of, 50

on human rights, 237

significance of, 42

United States and, 41

veto powers, 54–55

Wilson on, 39

League to Enforce Peace, 36, 42–43

aims of, 37

proposals of, 36–37

Lebanon, 248

Leff, Nathaniel, 398–399

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (advisory opinion of the ICJ), 184

legislative capacity, 128–129

Lehman Brothers, 346

lender of last resort, 11, 338–339

IMF as, 339

Lesotho, 94–95

Liberia, 94–95

Lie, Trygve, 154–155, 157, 178–179

life expectancy, 278–279, 348

Lincoln, Abraham, 142–143

Lindert, Peter H., 319–320

Lippman, Walter, 37

loan brokers, 350

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 476

on Covenant of the League of Nations, 40

London, 284

London School of Economics, 342–343

López-Claros, 344–345

Maas, Heiko, 235

Maastricht criteria, 354

Maastricht Treaty, 72

member states of, 76

Madison, James, 32

Malik, Charles Habib, 248

Malthus, Thomas, 295

Mandelson, Peter, 14

Marin-Bosch, Miguel, 84–85

Marshall Islands, 226–227

mass extinction, 372

mass media, 420

materialism, 484

Mathews, Jessica, 124

Mauro, Paulo, 402

mediation, 153–154

Medicaid, 347–348

Medlovitz, Saul, 458

Mencius, 248

Meron, Theodor, 259

Mexico, 281

financial crisis in, 338–339

Meyer, Cord, 56–57, 62–63, 442

veto power on, 57–58

Middle East, 8–9, 20–21

migration, 10, 246–247, 384

climate change and, 369

crime and, 386

economic, 385

population growth and, 383–387

trade liberalization and, 385–386

trauma and, 384

military budgets

disarmament and, 203

IMF and, 178

International Peace Force and, 178

in United States, 166

military conflicts, 11–12

power of, 165

military flexibility, 231

military industrial complex, 12–13

military power

of Costa Rica, 199

demobilization of, 204–205

Military Staff Committee, 186

Millennium Declaration, 107–108, 124

Millennium Development Goals to 2015, 302–304

Mine Ban Treaty. See Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention

Minimata Convention, 373–374

Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), 196

Mitterand, François, 47

MNE. See Multinational Enterprise

Mobutu Sese Seko, 395

De Monarchia (Dante), 31–32

Monnet, Jean, 18, 43–44, 46–47, 476

on European Union, 66

on national sovereignty, 66, 68

Montreal Protocol, 374–375

moral closure, 247

moral leadership, 424–425

Moscow, 49–50

MTCR. See Missile Technology Control Regime

multilateralism, 437

multilevel governance, 306–307

multinational corporations, 331–332

globalization and, 333–334

Multinational Enterprise (MNE), 239–240

munitions, 202–203

Murdock, George, 128–129

Mussolini, Benito, 42–43

mutual recognition, in Single European Act, 68–69

Myrdal, Gunnar, 400

Nagasaki, 60, 149–150, 167

nanotechnology, 127

nation state, defining, 14

national autonomy, 26

national institutions, 19

national interest, 13–14

National Security Strategy, 166

national sovereignty, 16–17, 22–23, 65–66, 487

definitions of, 131–132

disarmament and, 201–202

global governance and, 478–479

inequality and, 316

Kant on, 34

Monnet on, 66, 68

nuclear weapons and, 201–202

obsolescence of, 442

Thatcher on, 74–75

war and, 131–132

nationalism, 413–414

European Union and, 73–74

leadership and, 189–190

rise of, 77–78

violence and, 165–167

Native Americans, 164, 325

nativism, 386

natural resources

distribution of, 375–376

inequality and, 317–318

management of, 375–377

negative peace, 210

negotiations, 152–153

nerve gases, 202–203

Netherlands, 17

New Commonwealth Society, 41–42

New International Economic Order, 89

New Shape Prize of the Global Challenges Foundation, 383

New START, 188

New World, 164

“A New World Order” (Clark & Sohn), 56

New York, 284

New Zealand, 26–27

NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations

Nicholas II (Tsar), 183, 214

NNWS. See non-nuclear weapon States

Nobel Peace Prize, 146–147

Noblemaire principle, 426

noncompliance, human rights and, 253

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 36, 123–124

non-interference, 441

non-nuclear weapon States (NNWS), 85

Nordic countries

Gini coefficients in, 320–321

taxes in, 324

norm entrepreneurs, 214–215

North Africa, 8–9

North Korea, 155

Norway, 70, 276–277

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 84, 186–187, 194–195

Article VI, 85–86

nuclear powers, 12–13

costs of, 198

Einstein on, 61–62

of India, 226–227

of Pakistan, 226–227

UN Charter on, 83–84

UN General Assembly on, 84

of United States, 198

nuclear weapons, 175

banning, 175

disarmament of, 203

national sovereignty and, 201–202

in United States, 198

nuclear winter, 191–192

Nuclear-weapon States (NWS), 85

Nuremberg Tribunals, 229

NWS. See Nuclear-weapon States

Nye, Joseph, 398–399

OAS. See Organization of American States

ocean acidification, 370

ODA. See Official Development Assistance

OECD. See Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OEWG. See Open-Ended Working Group

Office of Ethical Assessment, 127–128

Office of Technology Assessment, 127, 295

Official Development Assistance (ODA), 167–168, 385–386

one-country-one-vote rule, 267

Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG), 197

on the Question of Equitable Representation, 137–138

openness, 406–407

opium, 163–164

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 332–333, 405

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 154

Organization of American States (OAS), 154

organized crime, 393

illegal economy from, 393–394

original position doctrine, 249–250, 316

OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Oslo Process, 197

Ottawa Convention. See Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention

over-consumers, 318–319

Overseas Contingency Operations, 166

overseas provinces, 86–87

P5, 131, 133–134, 137–138, 227–228

Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 222

Pakistan, nuclear powers of, 226–227

Palestine, 267–269

Pan-African Parliament, 111–112

Paris Agreement, 6–7, 126, 249, 363, 469–470

ratification of, 8

United States and, 367–368

Paris Climate Change Conference, 336

Paris Peace Pact, 215–216

Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), 84, 194

passport controls, 70

path dependency, 189

Paupp, Terrence E., 250

peace

Clark on, 54

the Enlightenment on, 212

Fry on, 221

history of law and, 214–216

Kant on, 34, 211–212

Kelsen on, 212–213

modern research, 216–217

negative, 210

positive, 210

rule of law and, 209–216

UN Charter on, 215–216

UN Security Council and, 143–144

Peace Ballot, 41–42, 47

peace dividend, 272

peace enforcement, 143, 159–163

intervention and, 162

UN Security Council and, 160

units, 157

Peace Engineering Corps, 204–205

Peace through Law (Kelsen), 212–213

peacekeeping forces, 269

training, 157–158

Pearl Harbor, 47–48

Penn, William, 32

pensions, 348

per capita deductions, 278

Permanent International Organization, 48

Perpetual Peace (Kant), 211–212

Perry, Commodore, 163–164

Perry, William, 191

Petain, Marshall, 44–46

Petroleum Stabilization Fund, 276–277

Philadelphia, 32–33

Pillay, Navi, 28, 253–254

on human rights, 261–262

on UN Security Council, 131–132

Pinker, Steven, 5, 11

Pizarro, Francisco, 163–164

Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace (Bentham), 211–212

A Plan for Peace (Clark), 151

Pleven, Rene, 43–44

Poland, German invasion of, 47–48

political instability, 10–11

political tensions, 267

political union, 74–76

defining, 74

diversity and, 75–76

language and, 75–76

polluters pay, 363

population age structure, 382

population displacement, 383–387

population growth, 8–9, 127, 380, 386

consumption and, 381

inequality and, 318, 381

migration and, 383–387

poverty and, 318

problems with, 380–382

populism, 20

positive peace, 210

poverty, 4, 328–329

in China, 312

data on, 396–404

elimination of, 313

good governance and, 315

in India, 312

population growth and, 318

power politics, 131

preliminary examinations, 230

Princeton University, 280–281

Principal Allied and Associated Powers, 134–135

principal reserve asset, 339–340

private sector, 377

global governance and, 331–335

profit, 335–336, 376–377

profit sharing, inequality and, 326–327

A Project of Perpetual Peace (Saint-Pierre), 32

prosperity, 392

corruption destroying, 401–404

PTBT. See Partial Test Ban Treaty

public education, 413

public expenditure, 397–398

public support, for education, 412–413

Pugh, Michael, 163

Putin, Vladimir, 216

Qureshi, Moeen, 474

R2P doctrine. See responsibility to protect

radioactive materials, 203

Rajan, Raghuram, 337

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 372

rapid-reaction, 157–158

Rawls, John, 249–250, 316

Reagan, Ronald, 194

rebuilding, 464

reform

opposition to, 26–28

urgency of, 23

Refugee Convention (1951), 239–247

Refugee Crisis, 239–246

regional agencies, 154

regionalization, 250

regulation, 350

religion, 245–249

human rights and, 249–250

reservations, 325

responsibility to protect (R2P), 162–163, 478

International Peace Force and, 177–178

Reynaud, Paul, 43–47

Rijckeghem, Caroline Van, 406

Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development, 15–16

Rio Declaration, 362–363

Rio Earth Summit, 126, 362

Robbins, Lionel, 43

Roberts, Adam, 154–155

Roberts, Owen, 62–63

Robinson, James A., 392

Robinson, Mary, 259

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 243, 251, 439

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 48, 56, 61

State of the Union address of, 48–49

Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 400, 406

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 32

Roux, Charles, 44–45

rule of law, 26–28, 256–257, 447–448

commitment to, 218

cultural shift, 220–221

discourse on, 219–220

good governance and, 451–452

Habermas on, 213

history of, 214–216

ICC on, 228–233

ICJ and, 219–228

institutional enhancements, 221–222

international, 217–220

International Peace Force and, 177–178

legal institutions and, 208–211

peace and, 209–216

UDHR on, 218

UN Charter on, 218, 222–224

UN General Assembly on, 218

UN Security Council on, 219–220

United Nations on, 217–220

World Summit Outcome Document on, 219

rules-based international order, 437

Russell, Bertrand, 30, 74–75, 129, 149–150, 473–474, 486–487

on global governance, 22

on interdependence, 18–19

Russia, 9

GDP of, 95

IMF and, 341

as P5, 131, 133–134, 137–138, 227–228

Rwanda, 20–21, 157–158, 161, 219–220

genocide in, 158

Saar territory, 148

Sachs, Jeffrey, 440–441

SAD. See Single Administration Document

Sahnoun, Mohamed, 162–163

Saint Pierre, Charles Castel de, 32

Salisbury (Lord), 183

Salter, Arthur, 43–44

SALT-I, 85–86

SALT-II, 85–86

San Francisco Conference, 56–57, 61, 83–86, 95

Sandberg, Anders, 293

Schell, Jonathan, 23–24, 85–86, 149, 167, 475

on disarmament, 201–202

Schwartzberg, Joseph, 81–82, 115, 138, 256, 287–288

proposals of, 91–97

on Tobin tax, 286

on UN General Assembly, 91–97, 491–497

on UN Security Council, 140

on veto powers, 138

on WPA, 115–118

SCSL. See Special Court for Sierra Leone

SDGs. See Sustainable Development Goals

SDRs. See Special Drawing Rights

security challenges, 11–13

security dilemma, 184

Browning on, 184

self-defense, 193–194, 200

disarmament and, 193

Sen, Amartya, 245, 247–248, 329, 343, 444–445

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, US, 58–59

Senate Resolution 192, US, 49–50

sex selection abortion, 240

Shapiro, Scott, 215, 220

shareholders, 314–315

Shari’a law, 248

Shiller, Robert, 281–282, 349–350

Shlaim, Avi, 44–45

Silent Spring (Carson), 361

Silva, Anibal Cavaco, 70

Single Administration Document (SAD), 70

Single European Act, 68

member states of, 71–72

mutual recognition in, 68–69

Sixth Committee (Legal) of the General Assembly, 219

Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 473

smart coalitions, 27

smart technology, 407

Smith, Adam, 329

social challenges, 8–10

social media, 418–419

social security, 26

Sohn, Louis B., 28–29, 56, 156, 473–474

background of, 20–21

on disarmament, 202

on funding, 277–279

on global governance, 20–21

on International Peace Force, 171

optimism of, 463

on second chamber, 108

on UN Attorney General, 233–234

UN Charter and, 25, 60–61, 171

on weighted voting, 98–99

World Peace through World Law, 63–64, 90–91, 98–99, 108, 168–169, 224, 264–265, 277–279, 476–487

solidarity, 128–129

Somalia, 161–162

Soong, T. V., 53

South China Sea, 152–153

sovereign equality, 82

UN General Assembly and, 95–97

UN Security Council and, 134

voting powers and, 95–96

Soviet Union, 55–56, 76, 84, 87–88, 156–157, 266–268. See also Russia

bribes in, 400

corruption in, 398

taxes in, 399–400

United States and, 83–86

vetoing practices in, 83–86

Spaak, Paul-Henri, 66–67

Spain, 17, 163–164

GDP of, 95

Spanish Flu of 1918-1919, 295

Sparta, 13

Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), 229

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), 338–339

Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), 229

specialization, 298

speculation, 283

speed money, 400

Srebrenica, 157

Stability and Growth Pact, 354

Stalin, Joseph, 56, 61, 135, 473–474

Stamp Duty, 283–284

standards of living, economic growth and, 10–11

Standing Committee on Disarmament, establishment of, 182

Standing Force, 154–159, 168–169

funding, 169–178

StAR. See Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative

state-centric ideology, 128

states

diversity between, 315–316

inequality between, 315–319

Stimson, Henry, 151

STL. See Special Tribunal for Lebanon

Stockholm Conference, 362

Stockholm Declaration, 123

Stockholm Peace Research Institute, 183–184

Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR), 406–409

Strauss, Andrew, 107, 115, 124

Streit, Clarence, 62–63, 476–477

Subedi, Surya P., 256, 261–262

Sub-Saharan Africa, 268–269

taxes in, 283–284, 324

subsidiarity, 380, 476–477, 485

subsidies, 322–323

IMF on, 326

Sudan, 20–21

Suez Canal Crisis, 268–269

supranational tribunals, 219–224

surveillance, 352

of IMF, 352–355

symmetry of, 354

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 16, 204, 241–242, 299–300, 436–437, 466

on education, 416–417

as framework, 307

goal list of, 302

inconsistencies within, 304

on inequality, 310, 329

integrated approach, 302–308

Sweden, 285

Switzerland, 17, 89

on universal basic income, 325–326

Syria, 133

systematic prevention, 159

systemic arms control, 198–199

systemic disarmament, 198–199

Talanoa Dialogue, 245–249

Taliban, 160–161

dislodging, 166–167

Tanzi, Vito, 401

Tardieu, Andrew, 146–147

targeted cash transfers, 407

taxes

carbon, 285–286

collection of, 284

corruption and, 401

financial transaction, 282, 285

GNI and, 276

harmonization of, 69–70, 301

IMF on, 288

liabilities, 405

in Nordic countries, 324

progressive, 323–324

in Soviet Union, 399–400

in Sub-Saharan Africa, 283–284, 324

Tobin, 282–283, 285–286, 288

in United States, 69–70

value-added-tax, 69–70, 279–280

World Bank on, 283–284

tax-free havens, 315

technology, 486–487

climate change and, 367

disarmament and, 192

economic growth and, 6–7

information, 418–419

smart, 407

war and, 191–192

term-limits, in WPA, 116–117

Thatcher, Margaret, on national sovereignty, 74–75

Thucydides Trap, 133

TI. See Transparency International

Tobin, James, 281–282

on funding, 280–286

Tobin tax, 282–283, 285, 288

Schwartzberg on, 286

The Tobin Tax – Coping with Financial Volatility (Tobin), 281

Tokyo, 284

Tokyo Tribunals, 229

Tomuschat, Christian, 223

Torrey Canyon spill, 361

Toynbee, Arnold, 43

trade liberalization, 88

migration and, 385–386

transboundary air pollution, 374–375

transnational civil society, 460–465

transparency, 351–352

creation of, 406–407

in good governance, 446, 455–456

Transparency International (TI), 397–398

trauma, migration and, 384

TRC. See Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 226–227

Treaty of Bangkok, 85

Treaty of Lisbon, 72, 112–113

rejection of, 72

Treaty of Luxembourg, 112–113

Treaty of Nice, 112–113

Treaty of Pelindaba, 85

Treaty of Rarotonga, 85

Treaty of Rome, 25, 34, 47, 66–67

amending, 67–68, 71–72

objectives of, 67

Treaty of Tlateloleco, 85

Treaty of Westphalia, 479

Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (INF Treaty), 187–188

Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, 27, 84–85, 186–187, 197, 201, 460–461

Trebilcock, Michael J., 447–448

Treschel, Stefan, 261–262

Tripartite Pact, 48

Truman, Edwin, 339–340

Trusteeship Council, 139

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 248–249

Turchin, Peter, 10–11

Tutsis, 158

Tutu, Desmond, 248–249

Tuvalu, 315–316

2030 Agenda, 5, 16, 204, 241, 299–300, 302, 436–437

change called for by, 329

good governance and, 306–307

integrated approach of, 305–306

Ubuntu, 248–249

UDHR. See Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UN. See United Nations

UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), 159

UN Atomic Energy Commission, 84, 194

UN Attorney General, 233–234

Clark on, 233–234

Sohn on, 233–234

UN Bill of Rights, 227

UN Charter, 12–13, 24, 436

aims of, 488–489

amendment of, 81–82, 171, 461

Article 1, 151–152

Article 2(1), 134

Article 2(3), 152, 222–223

Article 2(4), 152, 184

Article 2(5), 137

Article 9(3), 139–140

Article 11, 171

Article 17, 265–267

Article 18, 265

Article 22, 110–115

Article 24(1), 154

Article 26, 182, 209–213

Article 33, 152–153

Article 33(1), 222–223

Article 33(2), 222–223

Article 41, 169–170, 174

Article 42, 169–171

Article 43, 154–155, 171

Article 43(1), 154

Article 43 of, 132–133

Article 47, 160

Article 51, 152–153, 487

Article 55 (c), 86

Article 55c, 51

Article 56, 51

Article 94, 169–170

Article 98, 155–156

Article 108, 133–134

Article 109, 113–121, 133–134

Article 109(3), 135

Bill of Rights, 51

Chapter VI, 185, 222–224

Chapter VII, 163–164

Clark and, 25, 60–61, 171, 435, 458

on common interest, 185

on disarmament, 185–186, 200–201

final version of, 48–49

flaws of, 25–27

on force, 184, 209–213

framing of, 185

goals of, 210, 435

on human rights, 237, 243

on inequality, 310–311

Kissinger on, 59

on nuclear power, 83–84

objectives of, 88

obligations under, 222–224

on peace, 215–216

Preamble, 88, 237

reforms of, 468

replacement of, 138–139

review conference, 24–25

revisions to, 300–302

on rule of law, 218, 222–224

Sohn and, 25, 60–61, 171

UN General Assembly and, 185–186

UN Security Council and, 185–186

on veto power, 50–51

weighted voting in, 90–91

UN Charter and the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 151–152

UN Charter on provisions on the General Assembly

Article 2, 100

Article 4, 82–83

Article 9, 100–104

Article 10, 100–102, 104

Article 11, 100, 102, 104–106

Chapter IV of, 82

UN Climate Change Organization, 368–369

UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 362

UN Conference on Sustainable Development, 362

UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), 404

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 224–225

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 27

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), 244

UN Development Programme (UNDP), 293

UN Economic Organization, 332–333

UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 299, 420–422

UN Environment Organisation, 364–365

UN Environment Programme (UNEP), 126, 361

UN Executive Council, 95, 139–144, 231–232, 234

functions of, 141

membership of, 139

organization of, 139

review of, 141

UN General Assembly and, 140–141

UN Security Council and, 141

veto powers in, 140–141

voting powers in, 139–140

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 15, 126, 298–299, 366

Article 6, 416

UN General Assembly, 28–29, 55–56, 168–169, 273–274. See also UN Charter on provisions on the General Assembly

achievements of, 82–90

Article 13(1)(a), 210

Clark on, 82, 140–141

Declarations, 87

diplomacy and, 108–109

Einstein on, 108–109

functions and powers of, 101–102

on human rights, 87

marginalization of, 89–90

member selection, 100–101, 265–266

on nuclear power, 84

powers of, 109–110

on reform, 137

reforming of, 107, 300–302

representatives of, 100–106

Resolution 55/2, 107–108

Resolution 217(III), 86

on rule of law, 218

Schwartzberg on, 91–97, 491–497

sovereign equality and, 95–97

Third Committee, 218

UN Charter and, 185–186

UN Security Council and, 142

votes for, 82

voting shares, 92–99, 491–497

weaknesses of, 82–90

weighted voting in, 97

WPA and, 118

UN General Assembly Summit, 16

UN Guard Force, 154–155, 178–179

UN Human Rights Council, 182, 244

Social Forum on Climate Change and Human Rights, 386–387

UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 332

UN Monetary and Financial Conference, 51–52, 293–299

UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), 201

UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 406–409

UN Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA), 110–112

UN Population Fund (UNFPA), 379–380

UN Security Council, 26–27, 29, 57–58, 132–133, 156–157

Article 2(7), 161–162

Article 26, 83–84

Article 43(3), 168

as central authority, 139

Chapter VII, 168

Clark on, 55–56, 144

configuration of, 131

current state of, 135–136, 139

establishment of, 52

functions of, 142–144

goals of, 135–136

past proposals for, 136–139

peace and, 143–144

peace enforcement and, 160

Pillay on, 131–132

reform of, 139

resolutions, 161

on rule of law, 219–220

Schwartzberg on, 140

sovereign equality and, 134

UN Charter and, 185–186

UN Executive Council and, 141

UN General Assembly and, 142

veto powers in, 138–139

UNAMIR. See UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda

unanimity rule, 71

UNCAC. See UN Convention against Corruption

UNCED. See UN Conference on Environment and Development

uncertainty, 402–403

corruption and, 402

UNCLOS. See UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

The Unconquerable World (Schell), 167

UNDP. See UN Development Programme

unemployment, 9

in United States, 346

UNEP. See UN Environment Programme

UNESCO. See UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC. See UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNFPA. See UN Population Fund

UNIDO. See UN Industrial Development Organization

United Kingdom, 41–42, 72–73, 112

Declaration of Union, 44–45, 47

France and, 44

as P5, 131, 133–134, 137–138, 227–228

United Nations (UN), 5, 14, 23, 168–169

achievements of, 83–84

agencies, 298–300

assessed contributions, 270

budget, 264–265, 272, 274

budget independence of, 286–287

Clark on, 61–62, 144

constructive role of, 422

conventions, 298–300

creation of, 20–21

development of, 24–25

early history of, 265–267

early stages of, 82–83

early thinking on, 47–51

earmarked funding to, 271

empowerment of, 287

establishment of, 128, 473–474

expenditure by agency, 271

founding principles of, 49–50

funding proposals, 275, 277–279

future of, 474

growth of, 293

inequality agency of, 330–331

legacy of, 435–437

membership in, 487–488

mergers, 458–459

military bases of, 175

programmes, 298–300

real, 51–53

reform of, 300–302

reforms at, 97, 123–124

responsibility in, 420–422

role of, 107

roots of failures of, 475–478

on rule of law, 217–220

second chamber of, 107

specialized agencies, 296–298

successes of, 478

total revenue of, 269

White on, 56–57

United Press, 149–150

United States (US), 32, 347

China and, 13

as economic power, 34–35

emissions from, 15

on foreign entanglements, 35–36

France and, 47

gender equality in, 327–328

Gini coefficients in, 319–320

GNI in, 322–323

League of Nations and, 41

military budget in, 166

nuclear power of, 198

nuclear weapons in, 198

as P5, 131, 133–134, 137–138, 227–228

Paris Agreement and, 367–368

payments of, 265–266

Soviet Union and, 83–86

taxes in, 69–70

unemployment in, 346

war powers of, 142–143

universal basic income, 325

Switzerland on, 325–326

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 10, 86, 229, 236–237, 240–241, 302, 437–441

on education, 243

on inequality, 310–311

on rule of law, 218

signatories of, 415

universal human rights, 236–237, 243, 247–251, 260–261

Universal Periodic Review (UPR), 254–255

University of Paris, 38–39

UNODA. See UN Office for Disarmament

UNODC. See UN Office on Drugs and Crime

UNPA. See UN Parliamentary Assembly

unpaid contributions, 268

UPR. See Universal Periodic Review

urban infrastructure, 371–372

urgency, 23–26

Urquhart, Brian, 154–155, 157

Uruguay Round, 88

US. See United States

value-added-tax (VAT), 69–70, 279–280

VAT. See value-added-tax

Venter, Craig, 128–129

Versailles Treaty, 148

veto powers

Meyer on, 57–58

phasing out, 138

Schwartzberg on, 138

in Soviet Union, 83–86

in UN Executive Council, 140–141

in UN Security Council, 138–139

United Nations Charter on, 50–51

Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, 258–259

violence

economic impact of, 169

nationalism and, 165–167

war and, 163–168

voting powers

disarmament and, 200–201

even-handedness and, 96

at IMF, 90–91, 357

sovereign equality and, 95–96

in UN Executive Council, 139–140

voting shares, UN General Assembly, 92–99, 491–497

Walters, F. P., 146–148

war

abolition of, 190–193

Einstein on, 21–22

enemies and, 189–190

force and, 189–190

global, 11–13

Henkin on, 209–213

national sovereignty and, 131–132

technology and, 191–192

violence and, 163–168

war crimes, 228–229

grave breaches in, 229

war powers, of United States, 142–143

Washington, George, 35–36

water scarcity, 6–7

Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, 166

WCHR. See World Court of Human Rights

wealth distribution, 310, 313–315

Wealth Funds, 324–325

The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 329k

weapons of mass destruction, 175, 201

Weder, Beatrice, 406

Wei, Shang-Jin, 401

weighted voting, 288, 356

Clark on, 51–52, 98–99

at IMF, 51–52, 88–89

Sohn on, 98–99

in UN Charter, 90–91

in UN General Assembly, 97

Weizsacker, Richard von, 474

Welles, Sumner, 48

Western culture

Asian values and, 247–248

human rights and, 247–248

White, E. B., 52–53

on United Nations, 56–57

WHO. See World Health Organization

Williams, Jody, 460–461

Williamson, Jeffrey G., 319–320

Wilson, Woodrow, 34–35, 37, 146–147

Kissinger on, 35

on League of Nations, 39

WMO. See World Meteorological Organization

Wolf, Mark, 409

Wolfensohn, James, 397

women’s empowerment, 240

World Bank, 88–91, 276–277, 385–386

Annual Meetings of, 128–129

Development Indicators, 322

on gender equality, 240

IMF and, 128–129

on taxes, 283–284

World Conciliation Tribunal, 224

world conferences, 466

World Congress, 54–55

World Constitution

drafting, 60–64

powers in, 60–61

World Constitutional Convention, 63–64

World Court of Human Rights (WCHR), 259

world economy, 335–336

World Energy Outlook, 8

World Federal Government, 63–64

World Federation, 46

World Health Organization (WHO), 85–86, 272, 299–300, 373–374

World Legislative Assembly, 63–64

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 126, 367–368, 374

World Parliamentary Assembly (WPA), 109–110

apportionment, 116

architecture of, 114–115

authoritarianism and, 117

democracy and, 118

establishment of, 112–114

evolution of, 112

gender diversity in, 115–118

Heinrich on, 115–118

modified, 115–118

participation in, 114–116

quotas in, 115–118

Schwartzberg on, 115–118

setting up, 110–115

term-limits in, 116–117

UN General Assembly and, 118

World Peace through World Law (Clark & Sohn), 63–64, 90–91, 98–99, 108, 168–169, 224, 264–265, 277–279, 476–487

World Summit on Sustainable Development, 362

World Summit Outcome Document, 162

on rule of law, 219

World Trade Organization (WTO), 88, 223–224, 298

World War I, 34–35, 37, 134–135, 229, 294

World War II, 22–23, 40–41, 77–78, 82–83, 237–238, 384–385, 486

disarmament after, 194

victors of, 134–135

WPA. See World Parliamentary Assembly

WTO. See World Trade Organization

xenophobia, 386

Yalta, 56

Yugoslavia, 20–21, 156–157, 161, 219–220

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